Suchergebnisse

Abstract
This paper starts from the premise that social space, the state space, is a socially productive territory characterized, among other things, by hierarchical social, economic and political relations. This hierarchical dimension of space comes to the fore when researching the urban marginalization of Roma people in Romania. The mechanisms of exclusion employed by the state against Roma groups are situated in a wide range of other policies, among which uneven territorial development ranks chief. As such, this paper seeks to analyse the junction between these processes. It asks the question: how did the process of urban planning reinforce the urban marginalization of Roma people during socialism in Baia Mare? In order to address this question, I mobilize the results of two years of archival research in the city of Baia Mare, coupled with the discursive analysis of this archival material. I perform a diachronic analysis of how Roma people were targeted by state practices of urban marginalization, such as stigmatization, criminalization and repression. I show how the policies of systematisation of Baia Mare shaped the territory of a particular neighbourhood – Hatvan, attempting to manage and control the Roma population there. Throughout the 1960s, Hatvan was considered a focal point for crime. This led to a large-scale plan to completely transform the area through evictions, demolitions and the displacement of Roma people. The result was a place that was seen as clean, ordered and lawful social space, which became what is currently known as the Vasile Alecsandri neighbourhood. However, this space continues to this day to be one of social marginalisation, economic deprivation and institutionalised racism.

A tanulmány, amely a funkcionális kognitív pragmatika kiindulópontját érvényesíti, azt a kérdést helyezi középpontba, hogy mi irányítja a figyelmünket a hatvan éve megjelent Ottlik-regény, az Iskola a határon társas világának megkonstruálása során. A tanulmány a történet társas világában történő tájékozódás lehetőségeit elemezve nemcsak annak következményeire reflektál, hogy két szereplő (Medve és Bébé) van folyamatosan a figyelem fókuszában, hanem arra is, hogy a társas viszonyok közötti tájékozódás centruma is következetes gyakorisággal helyeződik át erre a két szereplőre. Azt kívánja ugyanis bemutatni, hogy e két kitüntetett kiindulópont sajátos érvényesülése lényegi szerepet játszik a társas viszonyok megkonstruálásában, amely így egyén és közösség, magány és összetartozás, hatalom és szolidaritás, bevonódás és távolságtartás viszonyának többféle, egymást relativizáló mintázatát mutatja fel, és ehhez kapcsolódóan különféle, egymást ugyancsak relativizáló társas stratégiákat vonultat fel. Mindennek szemléltetéseként egy esettanulmány azt kívánja részletesebben bemutatni, hogy az Iskolában nemcsak Medve, hanem Bébé megkísértésének is tanúi lehetünk. A megkísértő szerepét utóbbi esetében azonban nem a Medve kapcsán sokat emlegetett, Merényiék kicsapását elérő Tóth Tibor játssza, hanem a Merényiék szűkebb hatalmi köréhez tartozó Gereben Énok. Gereben regénybeli szerepét értelmezve a tanulmány bevonja a vizsgálatba az Iskola korábbi változataként értelmezhető Továbbélőket, ahol – szemben az Iskolával – Gereben nincs a kicsapottak között.

Abstract
The emergence of the ghetto as an urban social formation is regularly conveyed as a specific neoliberal capitalist product. Based on interviews with inhabitants and policymakers and archival data covering more than two decades, this article brings another dimension to the debates on ghetto formation. It traces the urban spatial politics of managing and containing Roma communities in the Romanian NW city of Baia Mare from the late 1970s until 1989. To this aim, it uncovers the debates and decisions regarding the last stages of socialist urban systematization focused on Hatvan, a Roma neighbourhood, and the subsequent relocation projects. Initially, the socialist administration aimed to assimilate the Roma population into the working class. However, a peculiar segregationist policy followed the failed experiment of expropriation and rehousing into low-quality apartments. In the early 1980s, authorities relocated most Roma in the newly built Vasile Alecsandri district to four new specifically designed apartment buildings nearby. The four blocks on Arieșului Street lacked central heating to prevent the accumulation of arrears – a materialization of the decade-long austerity policies. Other urban Roma were funnelled there as well, thus revealing the racialization policies assembled at the local level. . Just before 1990, Arieșului was abandoned, and many people decided to relocate in what became Craica, a ghetto that is still in existence today.

Works on history occupy an important place among the poetical and prosaic products of the Turkish literature. An important part of our literary products deriving their subjects from history are composed of works on wars reflecting the holy war spirit in the Muslim Turkish society. Works on holy war appear before us generally under such names as gazaname, fetihname, zafername and sefername, but gazavatname has been used as a common name. In our literature, the first gazavatname examples deriving their subjects from our history are encountered starting from the 15th century on. The gazavatname type of works, the numbers of which highly increased together with the 16th century, continued to increase in number at the end of the century during the sultanate years of Sultan Murad III, who was sitting on the Ottoman throne, too. The Ottoman Eastern (Caucasian) Expeditions launched during the sultanate years of Sultan Murad III are rather important in terms of not only history and politics but also literature. The conquests starting in 1578 and continuing until 1590 in the Ottoman Eastern geography did not only expand the Ottoman domination area but they also allowed for the compilation of a remarkable number of literary works. Especially, the victories gained under the lead of Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha became a source of inspiration for some poets. Hereby, the works penned by the poets of the period are not only each a historical document shedding light on the last period of the sixteenth century Ottoman history but also they each have the nature of a poetical history. Among the poets penning works in the type of poetical history about the Ottoman Eastern Expeditions during the period of Sultan Murad III were Âsafî and Harîmî, the two mostly-mentioned soldier poets raising in the second half of the 16th century. Âsafî, whose actual name was Mehmed, was born in Siroz (Serres). The first government office which he took following his educational life was the clerkship of the Imperial Council (Divan-ı Humayun). Âsafî, who was assigned to the office of writing biographies under the auspices of Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha following the clerkship of the Imperial Council, personally took part in many battles taking place in the Ottoman Eastern geography between the years of 1578 and 1585. Having been taken prisoner in the hands of Iranians in the end of 1582, the poet managed to escape from captivity in the middle of 1585 and participated in the Tabriz Expedition along with Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha. Having been assigned to the Beylerbeylic of Kefe following the conquest of Tabriz, Âsafî was appointed to the office reisülküttap in 1590. Having been discharged from the office of reisülküttap in 1593, Âsafî died in 1605. Âsafî left two literary works behind him, which we know with the names of Şecâat-nâme and Cezîre-i Mesnevî. Together with Âsafî, another one of the poetical history writers raising in the second half of the 16th century was Harîmî. The poet, whose actual name was Ibrahim and penname was Harîmî, was born in Kütahya. A poet having a divan and known with the penname of Rahîmî and also known as Rahîmî-zâde due to his father underwent a good learning period and then took office in the Imperial Council. Having been sent to Baghdad as a sergeant of Dergâh-ı Âlî by the order of Sultan Murad III in 1575, Harîmî participated in the Eastern Expeditions in 1578 with the Ottoman army under the command of Lala Mustafa Pasha. Harîmî firstly took part in various struggles and public improvement in the regions of Çıldır, Tbilisi, Şirvan, Revan and Kars along with Lala Mustafa Pasha. Having participated in the Tabriz Expedition under the sirdarship of Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha, Harîmî took part in the Gence Expedition under the sirdarship of Ferhad Pasha following the Tabriz Expedition. Moreover, having continued his service in battlefields after the end of the eastern expeditions lasting 12 years during the sultanate of Sultan Murad III with the treaty reached in 1590, Harîmî fell a martyr in the defeat to which the Ottoman army went down in 1594 in the vicinity of the Hatvan Fortress, one of the border fortresses in Rumelia. Harîmî is known with his works entitled Zafer-nâme-i Sultân Murâd Han, Feth-i Tebriz, Gonca-i Bâğ-ı Murad and Kitâb-ı Gencîne-i Feth-i Gence, which he penned on the Eastern Expeditions, the most important campaigns of the period of Sultan Murad III. In this article, some information will be given about the lives and the works of Âsafî and Harîmî, two soldier poets who lived in the 16th century, and their masnavis entitled Şecâat-nâme and Gonca-i Bâğ-ı Murâd, each of which was a poetical history, will be introduced.