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29 pages, 9 figures, supporting information https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GB006022 ; Predicting responses of plankton to variations in essential nutrients is hampered by limited in situ measurements, a poor understanding of community composition, and the lack of reference gene catalogs for key taxa. Iron is a key driver of plankton dynamics and, therefore, of global biogeochemical cycles and climate. To assess the impact of iron availability on plankton communities, we explored the comprehensive bio‐oceanographic and bio‐omics data sets from Tara Oceans in the context of the iron products from two state‐of‐the‐art global scale biogeochemical models. We obtained novel information about adaptation and acclimation toward iron in a range of phytoplankton, including picocyanobacteria and diatoms, and identified whole subcommunities covarying with iron. Many of the observed global patterns were recapitulated in the Marquesas archipelago, where frequent plankton blooms are believed to be caused by natural iron fertilization, although they are not captured in large‐scale biogeochemical models. This work provides a proof of concept that integrative analyses, spanning from genes to ecosystems and viruses to zooplankton, can disentangle the complexity of plankton communities and can lead to more accurate formulations of resource bioavailability in biogeochemical models, thus improving our understanding of plankton resilience in a changing environment ; We thank the commitment of the following people and sponsors who made this singular expedition possible: CNRS (in particular Groupement de Recherche GDR3280, the Mission Pour l'Interdisciplinarité – Project MEGALODOM, and the Fédération de Recherche GO‐SEE FR2022), European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genoscope/CEA, the French Government "Investissements d'Avenir" programs Oceanomics (ANR‐11‐BTBR‐0008), MEMO LIFE (ANR‐10‐LABX‐54), PSL* Research University (ANR‐11‐IDEX‐0001‐02), and FRANCE GENOMIQUE (ANR‐10‐INBS‐09), Fund for Scientific Research – Flanders, VIB, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, UNIMIB, ANR (projects "PHYTBACK/ANR‐2010‐1709‐01," POSEIDON/ANR‐09‐BLAN‐0348, PROMETHEUS/ANR‐09‐PCS‐GENM‐217, TARA‐GIRUS/ANR‐09‐PCS‐GENM‐218, SAMOSA/ANR‐13‐ADAP‐0010, CINNAMON/ANR‐17‐CE02‐0014‐01), EU FP7 (MicroB3/No. 287589), ERC Advanced Grant Award (Diatomite: 294823), the LouisD foundation of the Institut de France, a Radcliffe Institute Fellowship from Harvard University to C. B., JSPS/MEXT KAKENHI (26430184, 16H06437, and 16KT0020), The Canon Foundation (203143100025), Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (award #3790) and the US National Science Foundation (awards OCE#1536989 and OCE#1829831) to MBS, agnès b., the Veolia Environment Foundation, Region Bretagne, World Courier, Illumina, Cap L'Orient, the EDF Foundation EDF Diversiterre, FRB, the Prince Albert II de Monaco Foundation, Etienne Bourgois, the Fonds Français pour l'Environnement Mondial, the TARA schooner and its captain and crew. ; Peer Reviewed

PERSEUS project aims to identify the most relevant pressures exerted on the ecosystems of the Southern European Seas (SES), highlighting knowledge and data gaps that endanger the achievement of SES Good Environmental Status (GES) as mandated by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). A complementary approach has been adopted, by a meta-analysis of existing literature on pressure/impact/knowledge gaps summarized in tables related to the MSFD descriptors, discriminating open waters from coastal areas. A comparative assessment of the Initial Assessments (IAs) for five SES countries has been also independently performed. The comparison between meta-analysis results and IAs shows similarities for coastal areas only. Major knowledge gaps have been detected for the biodiversity, marine food web, marine litter and underwater noise descriptors. The meta-analysis also allowed the identification of additional research themes targeting research topics that are requested to the achievement of GES. 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license. ; peer-reviewed