Testimony issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, were a dramatic reminder of the importance of our need to cultivate a better public opinion of the United States abroad. Yet recent opinion research indicates that foreign publics, especially in countries with large Muslim populations, view the United States unfavorably. GAO issued two studies in 2003 that examined changes in U.S. public diplomacy resources and programs since September 11 within the State Department (State) and the Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG); the U.S. government's strategies for its public diplomacy programs and how it measures their effectiveness; and the challenges that remain in executing U.S. public diplomacy efforts. Although the studies did not focus exclusively on the Middle East, they identified systemic problems that would apply to public diplomacy activities there."
The paper analyzes the array of information materials and artifacts related to American thematic exhibitions that were held in the Soviet Union by the US Information Agency (USIA) from 1959 to 1991 as part of the Soviet-American agreements on cultural exchanges. The American National Exhibition in Moscow in the summer of 1959 was the first (and most famous) in a series of such exhibitions; it was subsequent by 18 traveling shows, which covered 25 Soviet cities — both Union and republics' capitals and remote regional centers. The total audience of these showings is estimated at 20 million visitors. American exhibitions in the USSR left behind a deep information and cultural trace in memories, movie and photo chronicles, as well as in a variety of "handouts" and souvenirs distributed at events. Among collectors of antiques of this kind, thematic collections are known as memorabilia, or a collection of things associated with a certain historical figure, a celebrity, or event. These materials, especially the official booklets of the exhibitions, contain valuable information, which reflects not only the content of the showings, but also the political and ideological attitudes of their American organizers. The selection of exhibits, their information support (textual — in booklets, and oral — from guides at the exhibition), the engineering and visual design of the shows — all were aimed, ultimately, at the formation of a positive image of America among the Soviet public (and, as a result, a critical perception of Soviet realities). Thus, the exhibitions, even if their themes seem to be far from the ideology (science and technology, culture, life, industry and agriculture), turned into an effective propaganda tool. Moreover, the USIA was able to use this tool under the terms of agreements on bilateral exhibition exchanges. Unfortunately, visual materials and objects of material culture in general are rarely involved in studies of public and cultural diplomacy as a source. This article aims to fill this gap.
The article presents the historical development of public diplomacy. The study presents the development of the theory of public diplomacy in the context of the transformation of the main constituent elements. In this context, the differences and similarities between public diplomacy and propaganda, cultural diplomacy and strategic communication were considered. The role of non-governmental actors in the development of public diplomacy was also noted. ; Հոդվածը նպատակ ունի ներկայացնել հանրային դիվանագիտության պատմական զարգացումը: Հետազոտությունը ներկայացնում է հանրային դիվանագիտության տեսության զարգացումը հիմնական բաղադրիչների փոփոխությունների համատեքստում: Այս համատեքստում դիտարկվեցին հանրային դիվանագիտության և քարոզչության, մշակութային դիվանագիտության և ռազմավարական հաղորդակցության տարբերություններն ու նմանությունները: Նշվեց նաև հասարակական դերակատարների դերը հանրային դիվանագիտության զարգացման գործում: ; В статье представлено историческое развитие публичной дипломатии. В исследовании представлено развитие теории публичной дипломатии в контексте трансформации основных составляющих элементов. В этом контексте были рассмотрены различия и сходства между публичной дипломатией и пропагандой, культурной дипломатией и стратегической коммуникацией. Также была отмечена роль негосударственных акторов в развитии публичной дипломатии.
With the implementation of the Lisbon Treaty and the launch of the European External Action Service, the European Union (EU) has embarked on a new phase of international diplomacy, which includes renewed attention to EU public diplomacy (PD) efforts. This article aims to contribute to EU PD scholarship and practice by studying the images and perceptions of the EU among news media professionals in Asia (findings from twelve Asian locations in the north-east, south, and south-east of the continent).A systematic analysis of the newsmakers' perceptions of the EU is doubly beneficial - firstly, it displays an insight into the world view of a powerful cohort of stakeholders in the region, and secondly, it explores the visions and attitudes that may stand behind choices in EU news selection and news writing. Findings of this survey of EU external images are discussed using basic typology of PD and its category of listening in particular.
This paper discussing the comparison of Korean Pop Culture and Japan Pop Culture to the youth in Malang.One of the important of this research is about public diplomacy using pop culture which creating many fans and lovers. The main purpose of the research is to show how the globalization in culture has influencing the youth in developing country like Indonesia. Malang is one of the city that have many K-Pop lovers and J-Pop lovers. This research is qualitative and using depth interview to get information from the participant as the member of the pop lovers. The result shows that both Korea and Japan's government have role on their public diplomacy by using this pop culture. They are often held the events like competition on music, dance and another shape of pop culture. J-pop has more focus on the animation (anime), cartoon (manga) and costume-player (cosplay). Whereas K-pop has more focus on the drama movie and music. From observation to the pop lovers, the J-pop lovers is more creative because they have a challenge, especially for cosplay to create their own costume to the competition. But for K-pop, they are more focused to learn and imitate the dance style of the Korean artist. But, both of them have significant influence to the options for the university students in Department of International Relations, University of Muhammadiyah Malang to choose Japanese and Koreans as their subject as the third language after Bahasa Indonesia and English.
Operation Guardian of the Walls was the most serious military conflict between the Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) and Palestinian armed groups since 2014. This article aims to explore the Organized Persuasive Communication (OPC) made by IDF, in English, Spanish and French, during the 11 days of the escalation of the war. For this purpose, it has resorted to techniques typical of computational science, specifically the unsupervised machine learning Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) and sentiment analysis (multilingual). The data show that there are no significant differences between a range of official Twitter accounts giving a process of information uniformity. The results of the study allow us to know the scope of IDF's communication within the framework of the so-called new Israeli diplomacy. In addition, this text attempts to demonstrate the usefulness of text mining and Natural Language Processing (NLP) to strategic studies and international relations.
The Bush administration has pursued a new, hard-line approach to the current nuclear standoff with North Korea. In efforts to build public support from the American public as well as from its allies in the region, the Bush administration has carefully framed, in distinctive ways, the nature of the crisis and the grounds for an appropriate response to North Korea's nuclear brinkmanship. To assess the effects of these U.S. messages designed to build public support for its hard-line approach, we conducted a short experimental study in the United States and in South Korea. Our results indicate that many of these messages induce diverging responses in the two countries, implying that the Bush administration's rhetoric designed to build domestic support does not have comparable effects in South Korea.
Bu araştırmada sosyal medya platformlarından Twitter üzerinden kamu diplomasisi oluşturmanın yolları incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın örneklemini, Türkiye'de faaliyet gösteren ve Twitter hesabı olan 11 büyükelçilik arasından en fazla takipçisi olan ve Türkiye'nin jeopolitik konumundan dolayı yakın ilişkiler içinde olduğu Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ile takipçi sayısı açısından üçüncü sırada olan ve son zamanlarda Türkiye ile ekonomik ve ticari ilişkiler içinde olan Türkiye'nin en önemli dış ticaret ortağı Rusya Federasyonu'nun Ankara Büyükelçilikleri oluşturmaktadır. Amerikan ve Rus Büyükelçiliklerinin Twitter sayfalarındaki tweetlerine örnek olay tarama modeline uygun olarak 01.11.2016 – 31.12.2018 tarih aralığında web içerik analizi tekniği de uygulanarak bakılmıştır. Sağlıklı veriler alabilmek için Amerikan ve Rus Büyükelçiliklerinin tweetleri konularına göre Göç ve Mülteci; Çevre, İklim Değişikliği ve Enerji; İnsan Hakları, Kadın ve Çocuk; Ortadoğu ve Kültür ve Sanat olmak üzere beş kategoriye ayrılmış olup bu kategorilerde büyükelçiliklerin attıkları tweetler, retweetler, takipçileri tarafından retweetlenen ve beğenilen tweetler incelenmiştir. Ayrıca Amerikan ve Rus Büyükelçiliklerinin oluşturdukları tweetlerde geçen haberlerin Türk dijital medyasında farklı görüşlere sahip olan Birgün, Hürriyet, Sabah, Sözcü, Yeniçağ ve Yeni Şafak gazetelerindeki yansımaları araştırılmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen sonuçlara göre iki büyükelçilik de takipçilerinin tartışma ve diyaloglarına ilgi göstermeyerek tek taraflı iletişimi tercih etmişlerdir. Büyükelçilikler güncel ekonomik, siyasi ve kültürel olaylarla ilgili tweetler oluşturmaktadırlar ancak bu tweetlerin Türk basılı medyasında etkin bir yansıması olmadığı da tespit edilmiştir. ; In this study, the ways to create public diplomacy via Twitter, one of the social media platforms, have been examined. The sample, selected from eleven embassies in Turkey which have a Twitter account, consists of both the American Embassy in Ankara, which has got the most number of followers and is in a close relationship with Turkey due to Turkey's jeopolitical location, and the Russian Embassy in Ankara, which is on the third rank in terms of followers and Turkey's most important trade partner, who has lately been in economic and trade cooperation with her. American and Russian embassies' tweets on Twitter pages have been viewed by applying web content analysis technique between 01.11.2016 - 31.12.2018, in accordance with the case study model. In order to get reliable data, the tweets of American and Russian Embassies have been categorised into five including Migration and Refugees; Environment, Climate Change and Energy; Human Rights, Women and Children; Middleeast; Culture and Art. The tweets, retweets, retweeted tweets by followers and favourite tweets in these categories have been analysed. Also, the reflections of the news in the tweets created by the American and Russian Embassies have been researched in Birgün, Hürriyet, Sabah, Sözcü, Yeniçağ and Yeni Şafak, the six different newspapers of Turkish Digital Media which hold varying views. According to the results of the study, both embassies have preferred one-way communication not paying attention to their followers' discussions or dialogues. The embassies create tweets about the economy, politics and culture; however, it has been ascertained that such tweets are not reflective in the Turkish Media.
