Suchergebnisse

In 2015, the Croatian Constitutional Court suspended the Family Act (2014) without a final decision in the judicial review proceedings and ordered the reenactment of a more than ten-year old regulation Family Act (2003). The article considers Croatian Constitutional Court's decision as an opportunity to examine the conditions for a re-enactment of formerly repealed law, and additionally the temporal effects of judgments of some European constitutional courts from a comparative law perspective. Thus, the article first deals with the (historical) legal situation in Austria and Germany and the criteria that would generally justify the re-enactment of former law in their legal systems. Finally, the development of these countries' legal systems has been reconsidered in the Croatian context. ; Godine 2015. Ustavni sud RH suspendirao je Obiteljski zakon (2014) i naložio primjenu prethodnog Obiteljskog zakona (2003), starog više od deset godina, a da nije proveo postupak i donio odluku o neustavnosti suspendiranog Zakona. Potaknuti ovom odlukom hrvatskog Ustavnog suda, u radu se komparativno ispituju uvjeti za vraćanje na snagu prijašnjeg propisa stavljenog izvan snage, kao i vremensko djelovanje odluka odabranih europskih ustavnih sudova. Stoga ovaj rad pruža priliku čitatelju da se upozna s praksom austrijskog i njemačkog ustavnog suda, kao i uvjetima na temelju kojih je moguće vratiti na snagu prijašnji propis u njihove pravne sustave, ukazujući na pravnopovijesne razloge postojanja ovakvog rješenja. Zaključno se u radu austrijski i njemački sustav razmatraju u aktualnom hrvatskom kontekstu.

Godine 2015. Ustavni sud RH suspendirao je Obiteljski zakon (2014) i naložio primjenu prethodnog Obiteljskog zakona (2003), starog više od deset godina, a da nije proveo postupak i donio odluku o neustavnosti suspendiranog Zakona. Potaknuti ovom odlukom hrvatskog Ustavnog suda, u radu se komparativno ispituju uvjeti za vraćanje na snagu prijašnjeg propisa stavljenog izvan snage, kao i vremensko djelovanje odluka odabranih europskih ustavnih sudova. Stoga ovaj rad pruža priliku čitatelju da se upozna s praksom austrijskog i njemačkog ustavnog suda, kao i uvjetima na temelju kojih je moguće vratiti na snagu prijašnji propis u njihove pravne sustave, ukazujući na pravnopovijesne razloge postojanja ovakvog rješenja. Zaključno se u radu austrijski i njemački sustav razmatraju u aktualnom hrvatskom kontekstu. ; In 2015, the Croatian Constitutional Court suspended the Family Act (2014) without a final decision in the judicial review proceedings and ordered the re-enactment of a more than ten-year old regulation Family Act (2003). The article considers Croatian Constitutional Court's decision as an opportunity to examine the conditions for a re-enactment of formerly repealed law, and additionally the temporal effects of judgments of some European constitutional courts from a comparative law perspective. Thus, the article first deals with the (historical) legal situation in Austria and Germany and the criteria that would generally justify the re-enactment of former law in their legal systems. Finally, the development of these countries' legal systems has been reconsidered in the Croatian context.

Abstract
Management of adverse health-related effects from heat waves requires comprehensive and accessible sources of information. This paper examines the effects of temperature and air pollution on human health and identifies areas with increased occurrence of emergency ambulance dispatches in the city of Würzburg, Bavaria, Germany, and discusses the applicability for health care interventions and urban planning. An overdispersed Poisson generalized additive model was used to examine and predict the association and potential lag of exposure between temperature, air pollution, and three types of emergency ambulance dispatches during the study period from 2011 to 2019. A linear model was used to estimate heat-wave effects. A line density function was used to identify areas with increased occurrence of dispatches. Significant effects of temperature were detected for nontraumatic and cardiovascular diseases after exceeding a threshold temperature. The exposure–response relationships showed an increased relative risk up to two days after exposure for nontraumatic and cardiovascular diseases. Results indicate a significant association between presence of heat waves and cardiovascular diseases with up to 17% (95% confidence interval: 5.9%–30.0%) increased relative risk on a heat-wave day relative to a non-heat-wave day. Dispatches for cardiovascular diseases occur more often in areas with a high population and building density, especially in summer. The analyses identified hotspots of heat-related dispatches in areas with increased population and building density and provides baseline information for interventions in future urban planning and public health care management based on data commonly available even in small cities.

Significance Statement
The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how authorities in even medium- and small-sized cities can assess health impacts of heat stress or air pollution using free accessible emergency ambulance data and software to incorporate the outcomes in their spatial planning or health care management. This is important as ongoing climate change requires all urban communities to adapt and reduce adverse impacts of climate change and air pollution. Our results show that extreme heat leads to increased emergency ambulance dispatches in a medium-sized city in Germany and provide a spatial overview of where health care interventions and urban planning can focus to mitigate adverse effects.

Seit dem Urteil des EuGH in der Rechtssache Alemo-Herron aus dem Jahre 2013 besteht in Deutschland große Unsicherheit darüber, ob das BAG seine momentane Rechtsprechung zur unveränderten Fortwirkung dynamischer Bezugnahmeklauseln nach einem Betriebsübergang aufrechterhalten darf. Um die Europarechtskonformität seiner Rechtsprechungspraxis klären zu lassen, hat das BAG dem EuGH im Juni 2015 die Rechtssachen Asklepios zur Vorabentscheidung vorgelegt.Die Unsicherheiten, die derzeit in Deutschland und in ganz Europa hinsichtlich der Fortwirkung von Bezugnahmeklauseln nach einem Betriebsübergang bestehen, resultieren letztlich daraus, dass bislang noch nicht ausreichend untersucht wurde, ob und wie die Wirkung einer arbeitsvertraglichen Bezugnahmeklausel durch europäisches Recht beeinflusst wird. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, diese Lücke zu schließen und den Einfluss des Unionsrechts auf das Schicksal arbeitsvertraglicher Bezugnahmeklauseln in der Situation des Betriebsübergangs transparenter zu machen. Dabei soll insbesondere die Frage geklärt werden, ob das BAG seine momentane Rechtsprechung zur unveränderten Fortgeltung einer dynamischen Bezugnahmeklausel nach einem Betriebsübergang aufrechterhalten kann oder ob das Unionsrecht dieser Rechtsprechungspraxis entgegensteht. Auf Grundlage der Untersuchungsergebnisse entwickelt der Autor Lösungsmodelle, wie das BAG eine Beschränkung der Dynamik nach bestehendem Recht bewerkstelligen könnte. Nach Klärung der judikativen Möglichkeiten wird außerdem analysiert, wie der deutsche Gesetzgeber die dynamische Ewigkeitsbindung des Erwerbers durch eine Reform des § 613a BGB einschränken könnte. Darüber hinaus wird herausgearbeitet, wie Bezugnahmeklauseln künftig bei tarifgebundenen und nicht tarifgebundenen Arbeitgebern formuliert werden sollten, um eine dynamische Ewigkeitsbindung von vornherein zu vermeiden