Suchergebnisse

The article examines the problem of the readiness of Russia for World War I. The leading native pre-revolutionary, Soviet and modern scientists suggest their vision of this problem. They agreed to the fact that plans of mobilization of the military-political leadership of Russia before the war were based on the idea of transient military campaign. As a result, the standards of mobilizational reserves were extremely defective under the conditions of the beginning long-drawn war. In their works the participants of the World War paid attention to unreadiness of pre-war Russia to total strengthening of material and moral forces. This was displayed in ineffective and unjust system of collecting sets of armed forces. As the result, the idea of obligatory military conscription was lost. The government lacked the sound policy connected with the usage of labour resources in the rear to satisfy the needs of the army in the field in case of the beginning war. The same situation was with organization of work of the whole industry to supply armed forces in case of the Great War. Instead of urgent technical rearmament of industry and improvement of the transport system, the ruling circles of the country made emphasis on peasant economy. They considered its half-subsistant character good for the country in case of war. The peasant economy had to ensure real self-sufficiency of the country in war time. To these strategic miscalculates of superior leadership of pre-war Russia we must add such a fundamental factor, as Russia's considerable lagging behind the leading countries of the West in connection with the level of labour productivity.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2015)3.2-14 ; Рассматривается проблема готовности России к Первой мировой войне. Ведущие отечественные ученые дореволюционного, советского и современного периодов предлагают свое видение этой проблемы. Они согласны с тем, что мобилизационные планы военно-политического руководства России накануне войны были основаны на идее скоротечной военной кампании. Нормы мобилизационных запасов были крайне недостаточными в условиях начавшейся затяжной войны. Участники мировой войны в своих работах обращают внимание на неготовность довоенной России к полному напряжению как материальных, так и моральных сил. Это проявлялось в неэффективной и несправедливой системе комплектования вооруженных сил, в результате чего терялась идея общеобязательности воинской повинности. У правительства отсутствовала продуманная политика в отношении использования трудовых ресурсов в тылу для удовлетворения нужд действующей армии в случае начала войны. Такая же ситуация наблюдалась в отношении организации работы всей промышленности для снабжения вооруженных сил на случай большой войны. Вместо срочного технического перевооружения промышленности и модернизации транспортной системы правящие круги страны делали ставку на крестьянское хозяйство. Они считали его полунатуральный характер благом для страны в случае войны. Крестьянское хозяйство должно было обеспечить фактическую автаркию России в военное время. К этим стратегическим просчетам высшего руководства довоенной России следует добавить такой фундаментальный фактор, как значительное отставание России от ведущих стран Запада по уровню производительности труда.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2015)3.2-14

Proc. workshop "Crisis of the Ocean: Threats to marine ecosystems and ways to protect the ocean". Aqaba, Jordan, 18-21, Oct., 2017 ; The Gaza coastal and marine environment is facing diverse and severe developmental pressures. Gaza strip, already approaching about 1.8 million persons, suffers from limited water and land resources, where physical isolation of the area and unsustainable environmental management have caused various serious problems. These problems pertain to increased pollution and rapid urbanization, unsustainable wastewater management, causing degradation of natural resources and marine ecosystem and reducing fish populations. This paper presents the major environmental challenges along the Gaza coastal areas and outlines a range of practical suggestions for managing the current situation to ensure a sustainable path. For this purpose, an extensive review of published literature, previous environmental initiatives, strategies and technical reports has been performed. Aiming at advancing a sustainable environmental development in the Palestinian communities, the Environmental Quality Authority (EQA) has the mandate for environmental protection (water, soil, air, natural resources, nature and biodiversity) and public health risks reduction associated with environmental deterioration. As core strategic themes, the Palestinian Environmental Strategy entails the coastal and marine deterioration with a series of urgent actions including wastewater and solid waste management; marine ecological protection; institutional strengthening and a coastal and marine environmental information system. In cooperation with donor agencies, EQA made efforts in the field of wastewater and solid waste management. However, urgent actions are needed in the field of sand exploitation and erosion management, marine ecological management, institutional strengthening and information management. Considering the importance of Gaza coastal areas from marine ecological, land resources, fishery, transport, as well as recreation and tourist perspectives. Therefore, reversing the deterioration of the coastal zone environment calls for the establishment of a Coastal and Marine Environmental Protection Committee (MEPC). The MEPC warrants urgent establishment in order to deal with local as well as transnational, environmental coordination; formulation of a sand exploitation and erosion protection plan; a coastal and marine ecological protection plan and the establishment of a coastal and marine environmental information system. The Israeli military intrusions in Gaza strip caused additional damage and increased the pressure on environmental facilities and institutions. Years of over-exploitation of natural resources and increased discharge of raw and partially treated wastewater threaten the sustainability of the Gaza strip unless urgent actions are introduced. These include aquifer remediation, effective rehabilitation, mitigation and adaptation strategies, improved sanitation and affordable desalination facilities are established. An integrated coastal zone management with sustainable indicators is crucial to monitor, control and report on Gaza marine ecosystem status. This can facilitate the development of sustainable and resilient coastal communities, ensure a healthy and productive marine environment and promote awareness about coastal and marine environment. ; Heinrich Böll Stiftung Palestine & Jordan

El déficit habitacional en el país se ha mantenido históricamente. Durante las últimas décadas el protagonismo de los ámbitos locales se ha incrementado y se han propiciado modificaciones en sus modos de gestión. Sin embargo la realidad urbana y habitacional del país encuentra sus posibilidades de atención y resolución en estrecha relación con las capacidades y condiciones institucionales de los gobiernos municipales. La particular forma de abordar la problemática habitacional es determinante, ya que los procesos socio-espaciales relacionados con el acceso a la ciudad y las formas de producción del hábitat son esencialmente locales. El presente trabajo expone los alcances y resultados alcanzados a partir del proceso de acompañamiento y asesoría a municipios del país desarrollado bajo el Programa de apoyo a la gestión local del hábitat SAM- AVE/CEVE. El mismo consideró en su cobertura geográfica municipios de diversas provincias del país (La Rioja, Corrientes, Chaco, Catamarca y Mendoza) y se ejecutó desde el 2014 hasta inicios del 2016 bajo convenio de trabajo colaborativo entre el Centro Experimental de la Vivienda Económica (CEVE), la Asociación de la Vivienda Económica (AVE) y la Secretaría de Asuntos Municipales (SAM) del Ministerio de Interior y Transporte de la Nación. El interés y aporte de este estudio se centra en el análisis pormenorizado de los procesos de gestión local del hábitat que fueron acompañados, y en la identificación de las condiciones institucionales (capacidades y debilidades locales en materia de estructuración del problema en cuestión, capacidad de planeación y gestión, y adecuación político-técnica de las iniciativas) existentes para atender a las diversas problemáticas habitacionales presentes en los ámbitos locales. ; Housing shortage in the country has historically persisted. During the last decades local areas have increased their role and changed their ways of management. However, responsiveness and resolution of urban and housing problems in the country depend on capacities and institutional conditions of municipal governments. Specific housing problem approach is crucial since socio-spatial processes related with access to the city and habitat production systems are essentially local. This paper presents the scope and results achieved from municipality support and advice processes developed under the local habitat management support program called SAM-AVE/CEVE. It considered a geographical coverage which encompassed municipalities in several provinces (La Rioja, Corrientes, Chaco, Catamarca and Mendoza), running from 2014 to early 2016, under a collaborative work agreement between the Affordable Housing Experimental Center (CEVE), the Affordable Housing Association (AVE) and the Municipal Affairs Ministry (SAM) of the National Interior and Transportation Ministry. The interest and contribution of this study is focused on the detailed analysis of accompanied local habitat management processes and existing institutional conditions identification (local capacities and weaknesses in structuring the problem under consideration, capacity planning and management, and initiatives' political - technical adequacy) in order to meet various housing issues within local areas.

La investigación permitió determinar que la Política de Modernización de la Gestión Pública (PNMGP), no se aplica en las actividades inherentes de la Contraloría General de la República (CGR), no obstante que es de cumplimiento obligatorio por todas las organizaciones del Sector Público para lograr entre otros, acercar el Estado a los ciudadanos. A partir de dicho objetivo, se realizó un análisis descriptivo sobre la relación entre las variables y se utilizó el software SPSS-21 para la prueba estadística del chi cuadrado. En tal sentido, se obtuvieron como principales resultados que no existe una relación entre la PNMGP y el modelo de gestión para la lucha contra la corrupción por parte de la CGR. En este mismo orden y dirección se demuestra que la Contraloría General de República viene actuando con normativa interna no actualizada a la PNMGP que no rinden los frutos para reducir la corrupción, pese que desde el 2009 al 2016 el presupuesto para resultados ha sido incrementado notablemente no logra reducir las deficiencias en las prestaciones de los servicios públicos (salud, educación, transporte, vivienda, entre otras), las cuales terminan incidiendo negativamente en la percepción ciudadana sobre la el desempeño del Estado, debido a que el control gubernamental es ineficiente en menoscabo de los grandes objetivos del milenio que busca poner fin a la pobreza, hambre cero, salud y bienestar, educación de calidad, igualdad de género, agua limpia y saneamiento, entre otros. ; The research made possible to determine that the Public Management Modernization Policy (PNMGP) does not apply to the inherent activities of the Republic General Comptroller (CGR), although it is mandatory for all Public-Sector organizations- among other things-to bring the State closer to the citizens. From this objective, a descriptive analysis was performed on the relationship between the variables, and the SPSS-21 software was used for the chi-square statistical test. In this sense, the main results obtained were that there is no relationship between the PNMGP and the management model for the fight against corruption by the CGR. In this same order and direction it is shown that the Republic General Comptroller has been acting with internal regulations not updated to the PNMGP that do not yield the fruits to reduce corruption, although from 2009 to 2016 the budget for results has been increased notably, it does not manage to reduce deficiencies in the provision of public services (Health, education, transportation, housing, among others), which end up having a negative impact on the citizen's perception of the performance of the State, since government control is ineffective in terms of impairment of the great millennium goals that seeks to end poverty, zero hunger, health and welfare, quality education, gender equality, clean water and sanitation, among others.

Este artículo explora la aplicación de la teoría de actor-red (TAR) al estudio de los movimientos sociales que emergen en conflictos socioambientales. A partir del caso del Comité para la Defensa del Agua y del Páramo de Santurbán, discutimos cómo este tipo de abordaje permite rastrear la configuración del movimiento social como una red heterogénea de agregados materiales y culturales, de elementos humanos y no-humanos que se auto-organizan y que pueden unirse a otras redes para lograr sus demandas. Concluimos que el actor-red "Comité para la Defensa del Agua y del Páramo de Santurbán" se ensambla a partir de tres procesos: conocer, informar y anclar. Su agencia, sustentada en la capacidad del Comité de constituirse en un portavoz del agua, hace uso de la red jurídica, las movilizaciones y la producción de conocimiento, para transportarla y dotarla de características científicas y políticas hasta convertirla en una cuestión de interés social. ; This paper explores the application of the Actor-Network Theory (ANT) to the study of social movements that emerge in socio-environmental conflicts. From the case of the Committee for the Defense of Water and the Páramo de Santurbán, it discusses how this approach allows to track the configuration of social movements as a heterogeneous network of material and cultural aggregates, human and non-human elements that self-organize and can join other networks to meet their needs. The paper concludes that the actor-network 'Committee for the Defense of Water and the Páramo de Santurbán' is assembled through three processes: to know, to inform, to connect. Its agency, based on the committee's ability to become a spokesman for water defense, makes use of the legal network, social mobilization, and knowledge production to transport it and provide it with scientific and political features to make it a matter of social interest. ; Esta comunicação explora a aplicação da teoria de ator-rede (TAR) no estudo dos movimentos sociais que emergem em conflitos socioambientais. A partir do caso do Comitê pela Defesa d'Água e o Páramo de Santurbán, discutimos como este tipo de abordagem permite rastrejar a configuração do movimento social como rede heterogênea de agregados materiais e culturais, de elementos humanos e não-humanos que se auto-organizam e podem se unir a outras redes para conseguir suas demandas. Concluímos que o ator-rede "Comitê pela Defesa d'Água e o Páramo de Santurbán" encastra-se a partir de três processos: conhecer, informar e ancorar. Sua agência, sustentada na capacidade do comitê de se constituir em porta-voz da agua, faz uso da rede jurídica, as mobilizações e a produção de conhecimento, para transportá-la e fornecê-la de caraterísticas científicas e políticas até a tornar uma questão de interesse social.

Розглянуто теоретико-методологічні засади проектування екомережі України в контексті розвитку природоохоронного землекористування. Викладено основні підходи до проектування землекористування структурних елементів екомережі, методику землевпорядного проектування землекористування структурних елементів екомережі на місцевому рівні.Ключові слова: землекористування, екологічна мережа, землевпорядне проектування, ключові території, ландшафт. ; In modern conditions of social development, changes in land eco-system of economic relations in Ukraine, the problem of providing conditions for the creation of sustainable land use and creation of protected areas get the status of special urgency. Ideology establishment of ecological networks became logical continuation of environmental thought in general.Considering the methodological approach to the establishment of ecological networks we can constitute, that it is an environmental frame of spatial infrastructure, land conservation and environmental areas, major part of land is the basis of the structural elements of ecological network.Designing an ecological network is made through developing regional schemes of Econet formation, regional and local schemes for establishing an ecological network areas, settlements and other areas.Land Management uses design of structural elements of the ecological network in the village council, as a rule, begins with ecological and landscape mikrozonationof the village council, held during the preparatory work for the land drafting and finishing the formation of environmentally homogeneous regions, which represents the tied system components of ecological network, environmental measures in the form of local environmental restrictions (encumbrances) to use land and other natural resources. Additionally, there are some project organization and territorial measures that increase the sustainability area, such as: key, binders, buffer areas and renewable ecological network.Land management projects on the formation of structural elements of ecological network as territorial restrictions (encumbrances) in land are used within the territories Councils determined the location and size of land:- Protection zones around especially valuable natural objects of cultural heritage, meteorological stations, etc. in order to protect them from adverse human impacts;- Protection zones along telecommunication lines, power, land transport, around industrial facilities to ensure normal conditions and reduce their impact on people and the environment, adjacent land and other natural objects;- Sanitary protection zones around facilities that are open and underground water sources, water intake and water treatment plants, water pipes, facilities and other recreational purposes, for their sanitary-epidemiological protection;- Buffer zones around facilities that are sources of harmful substances, odors, increased levels of noise, vibration, ultrasonic and electromagnetic waves, electronic fields, ionizing radiation, etc., to the separation of objects from residential buildings;- Areas of special treatment of land use;- Valuable land and other natural resources;- Areas that protect land from erosion, landslides, flooding, waterlogging, salinization, overroasting, seals, industrial waste pollution, chemical and radioactive substances and other adverse natural and anthropogenic processes;- Other limitations and encumbrances in land use by the legislation of Ukraine.Ultimately, the design of the structural elements of the ecological network is forming local areas as local environmental restrictions (encumbrances) to use land and other natural resources.Keywords: land use, ecological networks, land planning, the key area, landscapes.

This is an Open Access Article. It is published by Sage under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence (CC BY). Full details of this licence are available at: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ ; © IMechE 2017. The United Kingdom has placed itself on a transition towards a low-carbon economy and society, through the imposition of a legally-binding goal aimed at reducing its 'greenhouse gas' emissions by 80% by 2050 against a 1990 baseline. A set of three low-carbon, socio-technical transition pathways were developed and analysed via an innovative collaboration between engineers, social scientists and policy analysts. The pathways focus on the power sector, including the potential for increasing use of low-carbon electricity for heating and transport, within the context of critical European Union developments and policies. Their development started from narrative storylines regarding different governance framings, drawing on interviews and workshops with stakeholders and analysis of historical analogies. The quantified UK pathways were named Market Rules, Central Co-ordination and Thousand Flowers; each reflecting a dominant logic of governance arrangements. The aim of the present contribution was to use these pathways to explore what is needed to realise a transition that successfully addresses the so-called energy policy 'trilemma,' i.e. the simultaneous delivery of low carbon, secure and affordable energy services. Analytical tools were developed and applied to assess the technical feasibility, social acceptability, and environmental and economic impacts of the pathways. Technological and behavioural developments were examined, alongside appropriate governance structures and regulations for these low-carbon transition pathways, as well as the roles of key energy system 'actors' (both large and small). An assessment of the part that could possibly be played by future demand side response was also undertaken in order to understand the factors that drive energy demand and energy-using behaviour, and reflecting growing interest in demand side response for balancing a system with high proportions of renewable generation. A set of interacting and complementary engineering and techno-economic models or tools were then employed to analyse electricity network infrastructure investment and operational decisions to assist market design and option evaluation. This provided a basis for integrating the analysis within a whole systems framework of electricity system development, together with the evaluation of future economic benefits, costs and uncertainties. Finally, the energy and environmental performance of the different energy mixes were appraised on a 'life-cycle' basis to determine the greenhouse gas emissions and other ecological or health burdens associated with each of the three transition pathways. Here, the challenges, insights and opportunities that have been identified over the transition towards a low-carbon future in the United Kingdom are described with the purpose of providing a valuable evidence base for developers, policy makers and other stakeholders.

Biological invasions are one of the main contemporary causes of biodiversity loss. This phenomenon is triggered by transportation of exotic species with different objectives. These species may subsequently be accidentally released or escape, becoming naturalized and producing large effects at ecological, economic and human health scales. Given the wide range of potential effects of alien species, it is essential to direct efforts to controlling and monitoring them once they have entered the country. In the case of introduced vertebrates, the situation is complex, and the corresponding agencies have privileged a reactive approach over a preventive one. In this research, I analyzed the requests submitted to the Agriculture and Livestock Service for internment of species. The analysis showed that in the last five years 24,486 individuals corresponding 467 exotic species have been introduced. Given the previous experiences and the slow response of the bureau responsible for the management, one question immediately arises: Are there risks of establishment of introduced species? Accordingly, I propose some actions in connection with exotic species management; since the authorized internment and the ensuing monitoring, proposing a change in the current management carried out by the Agricultural and Livestock Bureau towards a more focused and adequate politics to reduce the future impacts of the exotic species, and in view to contribute to the National Biodiversity Strategy. ; Las invasiones biológicas son una de las principales causas contemporáneas de la pérdida de biodiversidad. Este fenómeno comienza con el transporte de especies exóticas con diversos objetivos. Estas especies son las que por liberación o escape accidental, se naturalizan y conforman poblaciones invasoras con efectos a escala ecológica, económica y salud humana. Dado el amplio espectro de potenciales efectos de las especies exóticas, se hace imprescindible dirigir esfuerzos en la prevención de nuevas invasiones, es decir, en el control de internación y en el seguimiento de especies que han sido ingresadas al país. En el caso de especies de vertebrados, la situación en Chile es compleja y las agencias competentes han desarrollado una aproximación reactiva por sobre una preventiva. En este trabajo se analizaron las solicitudes presentadas al Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero de Chile para la introducción de especies exóticas. Los resultados mostraron que entre 2010-2015 se han ingresado 24.486 individuos correspondientes a 467 especies exóticas. Dadas las experiencias previas y la lenta respuesta de los organismos encargados de controlar las especies invasoras, surge inmediatamente una pregunta central, ¿hay riesgos de establecimiento de las especies ingresadas? Respecto a esto se plantearon algunas propuestas conforme a la gestión de las especies exóticas desde su ingreso autorizado y posterior seguimiento, proponiéndose un cambio en política actual del Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero hacia una gestión adecuada en el tiempo, reduciendo futuros impactos de especies exóticas y en miras a contribuir a la Estrategia Nacional de Biodiversidad.

This paper explores the application of the Actor-Network Theory (ANT) to the study of social movements that emerge in socio-environmental conflicts. From the case of the Committee for the Defense of Water and the Páramo de Santurbán, it discusses how this approach allows to track the configuration of social movements as a heterogeneous network of material and cultural aggregates, human and non-human elements that self-organize and can join other networks to meet their needs. The paper concludes that the actor-network 'Committee for the Defense of Water and the Páramo de Santurbán' is assembled through three processes: to know, to inform, to connect. Its agency, based on the committee's ability to become a spokesman for water defense, makes use of the legal network, social mobilization, and knowledge production to transport it and provide it with scientific and political features to make it a matter of social interest. ; Este artículo explora la aplicación de la teoría de actor-red (TAR) al estudio de los movimientos sociales que emergen en conflictos socioambientales. A partir del caso del Comité para la Defensa del Agua y del Páramo de Santurbán, discutimos cómo este tipo de abordaje permite rastrear la configuración del movimiento social como una red heterogénea de agregados materiales y culturales, de elementos humanos y no-humanos que se auto-organizan y que pueden unirse a otras redes para lograr sus demandas. Concluimos que el actor-red "Comité para la Defensa del Agua y del Páramo de Santurbán" se ensambla a partir de tres procesos: conocer, informar y anclar. Su agencia, sustentada en la capacidad del Comité de constituirse en un portavoz del agua, hace uso de la red jurídica, las movilizaciones y la producción de conocimiento, para transportarla y dotarla de características científicas y políticas hasta convertirla en una cuestión de interés social. ; Esta comunicação explora a aplicação da teoria de ator-rede (TAR) no estudo dos movimentos sociais que emergem em conflitos socioambientais. A partir do caso do Comitê pela Defesa d'Água e o Páramo de Santurbán, discutimos como este tipo de abordagem permite rastrejar a configuração do movimento social como rede heterogênea de agregados materiais e culturais, de elementos humanos e não-humanos que se auto-organizam e podem se unir a outras redes para conseguir suas demandas. Concluímos que o ator-rede "Comitê pela Defesa d'Água e o Páramo de Santurbán" encastra-se a partir de três processos: conhecer, informar e ancorar. Sua agência, sustentada na capacidade do comitê de se constituir em porta-voz da agua, faz uso da rede jurídica, as mobilizações e a produção de conhecimento, para transportá-la e fornecê-la de caraterísticas científicas e políticas até a tornar uma questão de interesse social.

Streams and rivers are important conduits of terrestrially derived carbon (C) to atmospheric and marine reservoirs. Leaf litter breakdown rates are expected to increase as water temperatures rise in response to climate change. The magnitude of increase in breakdown rates is uncertain, given differences in litter quality and microbial and detritivore community responses to temperature, factors that can influence the apparent temperature sensitivity of breakdown and the relative proportion of C lost to the atmosphere vs. stored or transported downstream. Here, we synthesized 1025 records of litter breakdown in streams and rivers to quantify its temperature sensitivity, as measured by the activation energy (E-a, in eV). Temperature sensitivity of litter breakdown varied among twelve plant genera for which E-a could be calculated. Higher values of E-a were correlated with lower-quality litter, but these correlations were influenced by a single, N-fixing genus (Alnus). E-a values converged when genera were classified into three breakdown rate categories, potentially due to continual water availability in streams and rivers modulating the influence of leaf chemistry on breakdown. Across all data representing 85 plant genera, the E-a was 0.34 +/- 0.04 eV, or approximately half the value (0.65 eV) predicted by metabolic theory. Our results indicate that average breakdown rates may increase by 5-21% with a 1-4 C rise in water temperature, rather than a 10-45% increase expected, according to metabolic theory. Differential warming of tropical and temperate biomes could result in a similar proportional increase in breakdown rates, despite variation in E-a values for these regions (0.75 +/- 0.13 eV and 0.27 +/- 0.05 eV, respectively). The relative proportions of gaseous C loss and organic matter transport downstream should not change with rising temperature given that E-a values for breakdown mediated by microbes alone and microbes plus detritivores were similar at the global scale. ; US Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network through award DEB from National Science Foundation (NSF)National Science Foundation (NSF) [0936498]; NSF EFNational Science Foundation (NSF) [1064998]; NSF DBINational Science Foundation (NSF) [1216512]; Department of Energy's Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research; US DOEUnited States Department of Energy (DOE) [DE-AC05-00OR22725] ; We thank many authors who graciously provided requested information that was not included in published literature and three anonymous reviewers who provided suggestions that improved the clarity of the manuscript. The US Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network provided financial support for this project, through an award (DEB#0936498) from the National Science Foundation (NSF). JSK was supported by NSF EF#1064998. MA was supported by NSF DBI#1216512. NAG was supported by the Department of Energy's Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research. Oak Ridge National Laboratory is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, for the US DOE under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee

Over the past several decades there has been a strong intensifying trend of human society impact on ecosystems, consumption of natural resources and global change. The environmental impact of the society is fully apparent and dominantly implemented through various greenhouse gases emissions (GHG), leading towards global climate change with considerably spread harmful effects. Global climate change includes the earth and ocean surface and atmospheric warming, but also melting of snow and ice, increase of sea levels and ocean acidity, as well as ever more common natural phenomena extremes (winds, various forms of rainfall/precipitation, extremely low or high temperatures, etc.). Scientists are well-familiarized with the fact that use of fossil fuels, such as oil derivatives and coal, is the main generator of harmful gases. In addition, possible substitutions for fossil fuels in the form of other energy sources are very limited, and it should be remembered that other energy sources also have certain adverse environmental effects. Bearing in mind climate change caused by products of fossil fuels combustion, as well as inevitable depletion of natural crude oil resources, management of growing global energy demand becomes one of the key goals and challenges of 21st century. If these reasons are coupled with obligations emanating from Kyoto Protocol, it is clear that attention of researches should be more than reasonably focused on the main determinants of energy consumption. This study is focused on illumination of key demographic and economic determinants of energy consumption in 28 EU member states in the period 1960- 2014. The results obtained demonstrate that population positively and quite strongly influence total energy consumption. An increase of population of 1% will result in an increase of energy consumption of 1.59% to 1.76%. Such relation most probably can be explained by the fact that demographic growth of the society aggravates and complicates planning processes of efficient energy consumption, diminishing the ability of society to be energy efficient. The population effect of persons aged 65 and above to energy consumption is also positive. An increase in share of this age group of 1% will result in an increase in energy consumption of approximately 0.43%. Positive elasticity coefficient should be understood as a proof that European societies with higher share of senior citizens consume more energy that societies with higher share of younger population, not necessarily as an argument that senior citizens use more energy than younger population. The explanation for such nature of a cause-andeffect relation could be that high share of senior citizens influences the structure of production and consumption, spatial distribution of population, transport infrastructure and social services provided. A significant influence on energy consumption in the EU is made by the level of economic development of countries, which is in accordance with the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC), suggesting a relation of inverted letter ?U?. The amount of income per capita needed to have the EKC expressed ranges between 54,183 and 81,552 dollars.

The Atlantic goliath grouper, Epinephelus itajara, is a critically endangered species, threatened by illegal fishing and the destruction of its habitats. A number of other closely related grouper species found in the western Atlantic are also fished intensively. While some countries apply rigorous legislation, illegal harvesting followed by the falsification of fish products, which impedes the correct identification of the species, is a common practice, allowing the catch to be marketed as a different grouper species. In this case, molecular techniques represent an important tool for the monitoring and regulation of fishery practices, and are essential for the forensic identification of a number of different species. In the present study, species-specific primers were developed for the Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I gene, which were applied in a multiplex PCR for the simultaneous identification of nine different species of Epinephelidae: Epinephelus itajara, E. quinquefasciatus, E. morio, Hyporthodus flavolimbatus, H. niveatus, Mycteroperca acutirostris, M. bonaci, M. marginata, and M. microlepis. Multiplex PCR is a rapid, reliable and cost-effective procedure for the identification of commercially-valuable endangered fish species, and may represent a valuable tool for the regulation and sustainable management of fishery resources. ; Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES) ; Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) ; Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Espirito Santo (FAPES) ; Projeto Meros do Brasil - Petrobras S.A. ; Transpetro Transportes S.A. ; Programa de Pós-graduação em Oceanografia Ambiental, Departamento de Oceanografia e Ecologia, Base Oceanográfica, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Rodovia ES 10 km 16, 565, Coqueiral, 29199-970 Aracruz, ES, Brazil ; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Vertebrados, Laboratório de Genética da Conservação, PUCMINAS - Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, Av. Dom José Gaspar 500, Coração Eucarístico, 30535-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil ; Laboratório de Biologia e Genética de Peixes, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Distrito de Rubião Junior, s/n, 18618-000 Botucatu, SP, Brazil ; Laboratorio Costero de Tumbes, Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE), Calle José Olaya S/N, Nueva Esperanza, Zorritos, TU, Perú ; Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Av. Alm. Saldanha da Gama, 89, Ponta da Praia, 11030-400 Santos, SP, Brazil ; Costa Lima Aquicultura e Pesca, Praça Prefeito José Luiz da Costa, 27, Centro, 29960-000 Conceição da Barra, ES, Brazil ; Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Instituto do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Av. Alm. Saldanha da Gama, 89, Ponta da Praia, 11030-400 Santos, SP, Brazil ; The Sistema de Autorizacao e Informacao em Biodiversidade (SISBIO) linked to the Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservacao da Biodiversidade (ICMBIO) of the Ministerio do Meio Ambiente (MMA) for licenses (SISBIO/ICMBIO/MMA No: 25088-7, authentication code 119228433 and No: 15080-2, authentication code: 84636263. ; Web of Science

Anciens axes commerciaux entre l'lnde et le Tibet, mais relégués en position de confins suite aux évolutions politiques et économiques des XIX è et XX è siècles, les vallées du Népal étudiées dans cet article (régions de l'Everest, de l'Annapurna et du Manaslu), ont à la fois tiré profit de leur enclavement relatif et du développement progressif des transports à l'échelle du pays, pour accueillir la pratique néo-aventureuse du trekking. Toutefois, depuis le début des années 2000, la progression des routes en direction de ces espaces touristiques, modifie sensiblement les paysages, l'économie locale et le fonctionnement même de cette activité fondée sur le dépaysement et la découverte d'espaces « naturels » préservés. Si l'amélioration de l'accessibilité apparaît comme une aubaine pour les populations locales, le trekking, jusqu'alors en position dominante, tend à se rétracter dans ses dimensions temporelles et spatiales au grand dam de ses adeptes. Il contraint les professionnels du tourisme à s'adapter en valorisant de nouvelles ressources ou en développant de nouvelles pratiques. D'espaces d'aventure, destinés à des touristes sportifs, les vallées nouvellement desservies par la route s'ouvrent désormais à une plus grande diversité de visiteurs dans leurs profils (pèlerins, familles) et leur nationalité (Indiens, Chinois) jusqu'alors exclus par manque de temps, d'argent ou de dispositions physiques. Abstract This paper aims to study tourism development and accessibility in Nepalese Himalaya since the political opening of the country sixty years ago. Historically, relegated in remote positions, Mount Everest, Annapurna and Manaslu areas have benefited from their remoteness for developing trekking tourism. But if trekking just consists in walking, it nevertheless needs good transportation networks to carry tourists as fast as possible towards destinations. Nepal's road network has been long underdeveloped because of the constraints of the relief, the costs of construction and the political issues between India and China. Thus the aviation has first grown significantly. However, the construction of roads responds to economic and political imperatives that are essential in a poor and unstable country. Long-awaited by local populations for social and economic purposes, like market and health access, roads now start to reach the heart of touristic areas contributing to major changes of initial touristic systems. Borrowing, the trekking routes in narrow valleys, like in Mount Annapurna range, roads modify perceptibly landscapes and itineraries. Accused by hikers to standardize authentic spaces, they especially appear in contradiction with the founding principles of trekking based on change of landscapes and discovery of natural spaces preserved from visible symbols of modernity. At last, the nuisances of new infrastructures and means of transportation can harm shops and lodges economy by serving villages. Unlike trekkers' strong beliefs, this study shows that transportation doesn't restrain the attractiveness and the economy of these mountainous regions. In Mount Manaslu area, the road is not much built but is clearly wished as a compensation facing the

Doutoramento em Estudos de Desenvolvimento ; This research is an innovative approach to assess the application of sustainable development principles into the socio-technical domain of maritime surveillance by investigating potential governance models for expanding the Nation-state sectorial Maritime Domain Awareness arrangement towards regional and global integrated cooperative data sharing approach based on the need-to-know and responsibility-to-share principle. The investigation was performed using a variety of complementary qualitative methodologies centered on Action Research. The resulting data was analyzed and structured with the use of the "Framework for Sustainable Strategic Development" tool-kit. The methodology was first applied at regional (European Union) level and then expanded to develop a model for the Global Maritime Domain Awareness governance arrangement. The outcome suggests that the existing model of nation-state maritime surveillance is not able to cope with the new maritime challenges of international dimensions, such as high-sea piracy or massive illegal immigration, and a change towards regional and global cooperative models is more suitable to support the sustainable development of maritime transportation. Potential solutions for moving towards the proposed governance arrangements are provided in the form of model-diagrams and supported by a set of guidelines, which map the recommended actions against the principles of sustainable development. The European Union regional model is complemented by a draft Directive as potential implementation tool. ; Esta pesquisa é uma abordagem inovadora para avaliar a aplicação dos princípios do desenvolvimento sustentável para o domínio sociotécnico da vigilância marítima, investigando potenciais modelos para a expansão do modelo existente de governação baseado na abordagem sectorial do estado-nação, para modelos regionais ou globais com base na partilha de dados e de cooperação responsável das partes interessadas. A investigação foi realizada utilizando uma variedade de metodologias qualitativas complementares centradas na pesquisa-ação. Os dados resultantes foram analisados e estruturados com o uso da "Estrutura para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável Estratégico". A metodologia foi aplicada pela primeira vez a nível regional (União Europeia) e, em seguida, expandiu-se para desenvolver um modelo para o arranjo de governança global da vigilância marítima. O resultado da pesquisa sugere que o modelo existente de vigilância marítima do Estado-nação não é capaz de lidar com os novos desafios marítimos de dimensões internacionais, tais como a pirataria em alto mar ou a imigração ilegal maciça, e uma mudança para modelos de cooperação regional e global é mais adequada para apoiar o desenvolvimento sustentável do transporte marítimo. Soluções potenciais para avançar para as disposições de governação propostos são fornecidos sob a forma de modelos-diagramas e apoiada por um conjunto de indicações que mapeiam as ações recomendadas contra os princípios do desenvolvimento sustentável. O modelo regional União Europeia é complementado por um projeto de diretiva como um potencial instrumento de implementação

Purpose : to determine demand and opportunities of military officers' physical perfection in conditions of positional defense. Material: in research personnel of companies' strong points (n = 32), scouts (n = 26), drivers of military automobile transport (n = 23) participated. Results: it was found that 64% of mobilized military officers prefer to practice physical perfection in period of fighting capability's restoration. Only 27% had desire to physically train. 16% practice physical training. 13% of personnel practice physical training from time to time. We found insufficient level of military officers' applied skills. It was determined that key factor in formation of military officers' demand in physical perfection was their inner motivation, based on own experience of sports trainings. Conclusions: Troops' being in conditions of positional defense for long time is not an obstacle for realization of military officers' demand in physical perfection. Character of military officers' functioning in zone of conflict permits to organize systemic process of physical training by means of fulfillment of power oriented physical exercises and improvement of some applied skills. ; Цель : определить потребность и возможности организации процесса физического совершенствования военнослужащих во время пребывания войск в условиях позиционной обороны. Материал : в исследовании принимали участие личный состав ротных опорных пунктов (n = 32), разведчики (n = 26), водители военного автомобильного транспорта (n = 23). Результаты: установлено, что 64% мобилизованных военнослужащих считают целесообразным заниматься физическим совершенствованием в период восстановления боеспособности. Желание тренироваться проявляют 27%. Систематически тренируются 16% военнослужащих. 13% личного состава эпизодически выполняют физические упражнения. Выявлено недостаточный уровень сформированности прикладных навыков военнослужащих. Установлено, что ключевым фактором в формировании потребности военнослужащих в занятиях по физическому совершенствованию является их внутренняя мотивация, основанная на собственном опыте спортивной подготовки. Выводы : длительное пребывание войск в условиях позиционной обороны не является препятствием для реализации потребности военнослужащих в физическом совершенствовании. Характер профессиональной деятельности военнослужащих в зоне конфликта позволяет организовывать систематический процесс физической тренировки путем выполнения комплексов физических упражнений силовой направленности и совершенствования отдельных прикладных навыков. ; Мета: визначити потребу та можливості організації процесу фізичного вдосконалення військовослужбовців під час перебування військ в умовах позиційної оборони. Матеріал: у дослідженні приймали участь особовий склад ротних опорних пунктів (n = 32), розвідники (n = 26), водії військового автомобільного транспорту (n = 23). Результати : встановлено, що 64% мобілізованих військовослужбовців вважають за доцільне займатися фізичним вдосконаленням у період відновлення боєздатності. Бажання тренуватися виявляють 27%. Систематично тренуються 16 % військовослужбовців. 13% особового складу епізодично виконують фізичні вправи. Виявлено недостатній рівень сформованості прикладних навичок військовослужбовців. З'ясовано, що ключовим фактором у формуванні потреби військовослужбовців у заняттях з фізичного вдосконалення є їх внутрішня мотивація, яка базується на власному досвіді спортивної підготовки. Висновки: тривале перебування військ в умовах позиційної оборони не є перепоною для реалізації потреби військовослужбовців у фізичному вдосконаленні. Характер професійної діяльності військовослужбовців у зоні конфлікту дозволяє організовувати систематичний процес фізичного тренування шляхом виконання комплексів фізичних вправ силової спрямованості та вдосконалення окремих прикладних навичок.