Suchergebnisse

This paper employs variations in crime rates, attributed to an unprecedented
countrywide truce between gangs in El Salvador in 2012, to evaluate the short-term
impact of homicides and extortions on the education choices of Salvadoran households.
Results reveal that the reduction in homicide rates due to the truce were associated
with a migration within the education system, from public to private institutions, among
boys aged fifteen to twenty-two years. The fluctuations in homicide rates were also
associated with a lower school attendance for girls aged seven to fourteen years,
especially due to a lower public school enrollment. No significant association between
fluctuations in extortion rates and education choices was observed. JEL
Codes: D13, I24, I25

Highly automated systems are becoming omnipresent. They range in function from self-driving vehicles to advanced medical diagnostics and afford many benefits. However, there are assurance challenges that have become increasingly visible in high-profile crashes and incidents. Governance of such systems is critical to garner widespread public trust. Governance principles have been previously proposed offering aspirational guidance to automated system developers; however, their implementation is often impractical given the excessive costs and processes required to enact and then enforce the principles. This Perspective, authored by an international and multidisciplinary team across government organizations, industry and academia, proposes a mechanism to drive widespread assurance of highly automated systems: independent audit. As proposed, independent audit of AI systems would embody three 'AAA' governance principles of prospective risk Assessments, operation Audit trails and system Adherence to jurisdictional requirements. Independent audit of AI systems serves as a pragmatic approach to an otherwise burdensome and unenforceable assurance challenge.