Suchergebnisse

Contents: Foreword / Sir Robert T. Watson -- 1. Introduction -- K.N. Ninan and Makoto Inoue -- Part I: Vulnerability, adaptation and resilience -- 2. The environmental impact of climate change adaptation on land use and water quality / Carlo Fezzi, Amii R. Harwood, Andrew A. Lovett and Ian J. Bateman -- 3. Adaptive capacity contributing to improved agricultural productivity at the household level: empirical findings highlighting the importance of crop insurance / Architesh Panda, Upasna Sharma, K.N.Ninan and Anthony Patt -- 4. Adapting to climate change and improving urban resilience: the role of nature and biodiversity protection in cities / Konar Mutafoglu, Patrick ten Brink, Sabrina Dekker, Jamie Woollard and Jean-Pierre Schweitzer -- 5. Coproducing resilience through understanding vulnerability / Vivek Shandas, Anandi van Diepen, Jackson Voelkel, Meenakshi Rao -- 6. Climate resilience and sustainable development: challenges and options for small island developing states / Ramon Pichs-Madruga -- Part II: Climate resilience: sectoral perspectives -- 7. Can agriculture be climate smart? / Irina Arakelyan, Anita Wreford and Dominic Moran -- 8. Global warming and changes in marine ecosystem- economic consequences and adjustment issues / Clem Tisdell -- 9. Climate change, marine ecosystems and global fisheries / U. Rashid Sumaila, William W. L. Cheung, Philippe M. Cury and Travis Tai -- 10. Extreme drought and California's water economy: challenges and opportunities for building resilience / Kathleen A. Miller -- 11. Building urban climate resilience in Vietnam and Bangladesh / Craig Johnson, Iftekharul Haque, Yvonne Su and Kristy May -- 12. Renewable energy economics / David Timmons -- Part III: Incentives, governance and policy -- 13. Carbon pricing policy design and revenue management: economic models and policy practice / Lint Barrage -- 14. REDD+: a global multilevel forest governance for building a climate resilient society / Abrar Juhar Mohammed and Makoto Inoue -- 15. Democratising climate finance at local levels / Victor Orindi, Yazan Elhadi and Ced Hesse -- 16. Do climate policies hurt the economy? Lessons from the EU experience / Carlo Carraro and Marinella Davide -- Claim the sky / Robert Costanza -- Index.

Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- About the Editors -- List of Contributors -- Abbreviations and Acronyms -- 1 Climate Change and Disaster Risks in an Unsecured World -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Climate Change and Disaster Risks in Asia -- 1.3 Human Security in the Context of Climate Change and Disaster Risks: A Framework of Analysis -- 1.4 Organization of the Book -- References -- 2 Disaster Risk Reduction, Climate Change Adaptation, and Human Security: A Historical Perspective Under the Hyogo Framework and Beyond -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Reflections on the Progress in Reducing Underlying Risk Factors -- 2.2.1 Major Achievements in Priority Areas -- 2.2.2 Major Gaps and Challenges -- 2.3 Discussion and Key Recommendations -- 2.3.1 Reduce the Underlying Risk Factors for Poverty Reduction and Sustainable Development -- 2.3.2 Enhance Economic Viability of Risk Reduction Measures -- 2.3.3 Institutionalize Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction -- 2.3.4 Address Risk Reduction in Recovery -- 2.3.5 Enhance DRR Education to Help Reduce Underlying Risk Factors -- 2.4 Final Remarks -- References -- 3 State Fragility and Human Security in Asia in the Context of Climate and Disaster Risks -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Climate-Fragility Risks are Significant -- 3.3 Climate-Fragility in the Context of Japan -- 3.3.1 Internal Factors of Climate-Fragility -- 3.3.2 External Factors of Climate Fragility -- 3.4 Methodology -- 3.4.1 Stakeholder Perspectives on Climate-Fragility Risks -- 3.4.2 Comparing Countries on Climate-Fragility Risks -- 3.5 Results and Discussion -- 3.5.1 Stakeholder Perceptions of Climate-Fragility Risks -- 3.5.2 Fragility Risks in Japan -- 3.5.3 Comparing Countries in Terms of Climate-Fragility Risks -- 3.6 Conclusions -- References.

Decentralized forest policy has been moderately successful in delivering resource-use rights to local people. At the same time, it is possible that decentralization leads to recentralization because governments never give their authority over forest resources. Recentralization studies have paid little attention to the potential of local dynamics to lead to institutional arrangements that affect forest outcomes. This paper uses a case study of Community-based Forest Management (CBFM) in the Philippines to explore how local realities lead to the development of effective institutions for forest management. In this case study, local informal regulations of forest resource use were created through the process of settling local conflicts among competing CBFM interests, including members and non-members of people's organizations, and frontline foresters who are working at local level. Frontline foresters played a role as coordinator of institutional arrangements that regulate local forest exploitation within the CBFM implementation process. The behavior of frontline foresters affected by their own personalities and existing social relations among residents, can deter recentralization in some ways. More attention is needed on the role of frontline foresters and non-members of people's organization as influential negotiators in state-society relations concerning forests. © 2013 Steve Harrison, John Herbohn.

Decentralisation reforms and political conditions in the Philippines present an ideal environment for forest management by recognising the land entitlements of upland and indigenous communities and promoting the involvement of local government units. By assessing whether current conditions - policies, institutions, and programmes - are conducive to effective decentralisation, this study examines the present state of decentralisation in the forestry sector of the Philippines. By analysing case studies conducted in Nueva Vizcaya Province, it also attempts to answer a broader question: when is decentralisation a success and when is it a failure? A number of uncertainties are revealed, along with various issues that hamper decentralisation, and that are interrelated and reinforce one another in much the same way as they have done over the past decade. The study highlights the need for caution when increasing the involvement of government at different levels, as it affects the pace of decentralisation reforms. It also shows that a mix of site-specific interventions and community endeavours that focus on securing local livelihoods has led to some success. This is a strategy that helps decentralisation reforms. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Decentralizing property rights from state control to user communities has encouraged people's participation in forest management. Relatively few studies, however, examine the forest regulations required for exercising such property rights. To address this issue, Schlager and Ostrom's 'bundle of rights' framework was used to examine various forms of property rights and regulations in three systems of community-based forest management. The field research was undertaken in the northern Philippines, using eight cases of community-based forest management at sites in the provinces of Nueva Vizcaya and Ifugao. Local communities were found to informally retain the authority to create locally crafted property rights and regulations in a central government-initiated program. While forest regulations and practices prescribed at the national level have improved forest conditions, the flow of forest benefits to communities has been limited because of decentralization without devolution of authority. A case study of a site initiated by a local government indicated that the transfer of responsibility from the central government to local government units can create more favourable conditions for the flow of forest benefits to communities. But due to a lack of clarity about devolution of cutting permits and about the locations of afforested critical watershed areas, authorized local users lose their authorization. When forest is managed traditionally, communities can have more assured rights than in government-initiated programs, particularly in relation to tree ownership. This is because individuals have the authority to devise collective-choice rights as well as operational rights. © 2013 Steve Harrison, John Herbohn.

This article suggests that local elites play an instrumental role – either with positive or negative consequences – in shaping struggles for power over processes and outcomes of participatory forest management interventions, when implemented in communities characterized by social hierarchies. We show how the contrasting outcomes of joint forest management in two case study villages cannot be attributed to institutional reform, but appear to be caused largely by differences in the role assumed by local elites. The evidence indicates that institutional reform itself does not guarantee changes in the actual management of natural resources. Rather, vested interests at the local level and among State actors may continue to shape events while working within or beyond the new institutional landscape. On the basis of the results of our case studies, the article poses the hypothesis that a network theory of social capital could be a useful way of analyzing such diverse outcomes of similar institutional reforms implemented in relatively similar communities. We conclude by arguing that attempts at institutional reform at the level of the community in hierarchical societies should proceed with modest expectations, and an eye for the incentives facing local elites and the implementing and facilitating State actors.