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Choosing lineup order vs knowing which lineup corresponds to which suspect: accuracy implications in multiple perpetrator identification
In: Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Band 70, Heft 4S, S. 361
ISSN: 1736-7530
False information about coronavirus and beyond: Lessons for the EU?
The spread of the global coronavirus pandemic has infected the world with a substantial surge of false information. When there is already a significant amount of confusion, mis- and disinformation can amplify feelings of fear and enhance risks. Joint action is crucial to tackle this unprecedented amount of false information and the EU is well-placed to lead a coordinated response. While important steps have already been taken, more decisive action is necessary. This Policy Brief provides an overview of significant examples of mis- and disinformation in the context of the pandemic and identifies key lessons for the EU's broader fight against false information.
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A European approach to regulating AI - The Commission's AI strategy
The European Commission's AI strategy was released just a few short weeks before the global pandemic hit Europe. In her policy brief, Maarja Kask argues that AI can only be expected to help us through this pandemic and on a path of economic recovery if the upcoming legislation resolves the issues evident in the white paper. Not only does the Commission need to explain what it means when it talks about AI, but also be clear about its investment plan. The member states will also need to pull their weight when it comes to funding for the strategy to succeed.
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Virtual reality in support of sustainable tourism. Experiences from Eastern Europe ; Virtuaalreaalsus toetamas jätkusuutlikku turismi: Ida-Euroopa kogemused
A Thesis for applying for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Sciences ; This study is concerned with the questions: how tourism players perceive sustainable tourism and whether sustainable tourism planning practices include virtual travel as a means to improve visitor experiences. Furthermore, how efficient and satisfactory a substitute, virtual experience may be, as an alternative to a real visit to a nature destination. The goal was set to research the drivers that may favour tourists' acceptance of virtual substitutions over real experiences. Travel often means transportation and need for place change, but travelling to a destination gives this sense of place change, and a VR facility in that place could provide tourist's experiences that local nature could give. It is postulated that when compared to individuals with weaker pro-ecological attitudes, those with stronger pro-ecological attitudes are more likely to accept the virtual tourism (VT) opportunities, research suggests that there are some VT features which are not accepted and others which are accepted by tourists The study focussed on the issue of virtual travel advantages and disadvantages and the role of pro-ecological motivations behind the choices between real travel and virtual travel. Research questions: • How tourism managers' perceptions of sustainable tourism affect sustainable tourism and sustainable tourism planning? (I, II) • How three-dimensional visualisation can facilitate sustainable tourism development and sustainable tourism planning? (I, II, III) • How tourist perceptions of virtual travel vary according to their individual need for emotional arousal from mediated experience, socio-demographic background, travel preferences, and pro-ecological motivations? (III) Documentary analysis (I) and interviews (I,II) were employed. Content analysis technique (I,II) was used. All answers were audio recorded, typed, divided into categories and sorted according to the main topic. 299 questionnaires were collected from tourists visiting Piusa Cave, GLM was employed to analyse results. This study indicated that comprehensive sustainable tourism practices are lacking in Russia. Russian tourism managers' attitudes towards sustainable tourism are mostly influenced by their personal background in the industry and less by internationally adopted concepts. Even though Russian tourism managers personal attitudes varied significantly and our findings demonstrated contradictory understandings of sustainable tourism phenomena among them, the consensus search rounds showed that the managers do recognise the possible negative impact of tourism on nature, and see sustainable tourism as part of their future business development strategies. The observed lack of understanding about sustainable tourism principles and the perceived low demand for such initiatives in state regulations and among potential clients, are the key reasons for Russian tourism managers' low motivation towards creating their own sustainable tourism initiatives. They also proposed that virtual travel may be a feasible strategy for destination management where carrying capacities are exceeded or where nature conservation measures are required (I). An individual's motivation to take part in sustainable tourism planning using three-dimensional visualization may be derived from such social structures as interest, desire, challenge or curiosity. While inclusion of interest groups in three-dimensional visualisation planning may significantly influence the flow and the value of the results of sustainable tourism planning, the same also happens when actually using the three dimensional visualisation tool. Integration of three-dimensional visualisation into sustainable tourism planning from the initialisation of the participatory development process provides more opportunities for comprehensive planning outcomes (II). Provision of several alternative landscape three-dimensional visualisation scenarios provides better sustainable tourism planning results. Virtual travel plays a positive role as a sustainable tourism planning facilitator in participatory development. Factors to consider in maintaining a quality sustainable tourism planning experience include: precise selection of objects for three dimensional visualisation, idealization level and an intuitive user interface. A neutral moderator in three dimensional visualisation planning is thus a prerequisite and is especially important when dealing with the problem of conflicting interests in sustainable tourism planning. This study revealed that tourists accepting of a low level of arousal from virtual travel have lower socio-economic security, they are also less motivated by social interaction and adventure. Tourists most accepting of virtual travel are less striving, and less interested in the societal impact of their lives. It was proposed that virtual travel may serve as a substitute for nature-based travel. The study shows that at the current state of three dimensional visualization technologies, virtual travel is capable of satisfying sophisticated hedonic needs of tourists. Those who like active outdoors, are unsurprisingly, less satisfied with virtual travel. Virtual travel also could be instrumental in nature experiences to tourists with lower travel budgets. Sustainable tourism development within nature-based tourism may reduce damage to the natural environment and local culture by minimising the impact of physical tourism infrastructure (roads, path, buildings) construction in cases where tourists can be offered alternative experiences of virtual travel as complementarities to conventional tourism. Virtual travel may show landscapes and enable tourists to get an impression of natural sightseeing without physical visits to real destinations. This in turn may increase opportunities for virtual tourism activity and benefit local communities. An encountered weakness of virtual travel is that tourists may perceive such travel experiences as less satisfactory in comparison to real trips. This study revealed potential key strategies for overcoming the obstacles for sustainable tourism development in Eastern Europe. Firstly, significant cooperation is required among stakeholders (local authorities, tourism managers, tourists, local population) to tailor more effective international and local legislation in the field of sustainable tourism, and for ensuring proper enforcement of this legislation. Secondly, the promotion of environmental education, including sustainability training among Russian tourism players, is highly recommended. Thirdly, virtual travel even though not an equal substitute for real visits, is a potential solution for implementing sustainable tourism strategies. Thus, further research could aim to establish whether virtual travel derived from real destinations where carrying capacities are exceeded may benefit nature conservation, and could be a means to raising tourists' awareness of tourism's environmental and social impacts. ; Käesolev uurimus otsib vastust küsimusele: kuidas turismi huvirühmad tajuvad säästvat turismi ja säästva turismi planeerimispraktikate parendamist virtuaalse reisimise abiga. Lisaks uuritakse kui tõhusalt ja rahuldavalt asendab virtuaalne kogemus loodusliku sihtkoha tegelikku külastamist. Uurimuse eesmärgiks seati uurida ajendeid, mis soodustavad seda, et turistid eelistavad reaalsetele kogemustele nende virtuaalset asendust. Reisimine tähendab sageli transporti ja asukoha muutust, ning reisimine sihtkohta annab muutuse toimumise tunde ja virtuaalne külastus annab turistile võimaluse kogeda, mida kohalik loodus suudaks pakkuda. Töös postuleeritakse, et tugevama ökoloogilise hoiakuga isikud on suurema tõenäosusega avatud virtuaalse reisimise võimaluste kasutamisele võrreldes isikutega, kel ökoloogiline suhtumine on nõrgem. Uuringud on näidanud, et turistid aktsepteerivad mõningaid virtuaalse reisimise viise, kuid eitavad teisi. Uurimus keskendub virtuaalse reisimise eeliste ja puuduste uurimisele ja ökoloogiliste motiivide rollile, mis mõjutavad reaalse ja virtuaalse reisimise valikuid. Töö väljendab kolmes artiklis kajastatud uurimusi ja nende tulemusi, need on tähistatud vastavalt I, II ja III. Uurimisküsimused: • Kuidas turismi korraldajate säästva turismi tajumine mõjutab säästva turismi pakkumist ja säästva turismi planeerimist? (I, II) • Kuidas kolmemõõtmeline visualiseerimine (3D) soodustab säästva turismi arendamist ja säästva turismi planeerimist? (I, II, III) • Kuidas turistid tajuvad virtuaalset reisimist olenevalt nende elamusvajadusest , sotsiaal-demograafilisest taustast, reisimiseelistustest ja ökoloogilistest hoiakutest? (III) Metoodika Uurimisandmed koguti dokumendianalüüsist (I), süvaintervjuudes ja küsitlusest. Töö jaoks uuriti Venemaal praktiseeritavat säästva turismi korraldamist dokumentide (ametlikud turismitegevust suunavad dokumendid, arengustrateegiad, õigusaktid jt) analüüsi abil. Kasutati ka kontentanalüüsi (II). Intervjuud (I, II) turismiga seonduvate huvirühmade ja kohaliku kogukonna esindajatega lindistati, transkribeeriti, kodeeriti ja kategoriseeriti. Intervjueeriti Moskva (Venemaa) turismiettevõtjaid ja Eesti ettevõtjaid ja kogukonnaliikmeid. Lõuna-Eestis Piusa koobaste külastuskeskuses külastajate seas läbiviidud 299 küsitluse tulemusi analüüsiti üldistatud lineaarse mudeli abil (III). Virtuaalse reisimise vastuvõetavust kontrolliti rakendades väärtuste-uskumuste-normi teooria (Stern et al., 1995) edasiarendust, tuvastamaks, kuidas vastuvõetavust mõjutavad elamusvajadus, ökoloogilised väärtused, uskumused, normid ja kavatsused. Tulemused Uuring tõi välja, et Venemaal puuduvad komplekssed säästva turismi praktikad. Venemaa turismikorraldajate hoiakuid säästva turismi suhtes mõjutab peamiselt nende enda taust selles sektoris ja mitte nii palju rahvusvaheliselt omaksvõetud kontseptsioonid. Kuigi Venemaa turismikorraldajate isiklikud hoiakud varieerusid märgatavalt ja saadud tulemused demonstreerisid vastuolulisi arusaamu säästva turismi fenomeni olemusest, näitas Delphi meetodi rakendamine, et korraldajad tunnevad ära turismi võimaliku negatiivse mõju loodusele ja näevad säästvat turismi ühe osana oma tulevastest äri arendamise strateegiatest. Üksmeele puudumine säästva turismi põhimõtete suhtes ja tunnetatud vähene nõudlus selliste algatuste suhtes riiklikes õigusaktides ja võimalike klientide seas on peamised põhjused, miks vene turismikorraldajatel on madal motivatsioon ise säästva turismi algatustega välja tulla. Nad esitasid seisukoha, et virtuaalne reisimine on sihtkoha juhtimise puhul otstarbekas strateegia, kui piirkonna taluvusvõime on ületatud või vajaks looduskaitse alla võtmist (I). Üksikisiku motivatsioon säästva turismi planeerimises osalemiseks kui kasutatakse kolmemõõtmelist visualiseerimist tuleneb sellistest sotsiaalsetest motivatsiooni allikatest nagu osalussoov, väljakutse või uudishimu. Ehkki kolmemõõtmelise visualiseerimise planeerimise juures osalevad huvigrupid võivad märkimisväärselt mõjutada säästva turismi planeerimise kulgu ja väärtust, toimub sama ka siis, kui kasutatakse kolmemõõtmelise visualiseerimise tööriista. Kolmemõõtmelise visualiseerimise integreerimine säästva turismi planeerimisse kaasava arendamise protsessi algusest peale annab rohkem võimalusi igakülgsete planeerimistulemuste saamiseks (II). Mitme alternatiivse maastiku muutmise 3D-stsenaariumi kasutamine annab paremad säästva turismi planeerimise tulemused. Virtuaalne reisimine mängib kaasava arendamise protsessis soodustab säästva turismi planeerimist. Objektide täpne valimine kolmemõõtmelise visualiseerimise jaoks, detailsuse aste ja intuitiivne kasutaja liides on tegurid, mis teenivad kvaliteetse säästva turismi planeerimise eesmärki. Neutraalne moderaator on kolmemõõtmelise visualiseerimise planeerimise protsessi juures hädavajalik, eriti tähtis on ta siis, kui on tegu huvide konfliktiga säästva turismi planeerimises. Uurimus tõi välja, et virtuaalne reisimine on enam aktsepteeritav inimestele, kel on madal elamusvajadus, ja kes ei hooli sellest, et virtuaalne reisimine pakub vähem elavaid muljeid, koha vahetuse tunnet, ja kokkupuudet loodusega. Virtuaalne reisimine on aktsepteeritavam turistidele, kelle reisivalikute ajendite seas on sotsiaalne suhtlemine ja seikluslikkus vähem olulised. Virtuaalsest reisimisest enam huvitatud turistidväärtustavad vähem edasipüüdlikkust ja sotsiaalset mõjukust. Pakuti välja, et virtuaalne reisimine võiks olla looduspõhise reisimise asenduseks. Uurimus näitas, et kolmemõõtmeliste visualiseerimistehnoloogiate praeguses seisus on virtuaalne reisimine võimeline rahuldama hedonistlikumate, suurema mugavusvajadusega turistide vajadusi. Need, kellele meeldib aktiivne tegevus looduses, on vähem rahul virtuaalse reisimisega. Säästva turismi areng loodusturismi raames võib vähendada looduskeskkonnale ja kohalikule kultuurile tehtavat kahju, minimeerides kahju, mis tekib turismi füüsilise infrastruktuuri rajamisest (teed, rajad, hooned) neil juhtudel, kui turistidele saab pakkuda alternatiivseid kogemusi virtuaalsest reisimisest tavaturismi täiendusena. Virtuaalne reisimine saab näidata maastikke ja võimaldab turistidel koguda muljeid ilma reaalset sihtkohta füüsiliselt külastamata. See omakorda suurendab võimalusi virtuaalse turismi tegevusteks ja on soodne kohalikule kogukonnale. Virtuaalne reisimine on aktsepteeritav alternatiiv suurema mugavusvajadusega inimestele ja vanemaealistele inimestele. Uurimus tõi välja võimalikud peamised strateegiad, kuidas tulla toime takistustega säästva turismi arengus Ida-Euroopas. Esiteks on vaja märkimisväärset koostööd huvigruppide (kohalikud omavalitsused, turismikorraldajad, turistid, kohalikud elanikud) vahel, et luua tõhusamaid rahvusvahelisi ja kohalikke õigusakte säästva turismi valdkonnas ning tagada nende õigusaktide asjakohane ellurakendamine. Teiseks on äärmiselt vajalik edendada keskkonnaharidust, sh säästlikkuse koolituse pakkumist Venemaa turismitegijate seas. Kolmandaks, ehkki virtuaalne reisimine ei ole ehtsa reisimise samaväärne asendaja, on see ikkagi võimalik lahendus, et ellu viia säästva turismi strateegiaid. Seega võiks edaspidine uurimistöö püüda välja selgitada, kas virtuaalne reisimine, mis põhineb reaalsetel sihtkohtadel, kus taluvusvõime on ületatud, võiks tuua kasu loodushoiule ja olla vahend, millega tõsta turistide teadlikkust turismi keskkonna- ja sotsiaalsetest mõjudest. ; Publication of this thesis is supported by the Estonian University of Life Science and by the Doctoral School of Earth Science and Ecology created under the auspices of European Social Fund. This study was supported by the Estonian Ministry of Science and Education (institutional grant IUT-8-3), the European Commission through the European Regional Development Fund (Centre of Excellence EcolChange, TK 131), and the European Research Council (advanced grant 322603, SIP-VOL+).
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Distribution and habitat preferences of Clouded Apollo butterfly [Parnassius mnemosyne (L.)] in Estonia ; Mustlaik-apollo [Parnassius mnemosyne (L.)] levik ja elupaiga eelistused Eestis
According to the European Red List of Butterflies, 31% of the European butterflies have declining populations. One of the specialist butterfly species that has declining population in whole Europe and that has been interest of many scientists is the Clouded Apollo [(Parnassius mnemosyne (L.)]. The results of the theses show that the abundance and distribution area of Clouded Apollo have increased in recent years in Estonia that is the opposite process than in the rest of Europe. Since 1984, there is new population of Clouded Apollo in South Estonia that has increased its abundance and distribution area. The reason for this seems to be the appearance of high quality habitats with ideal landscape structure for the butterfly. The most preferred habitat of Clouded Apollo is the semi-natural meadow with the strip of alders on the banks of rivers. The riparian meadows with strip of alders have good conditions for the main requirements of the Clouded Apollo: nectar sources for the imago, places for mating and breeding, shelter for the imago, food plant for the larvae. The places of appearance of Clouded Apollo are in correspondence with the distribution area of the larvaeal food plant – Corydalis solida. The landscape structure plays important role in the distribution of the butterfly. Rivers create natural ecological network, providing suitable habitats, migration corridors, stepping stones through the biotopes that are barriers for the butterfly. The Clouded Apollo is the species that clearly benefits from corridors in the landscape that can increase their movement ability. The political and socio-economic changes have led to the large changes of agricultural practises and land use during last century. The semi-natural meadows are one of the most vulnerable biotopes in Estonia. As the main habitat for Clouded Apollo the attention must be paid to avoid decrease of these valuable habitats. The management of the Clouded Apollo should consider the preservation of the high quality habitats and their proper density and connectivity in the landscape to ensure preservation and enduring distribution of this protected butterfly. ; Euroopa liblikate punase nimestiku andmetel on 31% Euroopa liblikaliikide arvukus kahanemas. Rohumaa spetsialisti mustlaik-apollo (Parnassius mnemosyne) levik ja arvukus on vähenenud kogu Euroopas. Antud doktoritöö tulemused näitavad, et Eestis on mustlaik-apollo arvukus ja levik viimaste kümnendite jooksul suurenenud, mis on vastupidine suundumus kogu ülejäänud Euroopas toimuvale. Alates 1984. aastast on Lõuna-Eestis uus mustlaik-apollo populatsioon, mis suurendab jõudsalt oma arvukust ja levikuala. Selle põhjuseks on kõrge väärtusega elupaikade ja liblika jaoks sobiva maastiku struktuuri olemasolu. Mustlaik-apollo eelistatumad elupaigad on pool-looduslikud niidud, mis asuvad jõgede kallastel ja mille ääres on puuderiba, enamasti lepariba. Jõgedeäärsed leparibaga niidud vastavad kõikidele peamistele mustlaik-apollo elupaiganõudlustele: on olemas nektarivarud, avatud paaritumis- ja sigimispaigad, rööviku toidutaim ja tuulevari. Eestis mängib mustlaik-apollo levikus olulist rolli ka maastiku struktuur. Jõed moodustavad loodusliku rohevõrgustiku, tagades liblikale eluks sobilikud elupaigad, levikukoridorid ja astmelauad läbi nende biotoopide, mis on talle levikubarjääriks. Mustlaik-apollo levikualad on vastavuses monofaagist rööviku toidutaime hariliku lõokannuse (Corydalis solida) kasvukohtadega. Mustlaik-apollole elupaigaks sobivad pool-looduslikud niidud on väga tundlikud hooldamata jätmise suhtes. Viimase sajandi jooksul toimunud poliitilised ja sotsiaal-majanduslikud muutused on viinud suurte muutusteni ka Eesti põllumajanduses ja maakasutuses, vähenenud on traditsioonilise põllumajanduse osakaal ja paljud pool-looduslikud niidud on maha jäetud. Olles mustlaik-apollo peamisteks elupaikadeks, tuleks vältida nende väärtuslike elupaigatüüpide kinnikasvamist ja kadumist, et tagada haruldase kaitsealuse liblikaliigi säilimine ja edasine levik Eestis.
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Institutional development of the parliament of Estonia
In: The journal of legislative studies, Band 2, Heft 1, S. 193-212
ISSN: 1743-9337
INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PARLIAMENT OF ESTONIA
In: The journal of legislative studies, Band 2, Heft 1, S. 193-212
ISSN: 1357-2334
THE PAPER DESCRIBES INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE ESTONIAN PARLIAMENT AFTE THE FIRST ELECTIONS IN MARCH 1990. A PEAK OF INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES OCCURRED DURING THE FIRST FEW MONTHS AFTER THE ELECTIONS, OFTEN THROUGH PAINFUL LEARNING FROM ERRORS BUT OFTEN SIMPLY BY COPYING INSTITUTIONS OF DEVELOPED DEMOCRATIC COUNTRIES. A HIGH QUANTITY OF NEW LEGISLATION HAS BEEN DEMANDED FORM THE PARLIAMENT, ESPECIALLY AFTER ESTONIA RESTORED ITS STATUS AS AN INDEPENDENT STATE IN AUGUST 1991. A SECOND PEAK OF INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES IS RELATED TO THE ADOPTION OF THE NEW CONSTITUTION IN JUNE 1992.
National Radicalization in Estonia: Legislation on Citizenship and Related Issues
In: Nationalities papers: the journal of nationalism and ethnicity, Band 22, Heft 2, S. 379-391
ISSN: 1465-3923
There is certainly some sound logic in the observation by Trivimi Velliste, the former Foreign Minister of Estonia: "The safer Estonians feel about their independence, the more convinced they are that no one will enslave them again [and] the more likelihood they will be more generous [about Russians in Estonia]." The sad conclusion of this article is, however, that the gain of Estonians' security has not given way to a spirit of generosity but to a more restrictive and irrational citizenship policy.
ASSESSMENT OF THE ROLE OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN RECENT RADIAL INCREMENT INCREASE OF PICEA ABIES AND PINUS SYLVESTRIS
In: Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Biology, Band 43, Heft 4, S. 199
WOOD AND BARK NUTRIENT ANALYSIS OF DAMAGED AND UNDAMAGED NORWAY SPRUCE
In: Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Ecology, Band 4, Heft 3, S. 109
CLIMATE – RADIAL INCREMENT RELATIONSHIPS IN ESTONIAN CONIFER STANDS
In: Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Ecology, Band 2, Heft 1, S. 22
SEPARATION OF NONORIENTATIONAL AND ROTATIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS IN FLUORESCENCE CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY
In: Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR. Physics. Mathematics, Band 35, Heft 4, S. 443
БЕНЗ(А) ПИРЕН В МОРСКИХ ЛЕЧЕБНЫХ ГРЯЗЯХ ЭСТОНСКОЙ ССР
In: Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR. Geology, Band 33, Heft 2, S. 78