Suchergebnisse

Conventionally assembling a time-series of population statistics for a particular parish from published census reports to compile a graph such as Figure 1 can be a tedious business. Complete runs of census and vital registration reports are rare, and most local population researchers will have long journeys to the copyright and academic libraries which hold such sets. Once located the volumes are vast, and simply finding the relevant tables in each of a series of reports can take hours. Statistical reporting units have changed greatly over time, so which nineteenth-century Registration District or sub-District, or which post-1911 Local Government District, covered the parish of interest has to be worked out, which can be very difficult when the necessary maps are even harder to find than the statistical reports. When eventually located, the data then have to be entered into a spreadsheet in order to create the desired graph or graphs. Mapping the data is probably impossible without boundary information.

Objective: To evaluate associations between early life air pollution and subsequent mortality. Design: Geographical study Setting: Local Government Districts within England and Wales Exposure: Routinely collected geographical data on the use of coal and related solid fuels in 1951-2 were used as an index of air pollution. Main outcome measures: We evaluated the relationship between these data and both all-cause and disease-specific mortality among men and women aged 35-74 in Local Government Districts between 1993 and 2012. Results: Domestic (household) coal consumption had the most powerful associations with mortality. There were strong correlations between domestic coal use and all-cause mortality (relative risk per SD increase in fuel use 1.124, 95% CI = 1.123 to 1.126), and respiratory (1.238, 1.234 to 1.242), cardiovascular (1.138, 1.136 to 1.140), and cancer mortality (1.073, 1.071 to 1.075). These effects persisted after adjustment for socioeconomic indicators in 1951, current socioeconomic indicators and current pollution levels. Conclusion: Coal was the major cause of pollution in the UK until the Clean Air Act of 1956 led to a rapid decline in consumption. These data suggest that coal-based pollution, experienced over 60 years ago in early life, affects human health now by increasing mortality from a wide variety of diseases.

This paper looks at leveraging DDI to enable semantic linking of social science data to other data and related resources on the Web and is organized into five use cases: (1) Linking related publications; (2) Linking people and organizations; (3) Linking geography; (4) Linking related studies; (5) Linking to licenses.