Suchergebnisse

[Resumen] Se analizó el tema de evolución en una serie de libros de texto desde 1945 hasta 2016 con el fin de evaluar la presencia de ideas espontáneas y los cambios producidos en cómo se presenta la información. Discutimos si existe una tendencia relacionada con el modelo educativo. Los principales resultados son: Se ha producido un aumento en el contenido en historia del pensamiento evolutivo, número de actividades y número de figuras que podría estar relacionado con cambios en la metodología. Pese a ello, la presencia de ideas espontáneas se mantiene y son pocos los intentos detectados por que se produzca una confrontación con ellas. Por ello no parece que haya posibilidad de que se produzca un cambio conceptual significativo, ya que no se cumple la condición necesaria de "insatisfacción con la conceptualización existente". ; [Abstract] We analyzed the topic of evolution in a set of biology textbooks from 1945 to 2016. The objectives of this study were to evaluate changes in the presence of misconceptions, as well as to analyze how contents about evolutions are presented. Additionally, we analyze tendencies on these aspects related to Spanish educational legislation. Results showed an increase in the treatment of history on the evolutionary thought, number of activities and number of figures, which might be related to changes in the teaching methodology. However, misconceptions remain in textbooks and there are few attempts to produce confrontation with them. Thus, it seems that the possibility of generating a significant conceptual change is low, since the necessary condition of "dissatisfaction with the current conceptualization" is not met.

Se analiza el tema de la evolución en una serie de libros de texto desde 1945 hasta 2016 con el fin de evaluar la presencia de concepciones alternativas y los cambios producidos en cómo se presentan los contenidos del tema. Además, se analiza si existe alguna tendencia relacionada con la legislación educativa española. Este análisis ha dado lugar a varios resultados de interés. Entre ellos, se detecta un aumento en el contenido sobre historia del pensamiento evolutivo, número de actividades y número de figuras, lo que podría estar relacionado con cambios en la metodología. Pese a ello, la presencia de concepciones alternativas se mantiene y son pocos los intentos detectados en que se produzca una confrontación con ellas. Por ello no parece que haya posibilidad de que se dé un cambio conceptual significativo, ya que no se cumple la condición necesaria de "insatisfacción con la conceptualización existente". ; We analyzed the topic of evolution in a set of biology textbooks from 1945 to 2016. The objectives of this study were to evaluate changes in the presence of misconceptions, as well as to analyze how contents about evolutions are presented. Additionally, we analyze tendencies on these aspects related to Spanish educational legislation. Results showed an increase in the treatment of history on the evolutionary thought, number of activities and number of figures, which might be related to changes in the teaching methodology. However, misconceptions remain in textbooks and there are few attempts to produce confrontation with them. Thus, it seems that the possibility of generating a significant conceptual change is low, since the necessary condition of "dissatisfaction with the current conceptualization" is not met.

Aim: Animal movement is an important determinant of individual survival, population dynamics and ecosystem structure and function. Nonetheless, it is still unclear how local movements are related to resource availability and the spatial arrangement of resources. Using resident bird species and migratory bird species outside the migratory period, we examined how the distribution of resources affects the movement patterns of both large terrestrial birds (e.g., raptors, bustards and hornbills) and waterbirds (e.g., cranes, storks, ducks, geese and flamingos). Location: Global. Time period: 2003–2015. Major taxa studied: Birds. Methods: We compiled GPS tracking data for 386 individuals across 36 bird species. We calculated the straight‐line distance between GPS locations of each individual at the 1‐hr and 10‐day time‐scales. For each individual and time‐scale, we calculated the median and 0.95 quantile of displacement. We used linear mixed‐effects models to examine the effect of the spatial arrangement of resources, measured as enhanced vegetation index homogeneity, on avian movements, while accounting for mean resource availability, body mass, diet, flight type, migratory status and taxonomy and spatial autocorrelation. Results: We found a significant effect of resource spatial arrangement at the 1‐hr and 10‐day time‐scales. On average, individual movements were seven times longer in environments with homogeneously distributed resources compared with areas of low resource homogeneity. Contrary to previous work, we found no significant effect of resource availability, diet, flight type, migratory status or body mass on the non‐migratory movements of birds. Main conclusions: We suggest that longer movements in homogeneous environments might reflect the need for different habitat types associated with foraging and reproduction. This highlights the importance of landscape complementarity, where habitat patches within a landscape include a range of different, yet complementary resources. As habitat homogenization increases, it might force birds to travel increasingly longer distances to meet their diverse needs. ; National Trust for Scotland; Penguin Foundation; The U.S. Department of Energy, Grant/Award Number: DE-EE0005362; Australian Research Council; NASA's Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE), Grant/Award Number: NNX15AV92A; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, Grant/Award Number: VIDI 864.10.006; BCC; NSF Award, Grant/Award Number: ABI-1458748; U.K. Department for Energy and Climate Change; 'Juan de la Cierva ‐ Incorporación' postdoctoral grant; Irish Research Council, Grant/Award Number: GOIPD/2015/81 ; DECC; Goethe International Postdoctoral Programme, People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007‐2013/ under REA grant agreement no [291776]; German Aerospace Center Award, Grant/Award Number: 50JR1601; Scottish Natural Heritage; Solway Coast AONB Sustainable Development Fund; COWRIE Ltd.; Heritage Lottery Fund; Robert Bosch Stiftung; NSF Division of Biological Infrastructure Award, Grant/Award Number: 1564380; Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Grant/Award Number: IJCI-2014-19190; Energinet.dk; NASA Award, Grant/Award Number: NNX15AV92A; MAVA Foundation; Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, Grant/Award Number: SFRH/BPD/118635/2016; National Key R&D Program of China, Grant/Award Number: 2016YFC0500406; Green Fund of the Greek Ministry of Environment