Suchergebnisse

One the main problem of US during World War II evolved around the question how to make the transition to peace as to rebuild the economy that produced military products, in a peaceful way. It was closely connected with the successful implementation of the demobilization of the 12 million army. The no-strike pledge thanks to which the number of strikes was relatively low during World War II was about to expire. Those two factors: demobilization and the excepted divergence between unions and administration were the major determinants of US labour market policies. The Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 (GI Bill of Rights) was a comprehensive program to aid returning veterans in their speedy readjustment to civilian life. The main body of the article is built around the analysis of the provisions of the Act that relate to the benefits for the former soldiers. The Labour Management Relations Act of 1947 (Taft-Hartley Act) was a Republican initiative motivated by a series of large-scale strikes, fear of communist infiltration of labour unions, and the significant growth in both membership and power of unions. All these factors contributed to an anti-union climate in the United States after World War II. As a result the bill was passed, but over Truman`s veto which eventually turned out to be a smart political move.Key words: Labour; reconversion; postwar economy; Truman. ; Однією з головних проблем США під час Другої Світової Війни було питання повернення економіки, налаштованої на військову продукцію, в мирне русло, що тісно пов'язано з демобілізацією 12 млн військовослужбовців. Термін обмеження кількості страйків, необхідний під час війни, припинявся. Саме ці два чинники – демобілізація та очікувана розбіжність між упрвлінням і профспілками – значною мірою впливали на американську політику на ринку праці.Закон про права військовослужбовців 1944 р. (Джі Ай Біл) був комплексною програмою полегшення повернення ветеранів до цивільного життя. Головна частина закону концентрувалася на правилах підтримки колишніх солдат. Закон про врегулювання трудових відносин 1947 р. (Закон Тафта–Хартлі) – республіканська ініціатива, мотивована серією великих страйків, страхом перед комуністичною інфільтрацією профспілок, а також значним збільшенням сили та чисельності профспілок. Ці обставини створили в післявоєнних США атмосферу, неприйнятну для профспілок. Закон, зрештою, затвердили, проте після подолання вето президента Трумена, що виявилося спритним політичним заходом.Ключові слова: праця; перестановка продукції; післявоєнна економіка; Трумен.

The GI Bill of Rights (The Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944) was a comprehensiveprogram to aid returning veterans in their speedy readjustment to a civilianlife. Its role was also to enable the veterans to fit them into the civilian economy. Inthe first part of the text, the economic and political context of the discussion aroundthe Bill is discussed. The author refers to the popular belief that the end of the warwas expected to result in the return of another economic depression. The latter wasto be deepened by winding down war production and speeded up by returning servicemen.The text examines how the Bill was to tackle that challenge. The mainbody of the article is built around the analysis of the provisions of the Act that relateto the benefits for the former soldiers. This includes a mustering-out pay, educationbenefits, medical care for the disabled in the war, unemployment insurance, an allowancecredit and pensions for disabled veterans. The requirements, terms of fundingand sum of benefits are presented and discussed. The last part concludes withthe general remarks about the significance of the Bill and its contemporary perceptionin the USA. ; -

Abstract
In this article, we identify the institutional offers for emigrants and evaluate the role of immigrants during the industrial revolution in the nineteenth-century history of three cities (once labelled 'Manchesters') from different parts of the Russian Empire. The dynamic growth of these cities was based on the textile industry but also depended largely on newcomers and highly mobile and entrepreneurial citizens. We show the key institutional factors that accelerated the immigrants' mobility to these Eastern European 'Manchesters' and made their role in urban development crucial. We claim the textile industry and institutional conditions for newcomers were prerequisites, but the entrepreneurship of a large number of immigrants proved crucial in these cities.