Suchergebnisse

The title of this dissertation is "Examining and Supporting Agricultural Interventions to Reduce Deforestation in Brazil." It is a collection of three research chapters. Each is a case study that stands alone and directly complements the other cases. Chapter One examines the international politics of targeting agriculture to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) and how the ideas, approaches, and insights of an epistemic community of scholars has helped to frame the debate. Chapter Two explores whether in the absence of decisive multilateral actions, Brazil can effectively protect its forests without indirectly harming those of the rest of the globe. Chapter Three examines scientific, regulatory, and enforcement elements to reduce the risks of implementing a policy like the one I examine in Chapter Two. Taken together, these cases provide a cross section of normative, theoretical, empirical, regulatory, and political dimensions of emerging efforts to intervene in agriculture to prevent deforestation. Insights from each chapter and from the broader dissertation are intended to inform governance of the land use change process and to contribute to environmental social science scholarship that examines and informs these efforts.

Government intervenes into agricultural markets in various forms in order to achieve planned targets. The instruments used for this purpose usually have important welfare distributional effects. This article quantifies the social and economic consequences of intervention policies in a modeling framework. The model is of mathematical programming type which uses the principle of surplus maximization. ; Publisher's Version

After a brief tour of the Mazubi Farms, the retreat began with a welcome by Ms. Valerie Rhoe, Program Coordinator, IFPRI. The welcome address highlighted the importance of updating the FMAWR agriculture strategy based on evidence. Dr. Shashi Kolavalli, former Interim Program Leader, IFPRI, provided the on the status of the agriculture strategy update as of the retreat, which included the FMAWR-World Bank-USAID Stakeholder Forum on Sustainable Agricultural Development Strategy and Food Crisis Response Programme on February 24-25, 2009 and a series of discussions with the National Food Reserve Agency (NFRA) on the process for updating the strategy. It was stressed that IFPRI will facilitate the updating process and generate needed information, but the drafting of the updated strategy is jointly undertaken with FMAWR staff and agriculture experts to ensure those who will implement the strategy are the key players in its drafting. In updating the current strategy, three areas of emphasis to consider are: how to monitor and evaluate its implementation, how to measure what has been achieved, and what institutional changes are needed for its successful implementation. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1; GRP32; NSSP ; DSGD

Open Access Journal; Published online: 19 Nov 2019 ; Our understanding of food security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has been hampered by limitations in the temporal and spatial representativeness of data. Food balance sheets provide scalable estimates of per capita food availability, but fail to represent food access, stability and their causal linkages. In contrast, rural household surveys represent detailed conditions for one or multiple points in time, but are influenced by survey timing and are often limited in geographical coverage. This study draws on a large sample of rural land-holding households in SSA (n = 6,353) to identify household level food access deficiencies and to understand the associations with rural livelihoods and food sourcing behavior throughout the year. Food access deficiencies were identified using food security of access and diet diversity indicators. Dietary diversity and channel of access (farm or purchased) were enumerated for the "flush" and "lean" periods and food security of access was enumerated for the lean period only - making the results of this study independent of survey timing. As many as 39% of households were classified as severely food insecure (in terms of food access) and as many as 49% of households were likely to be deficient in micronutrients in the lean period. Vulnerability to food insecurity and micronutrient deficiencies differed by household composition, agricultural livelihood characteristics and agro-ecological zone. Dairy, fruit and vitamin A-rich produce were predominantly accessed through the farm channel. Households with a livestock component to their farm had a lower prevalence of severe food insecurity and higher diet diversity scores. These findings have implications for the development of nutrition-sensitive and nutrition-specific interventions. Interventions need to be tailored to agro-ecological zone, household composition, scale of operation and production mix. Increasing income will not necessarily result in improved diet diversity or healthy dietary choices. Interventions focused on income generation should monitor and promote crop and livestock production diversity and provide nutrition education. ; United States Agency for International Development ; Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency ; European Union ; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation ; International Fund for Agricultural Development ; Department for International Development, United Kingdom ; Peer Review

The paper aims to analyse the feasibility of the vegetable crop production in Kosovo by developing a model used to measure the impact of agricultural intervention programs. For this purpose, we have used combination of direct costing (DC) and activity based costing (ABC) to assess the production costs schemes comparing the two crop modalities extended in the two different regions using different cultivars and different production technologies. This study uses a DC and ABC approach in calculating costs in the pepper and tomatoes' production sectors and in the related agro-processing industries based on five case studies. The results derived from the adopted DC and ABC model in the vegetable sector provide more details and precise cost information that assist various managerial decisions, but are primarily used here to evaluate the impact of agricultural programmes on employment and income generation. It helps government and donors to decide between types of funding intervention programs and to see their impact on agricultural development and employment. Results, which referred to one-hectare area, showed both a higher economic and financial sustainability of good agricultural practice with respect to conventional farming, while the opposite was true in terms of employment effects of intervention programs. The study provides policy implications for both, policy makers and donors when estimating impact of interventions on employment and income levels.

Abstract One major factor that has been reported to contribute to chronic poverty and malnutrition in rural Haiti is soil infertility. There has been no systematic review of past and present soil interventions in Haiti that could provide lessons for future aid efforts. We review the intrinsic factors that contribute to soil infertility in modern Haiti, along with indigenous pre-Columbian soil interventions and modern soil interventions, including farmer-derived interventions and interventions by the Haitian government and Haitian non-governmental organizations (NGOs), bilateral and multilateral agencies, foreign NGOs, and the foreign private sector. We review how agricultural soil degradation in modern Haiti is exacerbated by topology, soil type, and rainfall distribution, along with non-sustainable farming practices and poverty. Unfortunately, an ancient strategy used by the indigenous Taino people to prevent soil erosion on hillsides, namely, the practice of building conuco mounds, appears to have been forgotten. Nevertheless, modern Haitian farmers and grassroots NGOs have developed methods to reduce soil degradation. However, it appears that most foreign NGOs are not focused on agriculture, let alone soil fertility issues, despite agriculture being the major source of livelihood in rural Haiti. In terms of the types of soil interventions, major emphasis has been placed on reforestation (including fruit trees for export markets), livestock improvement, and hillside erosion control. For many of these interventions, there is limited independent, peer-reviewed data as to their success or long-term effect. By comparing soil interventions in Haiti with interventions that have been effective globally, we have identified several intervention gaps. The most important soil intervention gaps in Haiti include inadequate farmer training (extension) in soil management, and lack of technical support for legume and cover crops and for livestock pastures. We discuss the policy failures of different stakeholders working in Haiti, potential remedies, their costs, and likely long-term effects. We hope that this review will inform future efforts to improve soil fertility in Haiti.

This third part of the AWLAE series on HIV/AIDS and agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa focuses on the epidemic as a challenge to human development in general and rural development in particular. In the face of the impact of the epidemic as described in parts one and two of the series, the agricultural sector can play an important role in mitigating some of its effects. Strategies for agricultural intervention are of particular importance in sub-Saharan Africa, given the fact that most of the countries hardest hit by the epidemic are heavily reliant on agriculture. Different agricultural sector based mitigation strategies are discussed. It is further argued, however, that such interventions need to be complemented by interventions from the health and other sectors, in particular by treatment regimes including access to anti-retroviral drugs. The text is followed by an annotated bibliography

The paper draws on the Community Capitals Framework to frame and analyze the process of rural women's empowerment through agricultural interventions in two districts of Ethiopia. A blend of qualitative data collection methods comprising group discussions, life histories, and key informant interviews was used. Our study shows that investing in social, human, financial, cultural, natural, physical, and political capitals resulted in increased assets within those capitals and others amongst the beneficiaries. The interaction between capitals builds "power with", "power within", "power to" and "power over" in an upward spiral. Specifically, the interaction between social, human and financial capitals is a key entry point to rural women's empowerment. Cultural capital intermediates the interaction and flow of capital assets during the empowerment process. We argue that empowering women requires an approach that enhances their capability to identify and systematically manage interactions among capitals that foster their voice and agency.

The paper draws on the Community Capitals Framework to frame and analyze the process of rural women's empowerment through agricultural interventions in two districts of Ethiopia. A blend of qualitative data collection methods comprising group discussions, life histories, and key informant interviews was used. Our study shows that investing in social, human, financial, cultural, natural, physical, and political capitals resulted in increased assets within those capitals and others amongst the beneficiaries. The interaction between capitals builds "power with", "power within", "power to" and "power over" in an upward spiral. Specifically, the interaction between social, human and financial capitals is a key entry point to rural women's empowerment. Cultural capital intermediates the interaction and flow of capital assets during the empowerment process. We argue that empowering women requires an approach that enhances their capability to identify and systematically manage interactions among capitals that foster their voice and agency.

Agricultural intensification and forest conservation are often seen as incompatible. Agricultural interventions can help boost food security for poor rural communities but in certain cases can exacerbate deforestation, known as the rebound effect. We tested whether coupling agricultural interventions with participatory forest zoning could improve food security and promote forest conservation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Simple agricultural interventions led to a >60% increase in cassava yields and a spill-over effect of improved cassava variety uptake in non-intervention zones. Household surveys conducted at the end of the 8 year project implementation period revealed that households that received agricultural interventions had more favorable attitudes toward forest zoning and conservation. The surveys also showed that farmers in the intervention domain practiced less land-intensive field and fallow management strategies compared to those practiced in the non-intervention domain. However, an 18 year time series analysis of Landsat satellite data revealed that agricultural expansion persisted in areas both with and without intervention assistance, and there is risk of a rebound effect. Approximately 70% of the tree cover loss that occurred outside of the agricultural areas was located within a 3 km buffer zone surrounding the outermost edges of the agricultural areas, which suggested that the majority of tree cover loss was caused by agricultural expansion. Within that 3 km buffer, average annual tree cover loss during the post-intervention period was higher in the intervention domain compared to the non-intervention domain (0.17% yr(-1) compared to 0.11% yr(-1) respectively, p < 0.001), suggesting risk of a rebound effect. The disconnection between household perceptions of zoning adherence and actual behavior indicates the importance of strengthening governance structures for community-based monitoring and enforcement. ; ISSN:1748-9326 ; ISSN:1748-9318