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This study examines gender differences in intergenerational class mobility in the United States, Sweden and West Germany, using data from the Comparative Project on Class Structure and Class Consciousness. Our analysis has shown that when women's class is defined based on their own work status, class inheritance is much weaker among women than men in the United States. German women have a weaker association between origin and destination than their male counterparts, which, to a large extent, reflects a tendency for downward movement into the working class among German women. Of the three countries, Sweden exhibited the fewest gender differences in class fluidity. When comparing married women's work mobility with that of married men, we found no gender differences in the United States, but much more fluidity among German and Swedish women. Married women are more mobile, both upward and downward, than are men, but in general, marriage improves women's upward mobility chances.

This article examines the relationship between economic and socio-demographic variables and male marriage patterns in 144 rural villages of Jurong county, Jiangsu province, China, in 1933. While marriage for females is young and universal, the incidence of male marriage varies greatly across villages, a variability that is consistent with an economic view of marriage. Marriage is associated with farm ownership, land quality and male literacy. The demographic context, as measured by the sex ratio of the marriageable population, is also important. High sex ratios in Jurong produce a chronic marriage squeeze for males. These ratios also correspond to the economic conditions of a locale.

In an investigation of the effects of family structure on status attainment, data from a subsample of the 1988 National Survey of Families & Households indicate that living in a mother-only or mother/stepfather family lowers a child's socioeconomic attainment. In addition, changing from a two-biological-parent family to a mother-only family lowers attainment, as does change from a mother-only to a mother/stepfather family. 3 Tables, 22 References. Adapted from the source document.

Part I. Origins 1 -- Introduction 2 -- A Historical Pattern: The Imperial Mode of China 3 -- The Empire-building in the Pre-Qin Period 4 -- Ideas Matter: Profound Thought in the Pre-Qin Period Part II. Trajectories -- 5. Adolescence of the Imperial Mode 6 -- Maturity: The Tang-Song Transition 7 -- Mismatch: The Ossifying Institutions 8 -- Beginning Modernization: The Late Qing and the Republican Period 9 -- Zigzag Modernization in Communist China Part III. "Aufheben" -- 10. The Rise of the West: What Happened and How 11 -- China's "Peculiarities": Why China Declined and Rebounded 12 -- To Understand China: The Past and the Future.

Intro -- Foreword by Bertram Schefold -- Foreword by Werner Plumpe -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Author -- Major Periods in China -- Chronology of Key People in Chinese History -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Introduction -- 1 A Marxian Approach: Historical Materialism -- 2 A Weberian Approach: Historical-Comparative Sociology -- 3 Institutionalist Approaches -- 4 A Framework: The Imperial Mode of China -- References -- 2 The Empire-Building in the Pre-Qin Era -- 1 The Natural Conditions in the Central Plain -- 2 The Primordial Economy and Social Structure -- 3 The First Economic Revolution -- 4 The Empire-Building and Legalist Thinkers' Reforms -- 5 Summary -- References -- 3 Thought Matters -- 1 The Background of the Intellectual Boom -- 2 Confucianism -- 3 Daoism -- 4 Legalism -- 5 Summary -- References -- 4 The First Phase: The Han Variant -- 1 The Short-Lived Dominance of Qin -- 2 The Political Structure in the Han Dynasty -- 3 From the Peasant Economy to the Manorial Economy -- 4 Imperial Confucianism: Official Ideology -- 5 The Rise and Decline of Aristocracy -- 6 The Revival of the Peasant Economy -- 7 Cultural Trends During Political Chaos -- 8 Summary -- References -- 5 The Second Phase: The Song Variant -- 1 Strengthening Control Over Bureaucracy -- 2 The Second Economic Revolution -- 3 Neo-Confucianism: Ideological Maturity -- 4 The Role of Mongolians' Reign -- 5 The Zenith of Authoritarian Monarchy -- 6 Static Economic Development -- 7 Ideological Ossification -- 8 Summary -- References -- 6 A Historical Pattern: The Imperial Mode -- 1 The Peasant Economy -- 2 The Bureaucratic System -- 3 The Central Authority -- 4 The Equilibrium -- 5 Summary -- References -- 7 The Great Divergence I: The West -- 1 "The First Modern Economy": The Netherlands -- 2 The Constitutional Path of Great Britain.

This dissertation inquires how late entrants in emerging economies build up their capabilities to compete in technologically mature industries at the global level by examining the rise to global leadership of new Chinese synthetic dye enterprises since 1978 as example. 59 interviews were conducted and a large amount of archival data was collected, both of which were coded and analyzed using NVIVO 8. Overall, this dissertation contributes to evolutionary, institutionalist, and social network literature by providing a nuanced interpretation of industry migration and start-up growth by combining the above three views together. To provide a background for later chapters, the first chapter investigates the post-1978 changes in four Chinese institutions and differences in their speed of change at national and regional levels. In the second chapter, I examine the role of four institutional arrangements in shaping the ownership-based competitiveness of local dye enterprises and the migration of dye manufacturing in China. It documents for the first time that the migration of leadership from state-owned enterprises to collectively-owned enterprises and then to private enterprises was accompanied by a concurrent leadership migration from one region to another. To explain the two simultaneous leadership migrations, an institution-based evolutionary model has been proposed in the study. The model is likely to apply to all the Chinese manufacturing industries, which existed prior to 1978, but subsequently, neither experienced significant technological changes nor were highly protected by the government. In my third chapter, I focus on six cases of private dye start-ups in Zhejiang after 1978, to explore the two understudied questions: (i) what knowledge is acquired by new venture start-ups through their founders' network relationships with employees of incumbent firms? and (ii) what knowledge acquired through this mechanism, during foundation, underlies the long-term success of such start-ups? From the focal context, I find ...

Jiang reviews LIVING WITH THEIR PAST: Post Urban Youth Fiction by Zhang Kangkang and edited by Richard King.

This paper adopts panel cointegration (FMOLS and DOLS) methodologies to establish the relationship among carbon dioxide emission, renewable energy consumption and foreign direct investments for a panel of 15 African countries for the period 2000 – 2014. The empirical results affirm a long run relationship among the variables. The long run estimates of the variables aver that renewable energy consumption is negatively related to carbon dioxide emission meaning renewable energy tends to reduce the pollution that results from carbon emission. Meanwhile, foreign direct investment (FDI) has a positive relationship with carbon emission; in other words, FDI increases or causes a rise in carbon emission in the long run. Some recommendations are proposed to ensure the reduction of carbon emission. Governments are advised to; expand the use of renewable energy consumption, create and build low carbon economies, control the activities of pollutants, reduce tropical deforestation and increase vehicle fuel efficiency and support other solutions that reduce oil use