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The urgency of the issue under research takes place due to the fact that the institutional system forms prerequisites for economic development of regions and affects the rate of economic growth and welfare of the population not only at the local, but also at the federal level. The article reveals the peculiarities of the institutional aspect of regional development, gives recommendations on the improvement of institutions to smooth the unevenness of regional development. As a scientific and methodological basis, the methods of analysis and synthesis are used in the work, which allow to reveal the features of regional institutions at the present stage. The use of statistical data reflecting the main characteristics of Russian regions made it possible to reveal that regions develop unevenly both in time and in space. The reasons for this are insufficient performance efficiency of institutions, which duplicates the powers of federal and regional authorities, the state's participation in realizing ownership rights in the private property system, insufficient protection of property rights, bureaucratic procedures, and financial problems in the Russian economy. The above-mentioned shortcomings in the system of regional institutes reduce the competitiveness of regions, and reduce the volume of investments, which leads to further strengthening of their uneven development, and exacerbating the issue of income differences of the population. The authors believe that in order to improve the system of regional institutions and overcome the asymmetry, it is necessary to systematize resources, develop differentiated interaction at the regional and federal levels, and evaluate the effectiveness of the decisions made with the help of leading indicators in business cycle phases.

The article presents the main characteristics of the modern Austrian school. Its fundamental principles are shown, from which its remaining gap with the economic mainstream becomes obvious. The task is solved to demonstrate that the Austrian economics as its initial methodological foundation has not strict methodological individualism, but institutional individualism. It is not typical for it to see a person as the notorious homo economicus. The Austrian school is a kind of modern institutionalism, the historical roots of which go back to the writings of its founders. This is due to its inherent focus not on the allocation of resources, but on individual exchange (catallaxy). The latter needs good institutions. At the same time, informal institutions (beliefs, traditions) that determine the meaning of human actions are highlighted. The spontaneous order and one of its institutional forms — anarchy are considered. The article concludes with an appeal to the perspectives of Austrian economic thought — its potential contribution to various research programs.

Поступила в редакцию: 05.08.2020. Принята к печати: 23.07.2021. ; Submitted: 05.08.2020. Accepted: 23.07.2021. ; Статья посвящена феномену членских взносов в истории массовой добровольной организации позднесоветского периода — Всесоюзного общества любителей книги (ВОК). Цель исследования — рассмотреть место взносов в структуре доходов организации, выявить противоречия, которые возникали внутри Общества в их отношении. Источниками для исследования послужили отчетные документы Общества, материалы съездов, корпоративной газеты «Книжное обозрение», письма книголюбов правлению ВОК. Сделан вывод, что руководство организации и рядовые участники относились к уплате ежегодного сбора с разной прагматикой. Чиновникам от книголюбов требовались деньги для функционирования структуры, поэтому они стремились увеличить количество коллективных и индивидуальных членов Общества и взносов от них. Изначально приток денег в организацию обеспечивали коллективные участники. Позднее их доля в общем бюджете снижалась с ростом поступлений от простых книголюбов. Популярность чтения и книжный голод привели к тому, что организация стала рассматриваться рядовыми участниками как способ получения книг: они напрямую связывали уплату взносов с возможностью получить дефицитные издания. Отсутствие официальных гарантий на подписки и книги вызывало возмущение любителей книги, которые добросовестно отдавали платежи в пользу ВОК. Дополнительным поводом к недовольству был размер взноса, который был больше, чем в других обществах. В этих условиях смысл существования организации и сам формат массовой организации подвергались сомнению. Неоднозначное восприятие гражданами инициативы государства в сфере чтения помогает уточнить отношения общества и власти в поздний советский период. ; This article considers the financial side and specifically the phenomenon of membership fees in the history of a mass voluntary organisation of the late Soviet period, i.e. the All- Union Society of Book Lovers. The purpose of the article is to examine the role of fees in the structure of the organisation's income and identify contradictions that arose within the Society in their relation. The article refers to the company's accounting documents, materials of congresses, the corporate newspaper Knizhnoe Obozrenie, and letters of book lovers to the leadership of the society. Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that the management of the organisation and ordinary participants treated the annual fee with different pragmatics. Officials needed money for the structure, so they sought to increase the number of collective and individual members of the Society and fees from them. Initially, collective participants provided the flow of money to the organisation. Later, their share in the total budget decreased with the growth of contributions from ordinary book lovers. The popularity of reading and book hunger caused the new organisation to be seen by its members as a means to get books: they directly connected membership fees with the opportunity to get books that were in deficit. The lack of official guarantees for books and subscriptions caused outrage among book lovers who meticulously paid their fees and could lead to their refusal to pay to the Society. In a situation like this, the existence of the organisation and the format of the mass organisation were doubted. The ambiguous perception of the state initiative in the field of reading on the part of citizens helps examine the relations of society and government in the late Soviet period in a more detailed way. ; Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ, проект № 20-49-590004 «Добровольные общества и низовые историко-культурные инициативы: трансформации позднесоветских социальных институтов и форм активности во второй половине 1980-х — 1990-е годы (региональный аспект)». ; The research was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research grant project 20-49-590004 "Mass Voluntary Societies and Grassroots Historical and Cultural Initiatives: Transformations of Late Soviet Social Institutions and Forms of Activity in the Second Half of the 1980s–1990s (Regional Aspect)".

The article focuses on the analysis of the relations of power and society in the USSR in the 1970s and 1980s, the history of mass voluntary organizations of the late socialism, and the studies of Soviet cultural diplomacy. The process of formation of the international activity of the All-Union Society of Book Lovers (1974–1992) is in the focus of the study. Reports on the reception and dispatch of delegations, plans for foreign partnerships, and responses to requests to Soviet ambassadors in the Eastern Bloc states became sources for the article. Collaboration with foreign organizations – associations of readers, clubs of subscribers at publishing houses, communities of bibliophiles, etc. – began with a detailed consideration of their activities. The international activity of the Society of Book Lovers included the reception of high-ranking foreign guests, sending Soviet groups to socialist countries, and participation in important events in the sphere of reading, such as international exhibitions, national weeks of books, etc. International relations were a way for the leadership of the Society of Book Lovers to present Soviet culture, a basis for comparing the principles of functioning of associations of readers, and sources for determining the position of a new mass organization within the USSR. The experience of some of the partners was marked as unsuitable for the Society of Soviet Book Lovers, as it was associated with stimulating consumption. Against this background, the book shortage was presented as a feature of the Soviet reading culture. As ambassadors of the megastructure, representatives of the Society of Book Lovers noticed any manifestations of disunity, at the same time building close relations with large centralized associations, for example, the Cultural Association of the GDR.

Starting with the hypothesis that cross cultural communication competence affects the performance of multicultural teams, we employed the Cross Cultural Communication Competence Model to compare American and Russian managers working in multicultural teams. We collected data from 124 upper and middle managers in the United States and the Russian Federation by administering the cross cultural communication competence and the high-performance team questionnaires. Drawing from proven conceptual cultural orientations suggested by Hall, Hofstede, and Javidan and House, we examined how national culture affects team members' perceptions of cross cultural communication competence. The confirmed hypothesized relationship and salient effects of national culture on cross cultural communication competence led to theoretical and practical implications for multicultural organizational settings.

The studies on the application of topical preparations are reviewed. The data obtained demonstrate that in most cases the quantities of sunscreens, industrial protective creams and topical medications may differ greatly on different anatomic sites and may also vary due to numerous factors. The data on influencing factors in various studies were partially controversial, therefore a possible study design is suggested to resolve these controversies. It is also suggested that the standard layer thickness of sunscreens, used by standardization authorities to evaluate the sun-protective factor, should be reviewed, due to the evident failure of the majority of sunbathers to comply with the standard layer thickness used now by the ASA (2 mg/m²) or DIN (1.5 mg/m²). It is also important to have a standard of applied amounts of topical medications to be able to compare the effectiveness and bioequivalence of different topical medications precisely. The use of special delivery methods (such as flurandrenolide tape) demonstrates one approach to the standardization of topical treatment dosing.

The present study is aimed at studying the experience of forming a regional security architecture on the example of Southeast Asia.Aim. Study and generalization of the historical experience of the formation of the security architecture in Southeast Asia and its current state, participation in a scientific discussion on the problems of the Eurasian space.Tasks. To carry out an express analysis of the fundamental decisions of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (hereinafter — ASEAN, the Association) on security issues, their effectiveness in regional political practice; to identify the main problems of the process of forming a regional security system and the impact of global instability, contradictory bilateral relations between the states of the region; to determine the reasons for the eclecticism of its current state, as well as different approaches to assessing the results of ASEAN's activities over the entire period of its existence, caused by the lag in making operational decisions on security in the conditions of real modern socio-political and economic processes; to identify the main mechanisms and tools of the Southeast regional security architecture from the East Asian Summit to the Committees ASEAN by areas of activity, from Joint Statements to Programs, including the ASEAN Regional Security Architecture Program, and Action Plans.Methodology. Using historical, comparative and structural-functional methods based on the main content of the documents of the ASEAN Regional Forum, the East Asian Summit, the Russia-ASEAN dialogue program, as well as research models of Russian and foreign scientists and experts, existing problems were identified, the process of forming a regional security system, and the need to study the experience of ASEAN was justified.Results. The study showed the general and special features of the process of formation of the regional security system of Southeast Asia and regional security architectures in Central Asia and Europe. It is confirmed that the current global uncertainty and instability contribute to the formation of a trend towards regional coalitions and the strengthening of regional security architectures. The multidirectional positions of the members of the Association on issues of national and regional security have been revealed. ASEAN uses the experience of other regional coalitions, primarily NATO, in shaping the security architecture. There are problems in the efficiency of decision-making and this has both negative and positive consequences.Conclusions. In contrast to the established Euro-Atlantic security architecture, which excludes a significant part of Europe in the form of the European part of the Russian Federation, the Eurasian strategic space is currently in the process of forming a security system, which includes only certain groups of states. The research is mainly aimed at studying approaches to the content and forms of cooperation between these countries in security issues. Modern global processes negatively affect all levels of security and actualize the problem of strengthening it at the regional level. Even in the difficult conditions of Southeast Asia, ASEAN manages to partially minimize the consequences of challenges, threats and security risks. In the south-eastern strategic region, the problems of protracted conflicts, significant differences in the economic and political development of the member States of the Association still remain unresolved, and this negatively affects the achievement of unity and the development of cooperation relations between the countries of the region, as well as the stabilization of the regional situation. The existing problems in the efficiency of decision-making at the regional level have both negative and positive consequences. They are currently balanced. Participation in the work of various international institutions is of great political importance, and has an impact on the status of subjects of the global or regional political process. Participation in the dialogue programs of the ASEAN of Russia is justified and contributes to the continuation of contacts with the countries of Southeast Asia. The experience of the long-term existence of the regional coalition can be used in other regions of Eurasia.

This article considers the financial side and specifically the phenomenon of membership fees in the history of a mass voluntary organisation of the late Soviet period, i.e. the All-Union Society of Book Lovers. The purpose of the article is to examine the role of fees in the structure of the organisation's income and identify contradictions that arose within the Society in their relation. The article refers to the company's accounting documents, materials of congresses, the corporate newspaper Knizhnoe Obozrenie, and letters of book lovers to the leadership of the society. Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that the management of the organisation and ordinary participants treated the annual fee with different pragmatics. Officials needed money for the structure, so they sought to increase the number of collective and individual members of the Society and fees from them. Initially, collective participants provided the flow of money to the organisation. Later, their share in the total budget decreased with the growth of contributions from ordinary book lovers. The popularity of reading and book hunger caused the new organisation to be seen by its members as a means to get books: they directly connected membership fees with the opportunity to get books that were in deficit. The lack of official guarantees for books and subscriptions caused outrage among book lovers who meticulously paid their fees and could lead to their refusal to pay to the Society. In a situation like this, the existence of the organisation and the format of the mass organisation were doubted. The ambiguous perception of the state initiative in the field of reading on the part of citizens helps examine the relations of society and government in the late Soviet period in a more detailed way.

Die dokumentierten Artikel aus den sowjetischen Lehrerzeitungen "Ucitel'skaja gazeta" und "Peremena" gewähren einen Einblick in die in den Jahren 1986-1989 in der UdSSR geführte Grundsatzdiskussion über Richtung und Ziele der im Rahmen der Perestrojka angestrebten Bildungs- bzw. Schulreform. Die wiedergegebenen Manifeste der pädagogischen Neuerwerbung ("Pädagogik der Zusammenarbeit", "Demokratisierung der Persönlichkeit", "Die Padagogik der Erneuerung und die Erneuerung der Pädagogik") werden ergänzt durch Ausschnitte aus den anläßlich des ZK-Plenums der KPdSU vom Februar 1988 vorgetragenen bildungspolitischen Grundsatzreferaten Gorbacevs und Ligacevs. (BIOst-Hml)