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We investigate whether differences in terrorism risk are mirrored on terrorism risk concern across European countries for the period 2003-2007. We find that the average propensity for terrorism risk concern is indeed affected by actual risk levels. Furthermore, country and individual heterogeneity contribute substantially to the variation of observed risk concern. According to our findings, males, singles and individuals with white collar jobs are less likely to mention terrorism as one of the most pressing issues their country faces. In contrast, political positioning towards the right end of the spectrum and living in rural areas make it more likely to be concerned about terrorism. As far as competing risks are concerned, we find that the likelihood terrorism is mentioned increases when competing risks' drivers also increase such as taxation, inflation, unemployment and poverty risk at work. In contrast, terrorism is less likely to be mentioned when the determinants of crime, immigration rates, housing costs and pensions are higher. Finally, based on the Bayesian framework we also examine the formation of terrorism risk perceptions, and decompose the observed country level time series of terrorism activity into a long and a short run component. We conclude that the observed risk concern variation is mostly explained by the trend part of terrorism activity countries face, although cyclical variations are also important.

This study places terrorist acts in Europe in their historical perspective by examining terrorist and anarchist movements in late nineteenth century Europe. The political and legal aspects of modern terrorism are discussed in detail and the themes and variation in political terrorism are examined fully. In addition, selected case studies of contemporary terrorist movements are considered in the context of the political tradition of the particular country. A comprehensive picture of European terrorism, in its historical and more contemporary ideological and political aspects emerges from this w.

Intro -- TERRORISM RISK INSURANCE ANALYSES AND PROSPECTS -- TERRORISM RISK INSURANCE ANALYSES AND PROSPECTS -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 TERRORISM RISK INSURANCE: ISSUE ANALYSIS AND OVERVIEW OF CURRENT PROGRAM -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- THE TERRORISM RISK INSURANCE ACT OF 2002 REAUTHORIZATION ACT OF 2013 (H.R. 508) -- Specifics of the Current TRIA Program -- COVERAGE FOR NUCLEAR, CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND RADIOLOGICAL TERRORISM -- BACKGROUND ON TERRORISM INSURANCE -- Insurability of Terrorism Risk -- International Experience with Terrorism Risk Insurance -- Previous U.S. Experience with "Uninsurable" Risks -- THE TERRORISM INSURANCE MARKET -- Post-9/11 and Pre-TRIA -- After TRIA -- EVOLUTION OF TERRORISM RISK INSURANCE LAWS -- End Notes -- Chapter 2 TESTIMONY OF ROBERT P. HARTWIG, PRESIDENT, INSURANCE INFORMATION INSTITUTE. HEARING ON ''TRIA AT TEN YEARS: THE FUTURE OF THE TERRORISM RISK INSURANCE PROGRAM'' -- SUMMARY OF IMPACTS ON THE SEPTEMBER 11, 2001 TERRORIST ATTACK ON INSURERS AND INSURANCE MARKETS -- Terrorism Exclusions and Price Shocks in the Wake of the 9/11 Attack -- Changes in the Terrorism Threat Landscape and Impacts on Terrorism Insurance Markets -- Absence of Successful Attacks Does Not Imply Terrorism Risk is Inconsequential -- THE FEDERAL ROLE: IMPACT OF TRIA IN MAINTAINING INSURANCE MARKET STABILITY -- Evidence from Other Countries: Terrorism Risk Insurance Programs Abroad -- OBSTACLES TO INSURING LOSSES ARISING FROM ACTS OF TERRORISM -- THE SUCCESS OF THE TERRORISM RISK INSURANCE PROGRAM -- Availability and Affordability -- Capacity -- FACTORS THAT COULD INFLUENCE GREATER PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION IN THE TERRORISM INSURANCE MARKETPLACE -- Long-Term Extension or Permanence of a Terrorism Risk Insurance Program -- Pooling Proposal -- SUMMARY -- End Notes

Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the subsequent establishment of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), considerable efforts have been made to estimate the risks of terrorism and the cost effectiveness of security policies to reduce these risks. DHS, industry, and the academic risk analysis communities have all invested heavily in the development of tools and approaches that can assist decisionmakers in effectively allocating limited resources across the vast array of potential investments that could mitigate risks from terrorism and other threats to the homeland. Decisionmakers demand models, analyses, and decision support that are useful for this task and based on the state of the art. Since terrorism risk analysis is new, no single method is likely to meet this challenge. In this article we explore a number of existing and potential approaches for terrorism risk analysis, focusing particularly on recent discussions regarding the applicability of probabilistic and decision analytic approaches to bioterrorism risks and the Bioterrorism Risk Assessment methodology used by the DHS and criticized by the National Academies and others.

This study places terrorist acts in Europe in their historical perspective by examining terrorist and anarchist movements in late nineteenth century Europe. The political and legal aspects of modern terrorism are discussed in detail and the themes and variation in political terrorism are examined fully. In addition, selected case studies of contemporary terrorist movements are considered in the context of the political tradition of the particular country. A comprehensive picture of European terrorism, in its historical and more contemporary ideological and political aspects emerges from this w

One enduring question about terrorism is why individuals choose to join terrorist groups. Past studies have shown that terrorists are not always poor, and they can in fact come from more privileged groups in society. Risk sensitivity and prospect theory are approaches that can help explain some of the anomalies. They suggest that two types of group are likely to supply members for terrorist organizations in disproportionate numbers. One group consists of those who face a loss of status or position due to ongoing changes in society. A second group consists of those who have an opportunity to gain a major advance in status or position. Both groups are thus more likely or more willing to take risks such as joining dissident terrorists – either to maintain their position or to improve it. An analysis of the situation of Palestinian nationalists, nationalists in Northern Ireland and the Tamils in Sri Lanka provides support for the idea that sensitivity to risk can be an important factor in explaining the willingness of individuals to join terrorist groups.