Suchergebnisse

The power of the elites became the dominant explanation of the extension of the franchise and expansion of the provision of public services. Peru from 1876 to 1940 presents a contrasting case. Although restricting political participation through literacy requirements, Peru saw an increase in literacy and schooling. Nevertheless, the relative power of the national and local elites articulated the national policies resulting in unequal provision of education. Constrained political access of the economic minority, the indigenous population, translated into a widening gap in terms of educational attainment. ; El poder de las élites se ha convertido en el factor explanatorio de la extensión del sufragio y de la provisión de servicios públicos. Perú desde 1876 a 1940 presenta un caso diferente. A pesar de un sistema de sufragio calificado, restringido a los alfabetos, hubo un aumento en las tasas de alfabetización y de escolaridad. El poder relativo de las élites nacionales y regionales se manifestó en la articulación de las políticas nacionales con un resultado desigual en la provisión de educación. La restricción en el acceso político de la minoría económica, la población indígena, se convirtió en una creciente brecha en materia educativa.

ABSTRACTBased on a variety of archival sources, this paper presents estimations for cost of living and living standards for Lima, Peru during the 19thcentury. During this century Peru experienced deep swings in economic activity marked by the independence wars, the War of the Pacific, and a commodity boom. These new series show that a sizable inflationary period during the guano age had dampening effects on the living standards of the popular class. While living standards peaked by mid 1850s, GDP per capita did not do so until two decades later. These results suggest that the guano bonanza failed to lift working-class living standards above subsistence levels. Even though living standards climbed steadily, almost reaching those of England, all these gains were lost by the end of the century.

ABSTRACTReplying to Rafael Dobado-González's article on living standards in Spanish America during the colonial period, we discuss the methodology and evidence published in Arroyo Abad, Davis, and van Zanden (2012).

The Dominican Republic's partaking in the global economy has fluctuated significantly since post-colonial times. This paper follows this country's journey in and out of the world markets since 1880s by analysing the role of the export sector within the economy and the impact on development. We are interested in whether the DR developed due to the expansion of trade or if actually trade hampereddevelopment. We find that the integration to the world economy has been costly, as the volatility of the terms of trade and capital flows increased the country'svulnerability. The implemented governmental policies introduced distortions to the economy and achieved few gains in terms of economic development. Export diversification arrived relatively late to the DR, and the effects on development have been divergent, as far as improving trade balance, promoting diversification,building human capital, and creating employment. ; La integración de la Republica Dominicana en la economía global ha fluctuado considerablemente desde la época colonial. Este artículo explora el viaje de este país en relación a los mercados internacionales mediante el análisis del sector exportadory su impacto en la economía local y en el desarrollo económico en general. Nuestro interés radica en evaluar el rol de comercio internacional en el desarrollo de la República Dominicana utilizando una perspectiva de largo plazo. ; L'intégration de la République Dominicaine dans l'économie globale a considérablement fluctué depuis l'époque coloniale. Cet article explore le parcours de ce pays en ce qui concerne son insertion dans les marchés internationaux, par le biais del'analyse du secteur exportateur et son impact dans l'économie locale et dans le développement économique en général. Nous tenons à évaluer le rôle du commerce international dans le développement de la République Dominicaine en utilisant uneperspective à long terme. ; A integração da República Dominicana na economia global tem flutuado consideravelmente desde a época colonial. Este artigo explora a viagem deste país em relação aos mercados internacionais, analisando o setor de exportação e seu impacto sobre a economia local e no desenvolvimento econômico em geral. O nosso interesse radica em avaliar o papel do comércio internacional no desenvolvimento da República Dominicana usando uma perspectiva de longo prazo.