Suchergebnisse

The article is devoted to the historical and economic research of the dynamics and structure of Soviet Ukraine's foreign trade activities in the 1920–1930's. A large decrease in the intensity of Ukraine's foreign trade during the period of «war communism» is revealed. The dynamics and structural changes of the domestic export-import flows by the Black Sea-Azov ports and land customs in the early 1920's are characterized. In particular, the commodity structure of Ukraine's foreign trade is analyzed, and the domination of its agrarian and raw nature components is revealed. The basic geographical directions of domestic freight flows are revealed.
The intensity of Ukraine's foreign trade operations during the NEP is investigated. The dominant role of Odessa and Nikolaev ports, as well as Shepetivska land customs house in domestic export and import trade is revealed. The structure of freight flows from the Ukrainian territory is analyzed. It is revealed that the main export items were grain, crop and livestock products, ores, wood and others. It was found out that the geographical structure of domestic foreign trade was limited to the countries of Western Europe at the stage of the new economic policy. Raw materials and food were exported there, and machinery, equipment and consumer goods were imported.
The changes in physical volumes of Soviet Ukraine's exports and imports during the first and second five year periods are characterized. The author emphasizes the diversified nature of the domestic export-import flows, while the dominant role of agricultural products and raw materials was preserved. Extension of geographical directions of domestic foreign trade ties is pointed out. It is proved that the absence of own statehood and the monopolization of the foreign trade by the Soviet government were important factors limiting the development of domestic economic potential.

In the article the main trends and patterns of the development of international trade in services in the period of post-industrial development of the world economy are considered. Ukraine's competitive positions on international service market are outlined. The main endogenous factors of enhancing the country's integration to the world trade relations system in service sector are determined

The article deals with the organization of bilingual education for the children of national minorities who live in Ukraine. It analyses the legislative acts that regulate the bilingual education in all levels, the tendencies of the bilingual schools' development and the language balance in them; outlines the main problems of organizing the learning process.Key words: bilingual education, bilingual school, school for the children of national minorities. ; Проаналізовано сучасний стан організації білінгвальної освіти для дітей національних меншин, які проживають на території України. Розглянуто нормативні документи, які регулюють двомовну освіту на всіх її рівнях, тенденції розвитку білінгвальних шкіл, співвідношення мов у них; окреслено головні проблеми організації навчального процесу.Ключові слова: білінгвальна освіта, білінгвальна школа, школа для дітей національних меншин.

The protracted war intensifies Ukraine's political, financial, and economic dependence on partner countries, which determines the importance of protecting national interests and strengthening its own competitive advantages. At the same time, further integration of the country into the global economic space is a victory, national security, and a successful post-war recovery guarantee. It determines the importance of the historical assessment of the integration processes' role in national economic development. The purpose of the study is to summarize the results of the European integration impact on the post-war economic reconstruction of the Western European countries in terms of overcoming the region's financial and economic dependence on foreign aid and protecting national interests. Concepts of international economic integration are the theoretical basis of the research. The research methodology is based on the problem-logical, historical-genetic, comparative, and statistical analysis. The research determines that the formation of regional European associations and the involvement of Western European countries in the integration processes, which was carried out through the trade barriers reduction, the multilateral agreements, and the assistance regime agreements, was caused by a number of conditions and factors, including harmful post-war social and economic consequences, the destabilization of American-European trade and the dollar deficit, powerful foreign aid within the framework of the Marshall Plan, which contributed to the restoration of the industrial and commercial potential of countries, the joint policy of the US and Western European countries regarding security, peace, and prosperity. It has been proven that in the post-war reconstruction terms, trade and economic integration became a determinant of the activation of intra-European trade, the formation of a single European market, the strengthening of export technology, which helped to overcome the financial and economic dependence of the region on the USA and the realization of the national competitive advantages of the Western European countries in international trade. The integration processes were an induced, but objective response of the Western European governments to post-war threats and risks. Although integration involved some limitations of countries in terms of legal regulation and the joint implementation of trade, monetary, and financial policies, it led to the formation of a system of supranational economic management based on democratization, harmonization, and consolidation, contributed to the realization of national interests in terms of political security and economic growth.

The Russian-Ukrainian war is a serious test for the national economy and society, which requires a review of the institutional mechanisms for economic system development. Both in the active phase of the war and in the post-war reconstruction period, keeping the Ukrainian economy afloat and its gradual recovery is impossible without further integration into the international market and intensive economic cooperation, which actualizes the role of foreign trade policy. Because of this, it is necessary to refer to positive historical practice in identifying the most optimal measures and instruments of state influence in foreign economic relations. The purpose of the research is to justify the role of foreign trade policy as an instrument for the post-war reconstruction of the European economies included in the Marshall Plan. The theoretical basis of the conducted research is both the classical concepts of foreign trade interaction and the theory of new economic thought. The methodological basis is systemic, problem-logical, comparative, and statistical analyses. The features of the post-war economic development of the countries included in the Marshall Plan were revealed. It was determined the formation of high food, industrial, and technical dependence on imports, a low level of national production and exports, negative trade and payment balances, financial and currency destabilization, etc. It was revealed that direct government support for national production and foreign trade policy, implemented through customs and tariff concessions and non-tariff instruments (state purchases, subsidizing production and exports, currency devaluation, the system of bilateral trade agreements, etc.) played an important role in the post-war economic transformation of European countries. It is substantiated that the applied institutional levers of state influence led to gradual progressive changes in the structure of domestic production, which, in combination with a mutually beneficial system of integration and trade relations, contributed to the economic recovery of the countries included in the Marshall Plan and ensured the strengthening of their competitive positions on international markets as producers of industrial and technological products.