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The focus of this write-up is on three points. First: development is a multidimensional process involving major changes not only in socio-economic structures and institutions but also in popular attitudes and perceptions. Second: these changes, however anti-status quo, can be initiated, maintained, and speeded up if some powerful motivational factor comes into operation, as happened during the revolutionary Pakistan Movement. Third: the countrywide enthusiastic celebration of the year 2003 as Madar-e-Millat Year has proved to be one such motivational factor as it has brought about an unusual awakenance among Pakistan's womenfolk to demand a rightful place in all walks of life. This is heartening especially because nearly half of the country's population has terribly lagged behind in every conceivable sphere of development. This newly acquired awakenance can be and should be mobilised for speeding up the process of development by strengthening women's participatory role in all political, economic, cultural, and even religious activities.

(1) Pakistan is lucky in having internationally recognised political and philosophical role models in the shape of Quaid-i-Azam and Allama Muhammad Iqbal. (2) Both of them were Founders of Pakistan and had their own vision of the way Pakistan's society and economy was to be shaped—a society based on true Islamic concept of equality of manhood and social justice. (3) Pakistan, inspite of making many infrastructural advances, has not developed a truly modern, democratic, welfare society. This goal can be achieved more effectingly if we follow the footsteps of both Quaid-i- Azam and Allama Muhammad Iqbal because both of them lived among public, understood the shortcomings and potentials of their community, and were familiar with the multidimensional process involving major changes in social structures, popular ideas, and national character and institutions as well as historical and cultural psyche: of Pakistan nation. (4) Note the following instructions which Quaid-i-Azam gave to the State Bank of Pakistan on 1st July 1948:

Quaid-i-Azam as a Socio-economic Thinker The Quaid-i-Azam, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, is known more for his political achievements than for his socio-economic thought. Last two decades, however, have seen a continuous flow of books containing his speeches, statements, messages, interviews, discussions in pre-independence legislative bodies and addresses in the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. Even a cursory look at this vast literature shows that he was not only concerned with the political aspect of sub-continent's independence movement but also consistently expressed his views regarding the socio-economic uplift of masses in general and Muslim society in particular. These views in their bare essentials reflect a remarkable continuity of approach from the earlier days of his political career to the period he occupied the position of Governor General of Pakistan. Actually, he became more and more expressive and forthright as the prospects of Pakistan coming into existence became bright. When Pakistan finally appeared as a sovereign nation on the map of the world, he openly rejected the prevailing economic system as having failed to do justice between man and man and to eradicate friction from the international field.

Learning Future, Education, Technology and Social Change by Keri Facer is an informative book drawing on over 10 years of research on digital technologies, social change and education. The writer makes a compelling argument for thinking differently about the future for which education might need to prepare. Packed with case studies from around the world, the book helps to bring into focus the risks and opportunities for societies and for schooling over the coming two decades. Most people recognise that current education systems are not meeting the needs of individuals and 'society' and several books have been written on the future of education. In this context, Keri Facer investigates the scenario of education, technology and social change over the coming two decades by considering nine assumptions about socio-technological change. These include that in next 20 years there would be significantly increased computing and communication at a distance will be taken for granted by the large majority of people. Moreover, working and living alongside sophisticated machines and networks will increasingly be taken for granted and biosciences will produce unpredictable breakthroughs and important new stories about us. Population is ageing globally and energy, mineral resources and climate warming will remain significant issues. And finally we will be facing radical national and global inequalities.

The administration of Pakistan isn't directly by Central Government, so that fail in administrative capacity. Malakand Division consists of Swat, Chitral, Dir, Malakand Agency. Before 1969 each states have had their own rule and regulations. After implementation of the PATA Regulation (Provincially Administrative Tribal Area) 1975, legal cases were decided by Tehsildar. Under PATA Regulation any person was arrested without any reason. So this Regulation was deteriorated Malakand situation. In 1994 imposition of Tehreek-i-Nifaz-i-Shariat-i-Muhammadi (TNSM), so it was called enforcement of Islamic law in Malakand Division[1]. This Regulation was later on repeal in 1999. The emergence of Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) 2007 and was swallow up whole of FATA. The TTP has adopted modern techniques to subdue terrorism. Bomb blast and suicide attacks killed thousand of people in whole country. TTP attacked inside in Pakistan was revenge of US involvement in Afghanistan. So in this violence and conflict situation another Regulation was enforced in Malakand Nizam-e-Adal Regulation 2009. In this regulation disputes are settle by informal institutions. It is ensuring of natural justice system, equality, peace and protection.

[1] Sultan-i-Rome, Swat State, p. 308.

Domestic factors especially national identities of a Nation State influence its foreign policy by distinguishing that country's perception of "self" from that of "others". By employing the case study of India, this paper assesses the way India perceives its national identities and the resultant effects on its foreign policies towards South Asia. The paper assesses that in India, its peculiar political construct superimposed by British colonizers and multiple ethno-religious groups stacked together under a Hindutva-inspired political system serve as an aberration from the evolution of indexical "self" of different nationalities in that country. Accordingly, India's national identity formation is premised on "exclusion" and it attempts to overcome this challenge through externalization of its internal problems towards neighbourhood.

This paper undertakes a constructivist analysis of Game Theory approach and presents the co conceptualization of different players in a system i.e. small states, hegemonic and counter-hegemonic states on the basis of role conceptualization , perceptions, ideals and beliefs regarding "self" and "others". The paper then presents the dilemma faced by a small state in a system while dealing with the hegemon and counter-hegemon and introduces the concept of strategic risk-taking to encapsulate that any action (or inaction) by the small state in a system, even if it be seemingly docile in character aimed at ensuring state sovereignty, is contingent upon the perceptions, beliefs and ideals of the hegemon and counter-hegemon. The paper further argues that any action or inaction by the small state even for securing its sovereignty is deemed a risk-taking action or inaction by the greater power, mostly hegemon. The paper while presenting the case studies from South Asia explores as to how the strategic risk-taking by small states, as perceived by the hegemon or counter-hegemon leads to a lose-lose situation through creation of security dilemmatic situation as a final outcome of the gaming approaches.

CPEC is engineered to master mega-regional Project, which will generate colossal economic activity and open vistas of opportunity, particularly for developing countries. CPEC is expected to electrify Pakistan's economy and generate industrial Infrastructure of manufacturing and construction industries. The security situation of Pakistan in the recent past, internal sabotage actors, and international/regional powers remain an indication of their variance towards CPEC. Disagreement on the selection of routes and economic zones inside Pakistan by the provinces was also a significant concern for developing the Project enforced by those variant factors. A careful analysis of the prevailing environment suggests three-pronged threats to CPEC, including security, political, and economical. The Pakistani media and Government called the CPEC's massive investments a "game and fate changer" for the region. China's liberal investment surpasses all foreign investments in Pakistan in the past based on trust, confidence, and convergence of interests. In this paper, we analyze the nature of existential threats and challenges to the development and operationalization of CPEC in Pakistan and measures to improve the security domain

How does participation in a service-learning program impact the way students think about politics and political engagement? There are reasons to expect that service-learning can contribute to the development of a political consciousness and the skills necessary for political participation. The author uses participant observation, in-depth interviews, and focus groups to examine how participation in an in-depth service-learning program shapes the ways students think about their service as it relates to politics. Students in this sample clearly develop a deeper sense of political consciousness, but not a deeper level of political engagement. These students feel as though they "should" be more political in order to make an impact on the issues on which they are working, but they face several obstacles

Purpose- This paper has drawn the attention to study the customer based brand equity in service sector especially in banking sector of Pakistan. The rationale of this study is to explore any relationship between different dimensions of CBBE and customer retention. Methodology/Sampling- This study has been conducted in Lahore. Convenience sample of 300 respondents has been used for data collection. The results have been established by using quantitative and qualitative techniques. Survey method was adopted to collect quantitative data through questionnaires and interviews have been conducted to collect the qualitative data through audio recorded interviews. SPSS has been utilized for quantitative data analysis and NVivo 10 has been used for qualitative data analysis. Findings- The study found that perceived quality and organizational association have significant positive relationship with customer retention. Further this study has determined the difference in CBBE among foreign, private and government banks and found the CBBE is highest in foreign banks. Practical Implications- The findings of the study is beneficial for the Government, Private and Foreign Banks to retain their customers through consumer based brand equity.