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AbstractMexico faces one of the most acute obesity crises worldwide. Despite policy efforts to decrease the prevalence of obesity among adults, an upward trend continues. The aetiology of obesity is complex and defined by multiple factors. While most of the literature has centered on studying behavioural attitudes that contribute to an energy balance that is positive (e.g., when energy intake is greater than expenditure), fewer studies have explored the role of inequality of opportunity (IOp), which focuses on studying the pathways from people's circumstances to health outcomes. In this study, IOp is measured, identified, and characterised in body mass index and waist circumference for Mexican adults. To address the challenges related to measuring IOp in these health outcomes, a modified version of the dissimilarity index and unconditional quantile regression models based on recentered influence functions are used. Results show that variation in both outcomes is related to inequality in circumstances. The two main drivers of these inequalities are parental health conditions and the geographic region where individuals live. These findings offer a broader perspective to the role of people's circumstances and their importance in tackling the obesity crisis in Mexico.

AbstractIn Mexico, Indigenous people were hospitalised and killed by COVID-19 at a disproportionate rate compared to the non-Indigenous population. The main factors contributing to this were poor health conditions and impoverished social and economic circumstances within the country. The objective of this study is to examine the extent to which ethnic disparities are attributable to processes of structural discrimination and further explore the factors that exacerbate or mitigate them. Using administrative public data on COVID-19 and Census information, this study uses the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition method to examine the extent to which disparities are illegitimate and signal discrimination against Indigenous people. The results show that although ethnic disparities were mainly attributable to observable differences in individual and contextual characteristics, 22.8% (p < 0.001) of the ethnic gap in hospitalisations, 17.5% in early deaths and 16.4% in overall deaths remained unexplained and could potentially indicate systemic discrimination. These findings highlight that pre-existing and longstanding illegitimate disparities against Indigenous people jeopardise the capacity of multi-ethnic countries to achieve social justice in health.

Our main objective was to understand the meanings that the student membersof the "Delegación de Modelos de Naciones Unidas de la Unidad EducativaInstituto La Salle Barquisimeto " attribute to civic values for the construction ofcitizenship from the Human Development approach. For this, the work of theIndian philosopher Amartya Sen on the empowerment of capabilities (freedomsto be and to do) of people was taken as a theoretical basis as well as thedefinitions of citizenship and civic values of the Spanish philosopher AdelaCortina. The study has a qualitative approach and the techniques of the focusgroup, the semistructuredinterview and the documentary review were used. Asa result, two aspects linked to the process of construction of citizenship inLasallian philosophy were identified: human quality and the sense of belonging.The students recognized significant aspects of the formation of the UnitedNations for All program: discourse, argumentation, criticism and the cultivationof friendship. The assessment of democracy and citizenship is closely related tothe concepts analyzed. ; Tuvimos como objetivo principal comprender los significados que los estudiantesmiembros de la "Delegación de Modelos de Naciones Unidas de la UnidadEducativa Instituto La Salle Barquisimeto" le atribuyen a los valores cívicos parala construcción de ciudadanía desde el enfoque del Desarrollo Humano. Paraello, se tomó como basamento teórico la obra del filósofo indio Amartya Senacerca de la potenciación de capacidades (libertades para ser y hacer) de laspersonas, así como las definiciones de ciudadanía y valores cívicos de la filósofaespañola Adela Cortina. El estudio tiene un abordaje cualitativo y se usaron lastécnicas del grupo focal, la entrevista semiestructurada y la revisión documental.Como resultado, se identificaron dos aspectos vinculados al proceso deconstrucción de ciudadanía en la filosofía lasallista: la calidad humana y elsentido de pertenencia. Los estudiantes reconocieron aspectos significativos dela formación del programa Naciones Unidas para Todos: el discurso, laargumentación, la crítica y el cultivo de la amistad. La valoración de lademocracia y la ciudadanía guarda una relación estrecha con los conceptosabordados.

Purpose
This study aims to understand what drives firms towards board gender diversity in emerging markets. The authors examine the effect of regulative, normative and cognitive pressures on board gender diversity and the moderating effect of national governance quality.


Design/methodology/approach
This study tested the hypotheses using unbalanced panel data for the period between 2014 and 2019, which includes 1,384 observations of 380 different firms located in emerging markets.


Findings
The results reveal that board gender diversity is directly conditioned by normative pressures (women's economic and educational empowerment). This relationship becomes stronger if firms are located in countries with high governance capacity. Interestingly, this study finds that regulative and cognitive pressures do not enhance women's presence on boards if they are not accompanied by strong national governance.


Originality/value
Although we have learned in recent years about how women's presence on boards brings positive corporate outcomes, we know little about how country-level antecedents foster or hinder this gender diversity. This paper expands knowledge of the way gender-related institutions affect a firm's board gender diversity, and these findings have policy implications for firms, policymakers, the government and other institutions.

[EN] Ruthenium nanoparticles with a core-shell structure formed by a core of metallic ruthenium and a shell of ruthenium carbide have been synthesized by a mild and easy hydrothermal treatment. The dual structure and composition of the nanoparticles have been determined by synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) analysis, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging. According to depth profile synchrotron XPS and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, metallic ruthenium species predominate in the inner layers of the material, ruthenium carbide species being located on the upper surface layers. The ruthenium carbon catalysts presented herein are able to activate both CO2 and H-2, exhibiting exceptional high activity for CO2 hydrogenation at low temperatures (160-200 degrees C) with 100% selectivity to methane, surpassing by far the most active Ru catalysts reported up to now. On the basis of catalytic studies and isotopic (CO)-C-13/(CO2)-C-12/H-2 experiments, the active sites responsible for this unprecedented activity can be associated with surface ruthenium carbide (RuC) species, which enable CO2 activation and transformation to methane via a direct CO2 hydrogenation mechanism. Both the high activity and the absence of CO in the gas effluent confer relevance to these catalysts for the Sabatier reaction, a chemical process with renewed interest for storing surplus renewable energy in the form of methane. ; The research leading to these results has received funding from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities through "Severo Ochoa" Excellence Programme (SEV-2016-0683) and the PGC2018-097277-B-100 (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE) project. The authors also thank the Microscopy Service of UPV for kind help with measurements. A G.O. thanks "Severo Ochoa" Programme (SEV-2016-0683) for a predoctoral fellowship. C.-H.C. acknowledges financial support from MOST project 107-2112-M-032-005. J.C. thanks the Spanish Government (MINECO) for a "Severo ...