Suchergebnisse

Suicidal ideation is a major problem among the youth population in both the developed and developing world, leading in 6% of the deaths among youths globally. In countries considered to have low suicidal behavioral issues such as the Americas, 5,000 suicides occur annually. The chapters in this book are based on an analysis of data from the most recent Global School-based Health Survey (GSHS). The GSHS has been conducted in over 86 countries in all of the World Health Organizations regions. In this book, the authors aim to provide comparable data concerning the mental health of adolescents in 20 countries. The dependent variable used is suicidal ideation, while the independent factors include age, gender, food security, anxiety, loneliness, close friends, truancy, bullying, attachment, violence, smoking cigarettes or marijuana, alcohol abuse and parental understanding

Mindfulness is celebrated everywhere-especially in health psychology and spiritual practices, but also in the arts, business, education, environmentalism, sports, and the use of digital devices. While the current mindfulness movement may be in part the latest fad in a narcissistic and therapeutic culture, it is also worthy of greater philosophical attention. As a study in ethics and moral psychology, Mindfulness in Good Lives remedies the neglect of this subject within philosophy. Mike W. Martin makes sense of the striking variety of concepts of mindfulness by connecting them to the core idea of value-based mindfulness: paying attention to what matters, in light of relevant values. When the values are sound, mindfulness is a virtue that helps implement the kaleidoscope of values in good lives. Health psychologists, who currently dominate the study of mindfulness, often present their research as value-neutral science. Yet they invariably presuppose moral values that should be made transparent. These values, which lie at the interface of morality and mental health, form bridges between philosophy and psychology, and between literature and spirituality

Human behavioral ecology (HBE) applies the principles of evolutionary theory and optimisation to the study of human behavioural and cultural diversity. Among other things, HBE attempts to explain variation in behaviour as adaptive solutions to the competing life-history demands of growth, development, reproduction, parental care, and mate acquisition. This book is a comprehensive introduction to the theoretical orientation and specific findings of HBE. It consolidates the insights of evolution and human behaviour into a single volume that reflects the current state and future of the field. It brings together leading scholars from across the evolutionary social sciences to provide a comprehensive and thought-provoking review of the state of the topic. Throughout, the authors explain the latest developments in theory and highlight critical debates in the literature, while also engaging readers with ethnographic insights and field-based studies that remain at the core of human behavioral ecology

Gossiping and its reputation effects are viewed as the most powerful mechanism to sustain cooperation without the intervention of formal authorities. Being virtually costless, gossiping is highly effective in monitoring and sanctioning norm violators. Rational individuals cooperate in order to avoid negative reputations. But this narrative is incomplete and often leads to wrong predictions. Goal Framing Theory, a cognitive-behavioral approach anchored in evolutionary research, provides a better explanatory framework. Three overarching goal frames (hedonic, gain, and normative) constantly compete for being in our cognitive foreground. This Element argues that for gossip to have reputation effects, a salient normative goal frame is required. But since the hedonic mindset usually trumps gain and normative concerns, most gossip will be driven by hedonic motives and therefore not have strong reputation effects. Propositions on cultural, structural, dispositional, situational, and technological gossip antecedents and consequences are developed and illustrated with evidence from the empirical record

Why can two people use a drug and one person becomes addicted while the other does not? Determinants of Addiction: Neurobiological, Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sociocultural Factors unravels the complexities underlying addiction to understand how individual factors at the genetic, cellular, anatomical, cognitive-behavioral, and sociocultural level can influence susceptibility to substance use disorders. The first section reviews the neurobiological determinants of addiction and examines how drugs hijack the reward pathway and alter numerous neurotransmitter systems such as dopamine. The second section covers the behavioral-cognitive determinants of addiction such a conditioning, memory processes, and decision-making. The final section examines individual differences in addiction vulnerability, with a focus on personality factors, sociocultural factors, sex/gender, and stress. The book references commonly used drugs such as nicotine, ethanol (alcohol), opioids, and cocaine

First published in 1985, this book provides a comprehensive synthesis and assessment of popular writings and other contemporary theory and research on aggression and violence. The author presents a variety of accounts of aggression, drawing on original work in the areas of biology, sociobiology, ethology, psychology and sociology

Schillernd, enigmatisch, schwer zu fassen: Das Bewusstsein gilt als eines der großen Rätsel unserer Zeit, und es gibt viele, unter ihnen nicht wenige Philosophen, die behaupten, es sei unmöglich, es auf die gleiche Weise zu erforschen wie etwa den Stoffwechsel, die Kontinentaldrift oder die Schwerkraft. Dennett lässt die maßgeblichen Debatten um den Status des Bewusstseins Revue passieren, liefert raffinierte Dekonstruktionen einiger der berühmtesten philosophischen Gedankenexperimente zum Thema und entzaubert sie Stück für Stück als Resultat bornierten Festhaltens an realitätsfernen Intuitionen - an Träumen, die die Erforschung des Bewusstseins nicht befördern, sondern sie im Gegenteil behindern

New ways of understanding the brain - its nature, its capacities, its function, and its dysfunction - hold great promise for human wellbeing. Novel therapeutics spurred by this understanding have important roles addressing many clinical conditions, including Alzheimer Disease, depression, addiction, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. This unique title explores a wide range of groundbreaking sciences and clinical practices for brain-based conditions, including deep brain stimulation, optogenetics, technology-delivered therapies, predictive testing, and new clinical uses of ketamine, cannabis, and other psychoactive substances. An introduction to the imperative to develop new treatments for devastating brain disorders and the state of current therapeutics in psychiatry, addiction, and behavioral disorders is presented, and chapters from leading physician-scientists and neuroethicists outline the clinical and the ethical issues arising in innovation and in the creation of new therapeutics for brain diseases. Written by renowned thought leaders in their fields, the book presents tightly written contributions on novel qualitative and quantitative data from stakeholders in the field, including neuroscientist-clinicians, people living with mental illness and/or addictions, and oversight/policy stakeholders. Concise, anticipatory, and centered on the principles governing human biomedical research and innovation in developing novel therapeutics for brain disorders, Ethics and Clinical Neuroinnovation will be of great value to clinicians, researchers, and students from a vast array of backgrounds, including neuroethics, neuroscience, psychology, psychiatry, philosophy, entrepreneurship, and the law

This Palgrave Pivot examines why racialism is so persistent and the challenges it poses to the functioning of democracy and the attainment of national integration. It introduces an evolutionary psychology framework, which explains human innate potential to identify with and defend one's group, but argues that racial dislike and conflicts are provoked by racial ideologies and the politics of ethnicity. By comparing the politics of race in a number of countries, including Malaysia and the United States, this book argues that attachment to one's ethnic and religious identities does not hinder ethnic harmony. It is necessary to manage the issues of race and religion as well as promoting conviviality and cosmopolitanism for pursuing the ideal of common humanity and for maintaining a stable and meaningful democracy. This book concludes that democracy, as practiced, has some major weaknesses; as an ideal, it is still the best form of government to pursue

Der Beitrag erörtert aus der Perspektive der Hirnforschung und Neuropsychologie die Frage nach der Willensfreiheit und Schuld von Gewaltstraftätern. Dabei steht im Mittelpunkt des naturwissenschaftlichen Blicks auf Kriminalität der Zweifel an dem 'starken' Begriff von Willensfreiheit. So zeigen entsprechende Studien, dass Gewaltverhalten einerseits nicht aufgrund eines einzigen Faktors wie 'die Gene' oder 'die Umwelt' erklärt werden kann - vielmehr erhöht sich die Wahrscheinlichkeit, gewalttätig zu werden, durch das Zusammenspiel verschiedener sowohl individueller biologisch-psychologischer als auch sozialer Risikofaktoren. Zum anderen aber werden diese Faktoren alle entweder schon vor der Geburt oder in früher Kindheit wirksam - zu einer Zeit also, in der die betroffenen Personen noch gar nicht schuldfähig sind. Hierzu gehören unter anderem die Faktoren (1) Geschlecht, (2) Alter sowie (3) genetisch oder entwicklungsbedingte hirnanatomische und -physiologische Störungen, die hier betrachtet werden. Die durchgeführten Untersuchungen erlauben somit die Feststellung, dass es sich bei den Gewaltstraftätern um Faktoren handelt, die nicht der Willensbildung der Straftäter unterliegen. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird schließlich auf die Frage nach der Schuldfähigkeit der Gewalttäter eingegangen. So ist es nach Ansicht der Autoren nicht zu rechtfertigen, dass den Tätern ein abstraktes 'Anders-Handeln-Können' unterstellt wird. Dem gemäß muss die Schuldfähigkeit chronischer Gewalttäter im Sinne eines alternativistischen 'starken' Begriffs von Willensfreiheit und Schuld grundsätzlich überdacht werden. (ICG2)

The book presents a comprehensive and well-organized overview of the family-centered care approaches for child disability, and provides multi-professional contributions from the fields of psychiatry, psychology, and rehabilitation science. The volume is divided into three main sections, that highlights the theoretical basis, research evidence, and clinical implications of the family-centered approach to child care. Active engagement of parents in the therapeutic and rehabilitative journey of their children with disability is key to the success of early interventions and their long-term benefits. Research and clinical experiences in healthcare services around the world suggest that early supportive programs may promote children's development at its best, with both clinical benefits and economic advantages for the healthcare system. This volume will appeal to a wide readership, from clinicians and researchers in child disability and rehabilitation, to students and professionals in the fields of psychiatry, psychology, and rehabilitation science