*Billiard & card rooms came under ban last night 10/12*Dr. William H. Robin, president of city Board of Health instructed the following to DD Curran, president of the New Orleans Railway and Light Company: Streetcar anti-crowding order; "overcrowding" finally defined: no more than 1 person standing for every 2 people sitting in a car or its platform (see 10/14 article for exact number of people allowed on each line); Francis Homer of American Cities Co. asked that Nelson Brown (since Curran is ill) enforce this rule immediately; habitually no peak loads on Sundays, so effect will most likely be felt Monday 10/14; interesting point in Dr. William H. Robin, president of city Board of Health's letter to Curran: this flu epidemic is an emergency; "[I] trust that your company and the carmen's union will treat it as such, and that you both will suspend such differences as may exist between you, as will or may prevent adequate car service during this emergency." "Differences" refer to union's action this past Sept., whereby forbade motormen and conductors from making trips in addition to their regular schedule; however, this new rule does not apply to "emergency" situations*Brown said he will provide as many extra cars as possible*Carmen's union president issued statement Sat 10/12 that agrees to fully cooperate w/ city and health authorities – will ensure that as many streetcars are running as to prevent "overcrowding" according to Dr. William H. Robin, president of city Board of Health's definition. But suggests that railway co. reestablish schedules that were suspended [when?], and rehire the 160 men who were laid off as a result; union will put up signs urging motormen to disregard regular 9 hour workday & make as many extra trips as required at any time of night/day [think about development of the streetcar overcrowding order (seems to have originated from railway co rather than health authorities – is that out of the ordinary?) in light of Copeland's 11/17 piece in the Times – didn't he mention it was more important to regulate streetcar crowding than to cancel public gatherings or close schools?] * Frank T. Mooney, Superintendent of Police, clarified police orders: Not all social, fraternal, political clubs are forbidden from meeting; only smaller places that tend to get crowded are required to close; other police orders: all places must be well ventilated*American Protective League notified Behrman that its new house in Kenner may be used as emerg hosp; 50 beds there; Behrman fwded to Dr. William H. Robin, president of city Board of Health, who will determine whether or not can be usedInteresting: Dr. William H. Robin, president of city Board of Health has received many requests for permits to leave city; says this action unwise if an attempt to escape flu: may contract it in community they flee to; may contract it on poorly ventilated and crowded trains on their way out of city*Blue designated Dr. GM Dr. GM Corput, surgeon in charge of the US Marine Hospital, as general medical advisor for New Orleans; significance: Dr. GM Corput has FULL AUTHORITY to take steps he deems necessary for city – [Even over LA governor, Dr. Oscar Dowling, President of the State Board of Health, Dr. William H. Robin, president of city Board of Health, it appears]. [Point to consider: Dr. GM Corput became advisor for NO 10/13; flu morbidity peak occurred around 10/18. So might be difficult to determine whether his presence and/or advice affected mortality curve. Emergency Hosp at Gumbel, under Dr. GM Corput's direction, only opened on 10/20. Then again, maybe his presence had calming effect on health authorities and/or population, and maybe he was necessary to maximize NO's "surge capacity"]*Dr. Snoop of US Naval Station here said flu has reached peak here*Flu/flu orders' effect on businesses – some figures:*Businesses affected – list of some businesses w/percentage sick staff ; Newspaper article ; 1, 4
KRIEGS-KALENDER FÜR DAS JAHR 1915 Kriegs-Kalender für das Jahr. (-) Kriegs-Kalender für das Jahr 1915 (1915) ( - ) Einband ( - ) [Abb.]: Wir rasten nicht bei Tag u. Nacht in diesem heil'gen Krieg, Bis uns der Friede wieder lacht, nach ehrenreichem Sieg! ( - ) Werbung ( - ) [Abb.]: Ein lustiger Brief. ( - ) Titelseite ( - ) Gedenk- u. besondere Festtage. Oesterreich. ( - ) [Register]: Familien-Chronik. ( - ) [Abb.]: "Sie führen auch die Reste aus der Fabrik STEIN?" "Ja, ich kaufe schon 20 Jahre dort, und bin immer zufrieden!" ( - ) [Korrespondenz-Karte]: Leinenweberei S. STEIN (Resten Abteilung) in NACHOD (Böhmen). ( - ) Werbung ( - ) Das Jahr 1915. ([1]) Bewegliche Feste. Die vier Quatember. Mondes-Viertel. Die 12 Zeichen des Tierkreises. Die vier astronomischen Jahreszeiten. Finsternisse. Vom Jahresregenten. ([1]) [Kalender 1915]: (2) Bauernregeln. (26) Die Letzten der Sabine. (27) [2 Abb.]: (1). (2)"Du weißt doch, daß ich mit Henry versprochen bin, - was quälst du mich noch immer?" (27) [Abb.]: "Robert du!" erwiderte der andere schwach, mit einem Versuch, zu lächeln und will dem Bruder die kraftlose Rechte reichen. (29) [Abb.]: Der Bär hatte sich emporgerichtet und hielt mit den Zähnen den rechten Unterarm Davies gepackt. (31) Etwas Mathematisches. (32) Humoristisches. (33) Der schlaue Waldl. (33) [2 Abb.]: (33) [2 Abb.]: (34) [Abb.]: (35) [Abb.]: Profanierung. (36) [Abb.]: Erkannt. (37) [Abb.]: Verraten. (38) [2 Abb.]: (1)Frech. (2)Unter furchtbarem Zwange. (39) [Abb.]: Anno dazumal. (40) [Abb.]: Schußfertig. (41) [Abb.]: Gut gesagt. (42) [Abb.]: Symbolik. (43) Der Hias. (44) [4 Abb.]: (44) [2 Abb.]: (45) [Abb.]: (46) [Lustiges]: (46) [Abb.]: Sonntagsritt. (46) [Abb.]: Das erklärt alles. (47) [Abb.]: Kindermund. (48) Der europäische Krieg. (49) [Abb.]: Für Gott, Kaiser und Vaterland. Abschied des Reservisten. (49) [Abb.]: König Peter von Serbien. (50) [Abb.]: Kronprinz Alexander von Serbien, der von einem serbischen Hauptmann mit einer Reitpeitsche gezüchtigt und dann die Treppe hinuntergeworfen wurde. (51) [Abb.]: Die Beschießung von Belgrad. (52) [Abb.]: Sturmangriff auf Lüttich. (53) [Abb.]: Deutscher Reitergeist. (55) [Abb.]: Die Kriegsschatzung für Namur. (57) [Abb.]: 3 Infanteristen verjagen eine ganze russische Kosakenabteilung. (59) [Abb.]: Zeppelins nächtlicher Besuch über Paris. (61) [Abb.]: Ein Opfer gemeiner serbischer Hinterlist. (62) Humoristisches vom Kriege. (63) Jakob Kohns Kriegstat. Eine Mitleidige. (63) Der Tambourmajor als "General". (63) "Herr Oberst, ich hab' ein Geschäft!" Waggonposie. "I kimm glei". (64) Jahrmärkte. ([I]) 1. Oberösterreich. ([I]) 2. Niederösterreich. (II) 3. Steiermark, Kärnten und Krain. (IV) Böhmen. (VI) Mähren. (IX) Schlesien. (XI) Tirol und Vorarlberg. (XI) Kronland Salzburg. (XII) Europäische Fürsten. (XIII) Anhalt. Baden. (XIII) Bayern. (XIII) Belgien. Bulgarien und Ostrumelien. Dänemark. Deutsches Reich. Griechenland. Großbritannien und Irland. Hessen. Italien. Liechtenstein. Lippe-Detmold. Luxemburg. Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Monako. Montenegro. Niederlande. Norwegen. (XIV) Oesterreich-Ungarn. Oldenburg. Papst. Portugal. Reuß ältere Linie. Reuß jüngere Linie. Rumänien. Rußland. Sachsen. Sachsen-Altenburg. Sachsen-Meiningen und Hildburghausen. Sachsen-Koburg und Gotha. Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach. Schaumburg-Lippe. Schwarzburg-Rudolfstadt und Schwarzburg-Sondershausen. Schweden. Serbien. Spanien. Türkei. Waldeck. Württemberg. (XV) [2 Tabellen]: (1)Immerwährender Trächtigkeits- und Brüte-Kalender. (2)Zinsberechnungen nach Kronen. (XVI) Werbung (I) Allerlei Wissenswertes und Lustiges. (II) Damenturnen. Ein gutes, altes Hausmittel. Interessant. Auf das hohe Alter von 120 Jahren. Anerkannt vorzügliche Musikinstrumente. Erfolglose Bäder. Für sechs lange Monate Lesestoff. (II) [Abb.]: Kleine Ursache - große Wirkung. (II) Nur ein Viertelstündchen. Die elegante Dame. Auf der Sekundärbahn. Influenza und Tuberkulose. Aus der guten alten Zeit. Welche Freude für die Hausfrau. Teures Pelzwerk. Die herrliche Zierde für den Weihnachtsbaum. Vom Kasernhof. (III) Die Uhren werden billiger! Brauchen Sie gediegene Wäsche. Sind Sie schon mit Bettfedern versorgt? "Equolin". Zeitgemäße Ausrede. (IV) [Werbung]: (IV) Kein Wunder. Technische Lehranstalt Bodenbach a.d. Elbe. Wertvolle Bücher umsonst. Sorgsame Mütter. Heute kann jeder Obst-, Gemüse- und Fleischkonserven mit Weck-Konservengläsern und Apparaten selbst leicht und billig herstellen. Eine Million Harmonikas und Tausende und Abertausende andere Musikinstrumente werden alljährlich in Klingenthal und Umgebung verfertigt. Es wird jeden Leser interessieren. (V) [Abb.]: Kleine Ursache - große Wirkung. (V) Sprühregen des Humors. Telegraphisch. Blumendünger. Bevor man Obst ißt. Ein praktischer Ratgeber für Jedermann. Ein erquickender Schlaf. (VI) [Werbung]: (VI) Kann man das Tanzen aus Büchern erlernen? Was ist "Centralin"? Brautausstattungen. Der größte Schmuck der Welt. Eine frohe Botschaft. Kwizda's Touristenfluid. (VII) [Abb.]: Kleine Ursache - große Wirkung. (VII) Tierpflege. Unzufrieden. Ein Urteil. Ein gutes Hausmittel. Bettleraufstand. eine interessante Erfindung. Ein Buch umsonst. (VIII) [Werbung]: (VIII) Kwizdas Restitutions-Fluid für Pferde. Als sehr empfehlenswerte Firma in Musikinstrumenten ist die Meisterwerkstätte für Saiten-Instrumenten-Bau Anton Bräuer, Schönbach in Böhmen 2/B zu bezeichnen. Bei Verkalkung, Gicht und Steinbildung. (IX) [Abb.]: Kleine Ursache - große Wirkung. (IX) [Werbung]: (IX) [Werbung]: (X) Zeit ist Geld. Husten, Atembeschwerden. Die beiden Maier werden immer verwechselt. Wer kennt sie nicht, die stets für das leibliche Wohl der Familie bedachte sorgende Hausfrau? (X) [Abb.]: Kleine Ursache - große Wirkung. (X) [Werbung]: (XI) Wodurch ist eine Steigerung unserer Ackerernten erreichbar. Gehörleidende. Rheumatismus, Gicht, Ischias, Hexenschuß und Neuralgien. Kasernhofblüte. Geld besitzen ist schön. Für Gartenbesitzer. Kindliche Freude. (XII) Werbung ([XIII]) Einband ( - )
DEUTSCH-ÖSTERREICHISCHE FELDPOST NR. 1-22 Deutsch-österreichische Feldpost (-) Deutsch-österreichische Feldpost Nr. 1-22 (1-22 / 1914 / 1915) ( - ) Einband ( - ) Nr. 1-3. (31. Juli bis 27. August 1914.) (Nr. 1-3. 1914) (1) Zum Geleit. (1) Mobilmachung. (2) Kriegsereignisse. (4) Allerlei vom Krieg. (20) Nr. 4. (27. August bis 2. September 1914.) (Nr. 4. 1914) (25) Zwischen den Schlachten. (25) Kriegsereignisse. (26) Zur Warnung für unsere Truppen in Feindesland. (38) Allerlei vom Krieg. (38) Vorbilder. (41) Sachen zum Lachen. (42) Nr. 5. (3. September bis 9. September 1914.) (Nr. 5. 1914) (45) Von Sieg zu Sieg. (45) Kriegsereignisse. (46) Deutsche Tapferkeit im Lichte des Auslandes. (53) Allgemeines. (55) Vorbildliches. (65) Dies und das. (66) Humor in ernster Zeit. (67) Nr. 6. (10. bis 16. September 1914.) (Nr. 6. 1914) (69) Gott hilft weiter. (69) Kriegsereignisse. (70) Dies und das. (83) Humor in ernster Zeit. ([84]) Nr. 7. (17. bis 23. September 1914.) (Nr. 7. 1914) (85) Siegreich zu Wasser und zu Lande. (85) Kriegsereignisse. (86) Humor in ernster Zeit. (99) Nr. 8. (24. bis 30. September 1914.) (Nr. 8. 1914) (101) Die Ruhe vor dem Sturm. (101) Kriegsereignisse. (102) Dies und das. (115) Humor in ernster Zeit. ([116]) Nr. 9. (1. bis 7. Oktober 1914.) (Nr. 9. 1914) (117) Schulter an Schulter. (117) Kriegsereignisse. (118) Winke für Feldpostsendungen. (142) Dies und das. (144) Humor in ernster Zeit. (147) Nr. 10. (8. bis 14. Oktober 1914.) (Nr. 10. 1914) (149) Feldgrau bleibt Trumpf! (149) Kriegsereignisse. (150) Dies und das. (168) Humor in ernster Zeit. ([172]) Nr. 11. (15. bis 21. Oktober 1914.) (Nr. 11. 1914) (173) Von Ostende bis Warschau. (173) Kriegsereignisse. (174) Dies und das. (191) Humor in ernster Zeit. (194) Nr. 12. (22. bis 28. Oktober 1914.) (Nr. 12. 1914) (197) Kaiserlied. (197) Geduld und Ruhe! (199) Kriegsereignisse. (201) [Karte]: Zum besseren Verständnis der vorstehenden und folgenden Nachrichten von den Kriegsereignissen an der belgischen Küste bringen wir nebenstehend eine Uebersichtskarte. ([211]) [Karte]: ([224]) Sendungen an einzelne Militärpersonen im Felde. (225) Dies und das. (226) Humor in ernster Zeit. (227) Nr. 13. (29. Oktober bis 4. November 1914.) (Nr. 13. 1914) (229) Heil! Kaiser Franz! (229) Gottes Mühlen mahlen langsam. (231) Kriegsereignisse. (232) [Karte]: [Schwarzes Meer]: (234) [Karte]: Kriegskarte von Aegypten. (251) [Karte]: Übersichtskarte von Nord-Belgien. (258) Dies und das. (259) Nr. 14. (5. bis 11. November 1914.) (Nr. 14. 1914) (261) Götzendämmerung. (261) Kriegsereignisse. (263) [Karte]: [Türkei, Persien, Kaukasus]: ([266]) [Karte]: West-Belgien ([288]) Dies und das. (291) Humor in ernster Zeit. ([292]) Nr. 15. (12. bis 18. November 1914.) (Nr. 15. 1914) ([293]) An England! ([293]) Telegraphensiege. (295) Kriegsereignisse. (296) [Karte]: [Nordsee, Belgien, England]: ([297]) [Abb.]: Fregatten-Kapitän von Müller, der Kommandant der "Emden" (299) [Abb.]: Generaloberst von Hindenburg der Führer unserer Ostarmee. (310) [Karte]: [Ostpreußen, Rußland, Polen]: ([311]) An die deutschen Frauen! (320) Dies und das. (321) Humor in ernster Zeit. (323) Dem Helden Spee. ([324]) Nr. 16. (19. bis 25. November 1914.) (Nr. 16. 1914) ([325]) Kesseltreiben. ([325]) Kriegsereignisse. (327) [Karte]. Der Schauplatz der bevorstehenden Entscheidungskämpfe in Polen. (340 - 341) [Karte]: Das Ueberschwemmungsgebiet in Westflandern. (344) Dies und das. (352) Humor in ernster Zeit. (355) Bismarcklied. ([356]) Nr. 17. (26. November bis 2. Dezember 1914.) (Nr. 17. 1914) ([357]) Streich um Streich. ([357]) Falsche Töne. (358) Kriegsereignisse. (359) [Karte]: Die Schlacht bei Ypern und La Bassée. ([365]) [Abb.]: General v. Mackensen (373) Die Kriegssitzung des Reichstages Berlin, am 2. Dezember. (378) Dies und das. (387) Humor in ernster Zeit. ([388]) Nr. 18. (3. bis 9. Dezember 1914.) (Nr. 18. 1914) ([389]) Haßgesang gegen England! ([389]) Lodz. (391) Kriegsereignisse. (392) [Abb.]: Generalmajor Ludendorff. (397) [Karte]: [Warschau, Lodz, Krakau]: (401) Postverkehr mit den deutschen Kriegsgefangenen. (415) Dies und das. (417) Humor in ernster Zeit. (418) Nr. 19. (10. bis 16. Dezember 1914.) (Nr. 19. 1914) ([421]) Bundeslied. ([421]) 38 gegen 5. (422) Kriegsereignisse. (423) [Karte]: Kartenskizze zum Untergang unseres Ostasiengeschwaders. (425) [Karte]: Karte zu den Kämpfen um Batum. (438) Nr. 20. (17. bis 22. Dezember 1914.) (Nr. 20. 1914) ([453]) Habt Acht! ([453]) Weihnachten! (454) Kriegsereignisse. (455) [Karte]: Nordsee (457) [Karte]: Kartenskizze zum russischen Rückzug in Polen, Galizien und den Karpathen. (457) Französische Unwahrheiten über die Kriegsursachen und die amtliche deutsche Entgegnung. (477) Dies und das. (481) Humor in ernster Zeit. (483) Nr. 21. (22. bis 30. Dezember 1914.) (Nr. 21. 1914) ([485]) Bis zum Letzten! ([485]) 5 Kriegsmonate. (486) Kriegsereignisse. (487) [Karte]: Kartenskizze zu den Kämpfen im Argoner Wald. (500 - 501) Humor in ernster Zeit. (515) Dies und das. ([516]) Nr. 22. (31. Dezember 1914 bis 6. Januar 1915.) (Nr. 22. 1914/1915) ([517]) Jahreswende. ([517]) 1915. (518) Kriegsereignisse. (519) [Karte]: Kartenskizze zu den Kämpfen um Warschau. (529) [Karte]: Kartenskizze zu den Kämpfen an der russisch-türkischen Grenze. (532) [Abb.]: Erzherzog Friedrich (534) [Karte]: Kartenskizze zu den Kämpfen im Oberelsaß. (536) Humor in ernster Zeit. (544) Dies und das. (546) Einband ( - ) Einband ( - )
no.1 Handbook, 1891-92. Aug. 1891. --no.2 Library school register, 1887-96. --no.3 12th annual report of Library school, 1898. Apr. 1899. --no.4 Selected reference books. Oct. 1899. --no.5 Selected subject bibliographies. Nov. 1899. --no.6 13th ann. rept. of Library school. Dec. 1899. --no.7 Selected national bibliographies. May 1900. (no.8-25 "Library school" bulletin has the general serial number of the "State library bulletin" in addition to its own special number) --no.8 (S.L.B.55) 14th ann. rept. of N.Y.S.L.S. Jan. 1901. --no.9 (S.L.B.66) Handbook of N.Y.S.L.S. Sept. 1901. --no.10 (S.L.B.71) 15th ann. rept. of N.Y.S.L.S. 1901. Apr. 1902. --no.11 (S.L.B.73) Register of N.Y.S.L.S. 1887-1901. June 1902. --no.12 (S.L.B.75) Lecture outlines and problems. Oct. 1902. --no.13 (S.L.B.77) English cataloguing rules. Nov. 1902. --no.14 (S.L.B.78) 16th ann. rept. of N.Y.S.L.S. 1902. Feb. 1903. --no.15 (S.L.B.82) Handbook of N.Y.S.L.S. Oct. 1903. --no.16 (S.L.B.83) Material for course in reference study. Oct. 1903. --no.17 (S.L.B.88) 17th ann. rept. of N.Y.S.L.S. 1903. May 1904. --no.18 (S.L.B.92) 18th ann. rept. of N.Y.S.L.S. 1904. March 1905. --no.19 (S.L.B.94) Indexing. May 1905. --no.20 (S.L.B.95) Lecture outlines and problems 2. June 1905. --no.21 (S.L.B.102) Wyer, J.I. U.S. government documents. March 1906. --no.22 (S.L.B.107) Eastman, W. R. Library building plans. Oct. 1906. --no.23 (S.L.B.109) 19th ann. rpt. of N.Y.S.L.S. 1905. Dec. 1906. --no.24 (S.L.B.115) 20th ann. rpt. of N.Y.S.L.S. 1906. July 1907. --no.25 (S.L.B.118) 21st ann. rpt. of N.Y.S.L.S. 1907. Feb. 1908. --no.26 Selected national bibliographies. Dec. 1908. --no.27 22d ann. rpt. of N.Y.S.L.S. 1908. Jan. 1909. --no.28 23d ann. rpt. of N.Y.S.L.S. 1909. Dec. 1909. --no.29 24th ann. rpt. of N.Y.S.L.S. 1910. Dec. 1910. --no.30 25th ann. rpt of N.Y.S.L.S. 1911. Nov. 1911. v.4. --no.31 Register of N.Y.S.L.S. 1887-1911. June,1912. --no.32 26th annual rpt. of N.Y.S.L.S. 1912. July,1912. --no.33 Wheeler, M.T. Indexing principles, rules and examples. 2d. ed.rev. 1913. --no.34 Lecture outlines and problems 3. Aug.1913. --no.35 27th ann. rpt. of N.Y.S.L.S. 1913. Dec. 1913. --no.36 Fellows, J.D. Cataloging rules prepared for the course in elementary cataloging. preliminary ed. Mar. 1915. --no.37 28th ann. rpt. of N.Y.S.L.S. 1914. Mar. 1915. --no.38 Selected national bibliographie. Nov. 1915. --no.39 29th ann. rpt. of N.Y.S.L.S. 1915. July,1916. --no.40 30th ann. rpt. of N.Y.S.L.S. 1916. April,1917. --no.41 31st ann. rpt. of N.Y.S.L.S. 1917. February, 1918. --no.42 32nd ann. rpt. of N.Y.S.L.S. 1918. October,1918. --no.43. Wheeler, M.T. Indexing principles, rules and examples. 3d ed. rev. 1920. --no.44 33d ann. rpt. of N.Y.S.L.S. 1919. December,1919.--no.45 National education association of the United States. Dept. of secondary education. Committee on library organization and equipment. Standard library organization and equipment for secondary schools. Report of a committee of the National education association on library organization and equipment. C.C.Certain. 1920. --no.46 34th ann. rpt. of N.Y.S.L.S. 1920. October,1920. --no.47 35th ann. rpt. of N.Y.S.L.S. 1921. November,1921. --no.48 Register of N.Y.S.L.S. 1887-1921. July,1922. --no.49 36th ann. rpt. of N.Y.S.L.S. 1922. February,1923. --no.50 Wheeler, M.T. Indexing principles, rules and examples. 3d ed. rev. 1923. --no.51 37th ann. rpt. of N.Y.S.L.S. 1923. November,1923. --no.52 38th ann. rpt. of N.Y.S.L.S. 1924. October, 1924. --no.53 39th ann. rpt. of N.Y.S.L.S. 1925. April, 1926. --no.54 40th ann.rpt. of N.Y.S.L.S. 1926. April,1927. ; Mode of access: Internet.
Vol. 5 adicional: códice restaurado por Manuel Danvila y Collado. ; La mención de publicación varía. ; Contiene: t. 1. Contiene las de Madrid, celebradas el año 1563 -- t. 2. Contiene las de Madrid, celebradas el año 1566 -- t. 3. Contiene las celebradas el año 1570 -- t. 4. Contiene las celebradas en Madrid el año 1573 -- t. 5. Contiene varios documentos de las Cortes que se reunieron en Madrid el año 1576, y la parte primera de las actas de las que se juntaron en la misma villa en 1579 -- t. 5 adicional. Contiene la documentación de la legislatura que comenzó el 1.º de marzo de 1576 y terminó el 13 de diciembre de 1477 -- t. 6. Contiene la parte segunda de las actas de las Cortes que se juntaron en Madrid el año de 1579 -- t. 7. Contiene las actas de las Cortes que se juntaron en Madrid el año 1583 y se alzaron en el de 1585 -- t. 8-9. Actas de las Cortes que se juntaron en Madrid el año 1586 y se alzaron en el de 1588 -- t. 10-11. Actas de las Cortes que se juntaron en Madrid año 1588 y se acabaron en el de 1590 -- t. 12-15. Contiene las de Madrid, comenzadas en 1592 y terminadas en 1598 -- t. 16. Contiene las Cédulas Reales referentes a las Cortes de 1592 a 1598, los documentos reservados de las mismas y los capítulos generales -- t. 17. Tabla analítica de los nombres propios y materias contenidos en los tomos XII, XIII, XIV, XV y XVI que tratan de las Cortes que se celebraron en Madrid desde 1592 a 1598 -- t. 18-19. Cortes de 1598 a 1601 -- t. 20-22. Actas de las Cortes de 1602 a 1604 -- t. 23-26. Cortes celebradas en Madrid en los años de 1607 a 1611 -- t. 27. Cortes celebradas en Madrid desde el día 4 de diciembre de 1611, en que comenzaron, hasta el 18 de abril de 1612, en que se disolvieron -- t. 28. Cortes celebradas en Madrid desde el día 9 de febrero de 1615, hasta 1º de julio del mismo año, que se disolvieron -- t. 29-35. Cortes celebradas en Madrid desde el día 4 de febrero de 1617 al 28 de marzo de 1620 -- t. 36-37. Cortes celebradas en Madrid en el año de 1621 -- t. 38-48. Cortes convocadas para Madrid en el año de 1623 -- t. 49-51. Cortes propuestas en Madrid en 21 de febrero de 1632 -- t. 52. Cortes propuestas en Madrid en 11 de agosto de 1632, comprende las actas desde 11 de agosto de 1632 hasta la de 25 de noviembre del mismo año -- t. 53. Cortes propuestas en Madrid en 25 de noviembre de 1632, comprende las actas desde 25 de noviembre de 1632 hasta la de 21 de febrero de 1633 -- t. 54. Cortes propuestas en Madrid en 26 de febrero de 1633 hasta la de 26 de agosto del mismo año -- t. 55. Cortes celebradas en Madrid en 1633 y 1638, comprende las actas desde 27 de agosto de 1633 a 30 de junio de 1634 -- t. 56. Comprende cédulas y cartas reales en 1939, 1641, 1642, 1643, 1644, 1645 y 1646, y convocatoria de las Cortes de 1646 -- t. 57. Cortes de Madrid en 1646 y 1649, comprende Cédulas Reales y de la junta de asitentes de cortes en los años 1646 a 1650 -- t. 58. Cortes de Madrid en 1650 y 1651 (2 v.) -- t. 59. Cortes de Madrid en 1655 y 1656 (2 v.) -- t. 60. Cortes de Madrid de 1655-1658 (3 v.) -- t. 61. Cortes de Madrid de 1660-1664 (3 v.)
Emergence is more than just economic growth -- An international political sociology approach -- Brazil's rural policies and coalitions -- Change in multilateral organisations -- Mozambique's rural policies and coalitions -- Influence of Brazilian solutions in Mozambique : consolidation of an extractive model -- Influence of Brazilian solutions in Mozambique : dissonance around the state's role.
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International treaties, conventions, and organizations to protect refugees were established in the aftermath of World War II to protect people escaping targeted persecution by their own governments. However, the nature of cross-border displacement has transformed dramatically since then. Such threats as environmental change, food insecurity, and generalized violence force massive numbers of people to flee states that are unable or unwilling to ensure their basic rights, as do conditions in failed and fragile states that make possible human rights deprivations. Because these reasons do not meet the legal understanding of persecution, the victims of these circumstances are not usually recognized as "refugees," preventing current institutions from ensuring their protection. In this book, Alexander Betts develops the concept of "survival migration" to highlight the crisis in which these people find themselves. Examining flight from three of the most fragile states in Africa--Zimbabwe, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Somalia--Betts explains variation in institutional responses across the neighboring host states. There is massive inconsistency. Some survival migrants are offered asylum as refugees; others are rounded up, detained, and deported, often in brutal conditions. The inadequacies of the current refugee regime are a disaster for human rights and gravely threaten international security. In Survival Migration, Betts outlines these failings, illustrates the enormous human suffering that results, and argues strongly for an expansion of protected categories
This toolkit provides an overview, advice by example, and sources for further information on the best management practices for invasive alien species, to assist and direct those involved with biodiversity conservation and land management. An introductory chapter is followed by a chapter on building strategy and policy for national plans. Methods for the prevention of invasive species and the risk-analysis process, and methods for early detection of new invasives are reviewed. Different management approaches are broadly reviewed. The toolkit contains many case studies covering a variety of ecosystems (terrestrial, freshwater, marine), including examples from traditional sectors such as agriculture and forestry, and features many different groups of invasive species: mammals, molluscs, insects, reptiles, amphibians, fish and other aquatic organisms, weeds, trees, and plant pathogens and includes released biological control agents. Whilst the toolkit is global in applicability, there is a small island focus, which recognizes that the impact of invasive alien species on biodiversity is greater in small island systems.
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This paper develops a novel methodology to measure the quantity of jobs and value of wages embodied in exports for a large number of countries and sectors for intermittent years between 1995 and 2011. The resulting Labor Content of Exports database allows the examination of the direct contribution of labor to exports as well as the indirect contribution via other sectors of the economy for skilled and unskilled labor. The analysis of the new data sets documents several new findings. First, the global share of labor value added in exports has been declining globally since 1995, but it has increased in low-income countries. Second, in line with the standard Hecksher-Ohlin trade model, the composition of labor directly contained in exports is skewed toward skilled labor in high-income countries relative to developing countries. However, that is not the case for the indirect labor content of exports. Third, manufacturing exports are a key source of labor demand in other sectors, especially in middle- and low-income countries. And the majority of the indirect demand for labor spurred by exports is in services sectors, whose workers are the largest beneficiaries of exporting activities globally. Fourth, differences in the labor value added in exports share across developing countries appears to be driven more by differences in the composition of exports rather than in sector labor intensities. Finally, average wages typically increase rapidly enough with the process of economic development to more than compensate the loss in jobs per unit of exports. The paper also includes the necessary information to build the Labor Content of Exports database from the original raw data, including stata do-files and matlab files, as well as descriptions of the variables in the data set.
http://www.csi.ensmp.fr/Items/WorkingPapers/Download/DLWP.php?wp=WP_CSI_019.pdf ; Social and environmental reporting became during the last decade a fundamental instrument for sustainable governance, through the publication of data and indicators of sustainable development as obligatory points of passage for companies. The Global Reporting Initiative's Guidelines are the reference frame, largely recognized and adapted by political authorities and often enforced by the law (as in french "NRE"). This paper recalls the process of standardization-codification and the policing of statements about the values and the principles of sustainable development. ; Le reporting social et environnemental est devenu en une décennie un instrument majeur et hybride de gouvernement du développement durable, via la publication de données et d'indicateurs devenus des points de passage obligé pour les grandes entreprises. La Global Reporting Initiative est en la matière un référentiel incontournable, largement réapproprié par les autorités politiques et durcis par le droit (loi NRE en France). Il importe donc de retracer processus de normalisation-codification et de construction d'une police des énoncés quant aux objets de valeur du développement durable.
http://www.csi.ensmp.fr/Items/WorkingPapers/Download/DLWP.php?wp=WP_CSI_019.pdf ; Social and environmental reporting became during the last decade a fundamental instrument for sustainable governance, through the publication of data and indicators of sustainable development as obligatory points of passage for companies. The Global Reporting Initiative's Guidelines are the reference frame, largely recognized and adapted by political authorities and often enforced by the law (as in french "NRE"). This paper recalls the process of standardization-codification and the policing of statements about the values and the principles of sustainable development. ; Le reporting social et environnemental est devenu en une décennie un instrument majeur et hybride de gouvernement du développement durable, via la publication de données et d'indicateurs devenus des points de passage obligé pour les grandes entreprises. La Global Reporting Initiative est en la matière un référentiel incontournable, largement réapproprié par les autorités politiques et durcis par le droit (loi NRE en France). Il importe donc de retracer processus de normalisation-codification et de construction d'une police des énoncés quant aux objets de valeur du développement durable.
This paper evaluates the effects of capital account controls adopted in the past years by the FLAR's member countries (Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Perú and Venezuela) on the efficiency of the banking sector, the economic growth and the volatil
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No. 1424 Arch Street PHILADELPHIA, PA, Acknowledged Headquarters for anything and everything in the way of Books for Churches, Col-leges, Families and Schools, and literature for Sunday Schools. PLEASE REMEMBER That by sending your orders to us you help build up and devel-op one of the church institutions with pecuniary advantage to yourself. Address H, S, BONER, Supt, THE GETTYSBURG JIEKCDHY The Literary Journal of Gettysburg College i Voi,. XI. GETTYSBURG, PA., OCT., 1902 No. 5 CONTENTS THE RELATION OF ABILITY TO OPPORTUNITY IN THE ATTAINMENT OF SUCCESS 146 EDWARD C. RUBY, '02. PROGRESS OF DISCOVERIES DURING THE MIDDLE AGES 149 BARRIERS TO SCIENCE 152 WM. H. W. REIMER, '02. AS TOLD BY HENRI D'ARCY, 157 HERBERT L. STIEEI,, '03. THE IDEAL AND THE REAL, 161 THE PICTURE-MONTH 165 SHAKESPEARE AS A PORTRAYER OF CHARACTER, . 168 THE NATURALIST, 173 RESOLUTIONS ON THE DEATH OF MAURICE M. MUS-SELMAN 177 EDITORIAL, 178 The Power of Concentration. EXCHANGES, . • 181 146 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. THE RELATION OF ABILITY TO OPPORTUNITY IN THE ATTAINMENT OF SUCCESS. EDWARD C. RUBY, '02. /V FAMOUS sculptor once showed a visitor the treasures ■•■■■ of his studio. In it were many mythical gods. One particularly attracted the visitor's attention. The face was con-cealed by being covered with locks of hair, and there were wings to each foot. "What is his name?" said the spectator. "Opportunity," was the reply. "Why is his face hidden?" "Because men seldom know him when he comes to them." "Why has he wings upon his feet ?" "Because he is soon gone, and once gone he cannot be overtaken." This is but an allegory, yet it is the concrete expression of a very important element in the attainment of success. The sculptor has indeed given form to the experience of many an individual. How often have we come face to face with con ditions in life when we asked ourselves the question, "What is this?" And when the reply comes that it is an opportunity for us to attain success, we wonder why it is so obscure and hard to recognize. Then we begin to doubt its reality, and while we are waiting for it to disclose its features more fully, it spreads its wings and soars far beyond our reach. This suggests to us the fact that something more than the mere presence of an opportunity is necessary to the attainment of success. There must be the readiness or ability to seize the opportunity when it comes. In fact, ability stands first, while opportunity is a secondary element. Our physical growth, our intellectual development, and our advancement in civilization are due to these two factors in exactly the order above men-tioned. The ability for such growth, development, and ad-vancement is the natural endowment of every human being to a certain degree. The ability is given first, the opportunity second. By seizing the opportunity, the ability is strengthened. As long as this ability has not had an opportunity for asserting itself we speak of it as a possibility. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 147 Then, again, what would be the state of such beings if they did not have opportunities for exercising their ability? Could we conceive of such beings? I am afraid it would be a very difficult matter. The ability for activity and the opportunity for manifesting this activity must be co-existent in order that growth, development and advancement may be possible. The primary importance of ability is further seen in the fact that we must be prepared for the opportunity when it comes. Opportunity is latent in the very foundation of human society. Opportunity is everywhere about us. But the preparation to seize upon the opportunity, and to make the most of it, is to be made by everyone for himself. President Garfield said that occasion may be the bugle call which summons an army to battle, but the blasts of the bugle call can never make soldiers nor win battles. It is a common saying to-day among employers that the young men who come to them for work are not prepared for the opportunities which arise in connection with the business in which they wish to be engaged; and if they are not prepared, then when the opportunity arises they fail to secure what might easily fall to them. To be ready for the opportunity when it comes has well been called the secret of success. There need be no question that personal success is, in kind and degree, in accordance with ability, and will always be so to a large extent. Ability, by adaptation and application, makes success of some sort possible; the will, by concentration and persistence, makes it actual, How much of success is entirely man's own will and ability, or personal to and of himself, and how much is impersonal or dependant on favoring circumstances or opportunity, it may not be possible precisely to determine. One thing is quite certain, that an individual desiring to succeed in any of life's undertakings cannot depend upon or wait for op-portunity. He must strive to succeed by the best means his ability can contrive, and then watch for opportunity, which is, indeed, the outcome, in the majority of cases, of his effort to win success. Any other way of hoping to succeed than by the 148 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. putting forth of personal energy and will-power is but waiting upon chance. There are persons who have prepared themselves for oppor-tunities which seem very slow in coming. What is to be done in such cases ? It may be that the opportunities are at hand, but they cannot be easily recognized because of the "locks of hair" which may be concealing their "faces." The Greeks used to say that one should seize "time by the forelock." We say, when opportunities do not seem to be coming as they ought, "make them." Make them, as Lincoln made his in the log cabin in the wilderness. Make them, as Henry Wilson made his during his evenings on a farm, when he read a thousand volumes while other boys of the neighborhood wasted their evenings. Make them, as George Stephenson made his, when he mastered the rules of mathematics with a bit of chalk on the sides of the coal wagons in the mines. Make them, as Douglas made his, when he learned to read from scraps of paper and posters. Make them, as Napoleon made his in a hundred important situations. Make them, as every man must who would accomplish anything worth the effort. Golden oppor-tunities are nothing to laziness, and the greatest advantage will make you ridiculous if you are not prepared for it. When a man "drops" into a good position, it is because he had climbed into such a position from which it was possible to "drop" by years of work, and not merely because he had the opportunity. Fortune always attends those who are fitted. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 149 PROGRESS OF DISCOVERIES DURING THE MIDDLE AGES. CIVILIZATION is a progressive movement. The worlp progresses because of the eternal competition involved in existence. There is a law of the "Survival of the Fittest," evidences of which we discover throughout the history of the world's progress. Our histories record the principal events of nations as well as their most prominent individuals. This competition has brought out the advanced thought, the greatest inventions, the best deeds and the lasting institutions) a history of which is simply a history of the world's progress. Wars have existed, have been carried on since time began. They have proved the "Survival of the Fittest," for God is his wisdom decrees all that happens; and he gives his decision on the side of the one he deems fittest for his purposes. War has caused the inventions of the cannon and the other instruments used in great struggles. The creative faculty, developed by this competition, designed the great engines of war that are used to-day—the monster cannon, the torpedo boat, the gun boat, the warship greater than was ever dreamed of in the days when Galileo supposed that the earth was round. The mariner's compass was an invention which revolutionized the commerce of the world and brought forth a great number of navigators and adventurers; and these, with their wild dreams of discovery, showed to the world that fabled Atlantis never seen save by Plato in the hallowed visions of Plato's in-spired poesy, and added this beautiful land of ours to the list of the great discoveries at the close of mediaeval times. Intellectual progress during the middle ages compared to the Augustan age of Rome and the suceeding age in European advancement, was very small. Learning was confined to the monastic orders. The church and the priestcraft had a mo-nopoly upon book making between the seventh and fifteenth cen-turies, and they held, through the dictation of the pope at Rome, a monopoly upon the learning as well. The progress of discoveries in the intellectual world during the era mentioned, 150 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. must necessarily therefore be a halting forward movement. It was crippled from being bound in such narrow limits. How-ever, about the commencement of the fifteenth century the liter-ary movement started again first, in Italy, then spread to Germany, to England and elsewhere. It was opened up through the discoveries made in the far East, of the civilization of the Orient, by the movement known as the crusades. The fanaticism and the chivalric spirit known as knight-errantry gave the world a turn unlooked for and unsought for at the inception of those movements, by opening up intercourse between the East and the West, and by the discovery of the old literary works of the Latins and Greeks. Another great discovery of the middle ages which had a vast influence in bringing on the Reformation and which aided in producing the Revival of Learning, was the finding out that the Church of Rome had physical arm to enforce her edicts of temporal control; and that her goverment was rotten to the core. The sale of indulgences by the Church brought on re-volt and was severely attacked and finally stopped by the efforts of Luther, the hero of the Reformation. The Church throughout the centuries from the fall of the Western Empire had undertaken to control both the spiritual and the temporal welfare of man. The natural result of the widespread supremacy of the Roman Church was that its spirit-ual aspects became more and more merged into its mere ma-chinery of external goverment. Everything that could give power and efficiency to it as an institution was carefully watched and nourished. Warfare in the Church existed between the different monastic orders. Different creeds, sects and "isms" sprung up within the Church, yet it confined itself to its troubles, and to the world became stronger and stronger as a controlling power. By the monopoly of learning and literature, it was looked upon by ruling potentates with more than reverence—. with absolute fear—and a pope's bull of excommunication was a stronger instrument against the weak and superstitious of med-iaeval times, than the thunderbolts of Jove to the ancients. But it was discovered at the beginning of the fifteenth century THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY.' I 5 I that, by reason of the temporal life assumed by the Church, the spiritual life began to die out at the center of this vast, system of ecclesiastical government. The baneful effects of such spirit-ual decay speedily began to tell throughout its borders. The perversion of ecclesiastical offices and especially the materialistic abuses of spiritual privileges, awakened Europe to its thralldom. The ignorance of those times, depicted in strong colors in the satires of Erasmus, seems almost incredible. The impetus which the friars had given the papal powers back in the thirteenth century had died out and the religious decline opened up new avenues of thought, and awakened powers before forbidden by the Church to the people. The contest between struggling humanity and prevailing and overshadowing powers brought forth all the new discoveries of the times. The printing press, the Revival of Learning, and the industrial age of English literature were its products. The industrial, political and intellectual liberty which we enjoy to-day is the fruit ot the seed sown during the latter portion of the middle ages ; and the French Revolution was the result of the tares sown during the same period. The great abuses of medi-aeval times brought their reaction in the fanatical puritanism of Cromwell and the beheading of King Charles. All these contests have been in the interests of humanity. Results have been logical and according to cosmic law. Discov-eries of all times have been the product of necessity, and a de-mand in the interests of the world's progress. Things have happened that must necessarily happen for the good of man. Discoveries are the works of genius, but the individuals that made them were endowed with this faculty, as a part of the divine plan and the divine system. 152 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY, BARRIERS TO SCIENCE. WM, H. W. REIMER, '02. C^OENCE is the foundation stone of human progress, It ^**' is a natural outgrowth of civilization. Education with-out it is null and void. Viewing it in this aspect, we must conclude that science is very old; that it is not a product of one century, but of many. The achievements of the past century are only the consum-mation of the achievements of many former centuries. Astronomy was pretty completely solved over four centuries ago, but it is being revised every year. Electricity was discovered by Franklin, but it remained for the men of our century to use it in propelling cars and in flash-ing messages across continents and oceans. All the scientists of former years who in some way aided its progress, we to-day honor and revere. But we are often forget-ful of the struggle they encountered. When some new scien-tific discovery is made, we look upon it with skeptical eyes. We are prone to criticise it harshly. We only forget that the boisterous ridicule of Columbus and Newton was turned into praise. The idea that telegraphy could be successfully oper-ated without the use of wire connection was believed impos-sible by the most skillful of our day; but now it is successfully established. It shows that mankind is reluctant to believe or accept a theory that is new. We cling to the old like parasites, and any deviation from that seems impossible. Taking a glance over the history of the past, progress ap-pears to have necessitated the surrender of the old for the new life as we pass from the old year into the new. The nations of antiquity seem to us peculiarly situated. In the childhood of intellectual development, they have only the surrounding world of obscurity out of which to carve their future. True, the children of Israel did have a supernatural revelation to guide them, but how imperfectly did it serve them. Together THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 153 with the other nations they seek after other gods to worship— gods erected by their own hands and created by their imagina-tions as representing the power that controlled the universe. It is this tendency of the growing mind that filled ancient Greece and Rome with altars and shrines. And in this manner for many years we see the nations of the earth bound down to superstition and ignorance. The early Grecian philosophers shrunk from the prevailing ignorance and sought an interpreta-tion of God from His natural revelation. The complexity of the universe puzzled them. They saw changes continually oc-curring. They think there must be a power in. the universe which pushes forth the blade of grass in the Spring. They at-tempt to resolve all things into their constituent elements. They search for the "beginning" of all things. One says water is the originative principle in the universe, because it seems common to all things. Another calls this principle of existence fire, because of its motive power. Others argue that all things in existence are only the separation and combination of infinitely small atoms. Life was only the combination of atoms, while death was the separation of the same into their original state. This beginning of all existence they recognized as God. Socrates with no supernatural revelation, but through his conscience interpreted a conception of God and heaven and the immortality of the soul. What the Greecian philosophers attempted to accomplish, the scientist of to-day is accomplishing. He lays aside all supernatural revelation. He peers under the surface of the earth to discover its history. He examines and compares the inorganic and organic creation in order to determine the pro-cesses through which they have been evolved. He proves his investigations, and submits them for our consideration. His facts are generally accepted, except when they seem to conflict with (our) supernatural revelation. At this point we hear the cry of "Halt!" Ecclesiasts say it is atheistic. They say it is contrary to the account given in Genesis. "Shall we be-lieve that man is descended from the monkey, which belief is I 54 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. not only contrary to Genesis but degrading to man?" "Shall we believe that many years passed in the creation of the earth and its creatures, when the Bible says six days transpired ?" This is the conflict of science and religion. And well is it that we see a conflict; it will strengthen both parties concerned. It will make religion reflect upon its own doctrine, and it will all the more strengthen science, for "Strength is born of struggle." Skepticism will make the scientist test thoroughly his own work, it will necessitate a tightening of all burrs on the me-chanism of science. Columbus might have failed in his attempt to prove his hy-pothesis, if resistance had not compelled him to perfect his proof and go ahead with full determination and confidence. The theory of evolution has evoked harsh criticism. But, notwithstanding, it is meeting acceptance everywhere. Our most wide-awake professors are introducing it into their schools. Preachers have tested it and proclaim it good, and are to-day reconciling their Christian doctrine with evolution as rapidly as conditions permit. Dr. Hillis is among them, and from his pen we quote the theory of evolution as he understands it: "Looking backward we find the earth in a condition that an-swers to our Sun. Slowly it cooled; slowly the granite was changed into soil, which by ice and water was made rich for the coming plants ; the plants at first very simple, became more and more complex, the small ferns giving way to the hardy forest. That daily God is causing the dry crust of the earth to move up into the herb and schrub; the schrub to ascend into the life of the animal; the animal to be lifted up into the life of man ; and man to be lifted up into the mind and life of Christ." Emerson, a preacher, poet, and philosopher, utters about the same meaning: "The gasses gather to the solid firmament; the chemic lump arrives at the plant and grows ; arrives at the quad-ruped and walks; arrives at man and thinks." This in principle is about what evolution teaches concerning THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. I 55 the origin of existing things and the processes through which they have been evolved. It is a scientific interpretation of God's natural revelation made through the material creation. While their domain is only in the material universe—in deal-ing with facts that may be brought before their immediate vision—they do not attempt a doctrine of theism. However, the nature of their reasoning often explains their idea of God. There is not one who does not recognize in the process of nature a power which is God. Emerson had the most sacred reverence for God. He saw God in all creation from the soul of man down to the blade of grass, Charles Darwin, the greatest advocate of evolution, distinctly assumed the "World Genius standing back of His wondrous earthly mechanism." If the earliest advocate of the theory did seem to eliminate God, perhaps a reason can be assigned for it, The world of new ideas which dawned upon them, so completly occupies their attention that they could not see the Maker back of them. Their conditions might have been analogous to that of the man who first sees a loom at work. "They become so entranced at the beautiful texture produced that their thought never goes back to the mind that first constructed in its imagination the result which he now sees." We can be as thorough students of evolution as was Darwin or Huxley or Tyndall or Fiske, yet we need not eliminate the Bible or God from our Christian belief. It does not debase or exalt man more to conceive him to have been created instantaneously from a clod of earth by divine fiat, than progressively through animals, so long as we conceive of him as endowed with (body and) soul, as the newest product of creation, and capable of attaining a position in life only next to the angels. No other department of science or philosophy has so greatly affected the world of thought. It has driven away superstition. It has made ignorance to be ashamed. Both man and God have been given a more exalted nature. It has purified out moral nature, and the "Survival of the Fittest" has taught man 10 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. that if he would win in the race of life, he must put under the body and elevate the mind and soul. John Fiske thinks that "Science is to help bring about a greater revival of Christianity than that which built the Cathe-drals of Europe in the fifteenth century." Romanes, the Agnostic, was led through evolution to say; "Science is moving with all the force of a tidal wave towards faith in Jesus Christ as the world's Saviour." Dr. Hillis further says: "There is no conflict between the educated ecclesiast and the educated scientist, but there is and ever will be a conflict between the ignorant ecclesiast and igno-rant scientist." Many years passed before the world received this theory of evolution. Shall we then reject its teaching as false ? Shall we denounce its advocates as atheists and agnostics and pan-theists? Does the theory debase man and elimininate God? We must let each one answer these questions for himself. But before you are able to make a decision, you must study the subject and know whereof you speak. It is pure ignor-ance to condemn a theory like evolution, and ridicule its advocates, before being fully acquainted with the subject. Ig-norance may flourish for awhile, but civilization is moving to-wards truth, and truth must in the end prevail. Then will truth look back upon the past as we look upon those who ridiculed the hypothesis of Columbus and of Newton. The barriers between science and religion are fast being re-moved, and the time is not far off when they will link hands and march onward at the sound of divine music towards the mark and prize of the high calling in Christ Jesus, THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. 157 AS TOLD BY HENRI D'ARCY. HERBERT L. STIEEI, '03. ""^^ES, M'sieur, those were truly glorious days; I am an old "^ man now; my hair is white and soon I shall trouble this earth no more. I would not have had it thus. Had I my heart's desire I would have died a soldier's death long ere now. Yet truly it was no fault of mine, M'sieur, for I can show you no less than seven places on this old body of mine where some good sword has tried to reach my heart, and I carry in my left shoulder a ball, which I received while still a private in the Guard of His Eminence, the glorious Richelieu. "They are all gone now—Rochefort, De Wardes and the rest —but well do I remember them. And D'Artagnan; he was a brave man, was D'Artagnan. Ah ! he should have served the Cardinal instead of mixing with those pigs of musketeers, he should indeed, M'sieur. I remember the day his Eminence summoned him to his presence after that affair at Milady. He expected nothing less than the Bastile, and the Bastile—parbleu! give me a thousand deaths before the Bastile, I was on guard at the door of the chamber and I heard the whole interview. But D'Artagnan, he was as cool and self-possessed as if he were chatting with some of his comrades. And how he did fight during the siege of Rochelle; Mon Dieu! how he did fight. "Ah! that siege of Rochelle ! I think I was as near death that year as ever I have been, I and de Busigny. Your glass is empty, permit me, M'sieur. Yet I am rather glad that I did not die then. To die for France is glorious in any circumstance, but we gentlemen of the sword have a dread of being hanged as spies. It was in this manner—His Eminence desired infor-mation concerning the fortifications of Rochelle, and Busigny and I undertook to supply it. All went well for a time. We gained an entrance to the city, no matter how. Those Rochellais are extremely stupid, M'sieur, though they do fight hard. Now that we were in the city, how were we to find out what we wished to know ? It was easy to learn as much as i58 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY. most of the citizens and soldiers knew, but the cardinal knew even more than that already. It was necessary to get some-thing from a higher source. Busigny was the man for that. I can handle a sword, but I am not much of a schemer; while Busigny—well it has been said that he was the most clever man in the whole Guard. Ah! he did scheme, and to some pur-pose, too. 1 know not to this day how he did it, but this I do know that he obtained the whole plan of defense—and such a joke, M'sieur—from the son of the governor himsell. However, it was of no avail. The entrance to the city had been easy, but the exit, that was different. "So different, in fact, that we were captured. We had no opportunity of doing away with the plans and maps on our person, and we stood revealed as spies. They took us before the governor and with little ceremony clapped us into a dun-gton. And the governor's son, he was furious, I can assure you, having been tricked as he was. Furthermore, he took pleasure in coming to taunt us and flaunt our coming execution in our faces. This angered me, though I would have died be-fore allowing him to see it, and one morning I confided my vexation to Busigny. 'DArcy, said he, T, too, have been thinking of this villain's visits, and I believe that, disagreeable as they are, we may turn them to our profit.' Imagine what joyous feelings sprung up in my breast at these words, for I knew that Busigny had a plan, and Busigny's plans, M'sieur— well, I never knew them to be other than good. 'My comrade,' continued he, 'would you prefer to die here in a hand-to-hand struggle or out there on that scaffold they are building for us ?' QX i>KAM/i£» w\j wv® vw>ux>o£>fo ooXoA/6* a/no/ us&a/v' w\> dlill fll. Selicjman, Taiio*. S Chambefsbupg St., Gettysburg, Pa. R. A. WONDERS Corner Cigar Parlors. A full line of Cigars, Tobacco, Pipes, etc. Scott's Corner, opp. Eagle Hotel GETTYSBURG, PA. Pool Parlors in Connection. GO TO^ Eckenrode's Restaurant, 8 Baltimore St., Gettysburg. Everything in Season. Oysters in all Styles- Open from 7 A. M. to 2 A. M. JOHN S. ECKENRODE, Prop. Established 1867 by Allen Walton. Allen K. Walton, Prea. and Treas. Root. J. Walton, Superintendent. Hinwlstown Brown Stone Company Q-cr_£ui*.:Ev^:Lv
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The events in Niger over the past few months have been alarming to watch. What began as a military coup now risks spiraling into a wider war in West Africa, with a group of juntas lining up to fight against a regional force threatening to invade and restore democratic rule in Niamey.The junta have explicitly justified their coup as a response to the "continuous deterioration of the security situation" plaguing Niger and complained that it and other countries in the Sahel "have been dealing for over 10 years with the negative socioeconomic, security, political and humanitarian consequences of NATO's hazardous adventure in Libya." Even ordinary Nigeriens backing the junta have done the same. The episode thus reminds us of an iron rule of foreign interference: Even military interventions considered successful at the time have unintended effects that cascade long after the missions formally end.The 2011 Libyan adventure saw the U.S., French and British governments launch an initially limited humanitarian intervention to protect civilians that quickly morphed into a regime change operation, unleashing a torrent of violence and extremism across the region.There was little dissent at the time. As Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi's forces battled anti-government rebels, politicians, the press and anti-Gaddafi Libyans painted an overly simplistic picture of unarmed protesters and other civilians facing imminent if not already unfolding genocide. Only years later would a UK House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee report publicly determine, echoing the conclusions of other post-mortems, that charges of an impending civilian massacre were "not supported by the available evidence" and that "the threat to civilians was overstated and that the rebels included a significant Islamist element" that carried out numerous atrocities of its own.Sens. John McCain (R-Ariz.), Joe Lieberman (I-Conn.), and John Kerry (D-Mass.) all called for a no-fly zone. "I love the military ... but they always seem to find reasons why you can't do something rather than why you can," complained McCain. The American Enterprise Institute's Danielle Pletka said it would be "an important humanitarian step." The now-defunct Foreign Policy Initiative (FPI) think tank gathered a who's who of neoconservatives to repeatedly urge the same. In a letter to then-President Barack Obama, they quoted back Obama's Nobel Peace Prize speech in which he argued that "inaction tears at our conscience and can lead to more costly intervention later."Then-Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, reportedly instrumental in persuading Obama to act, was herself swayed by similar arguments. Friend and unofficial adviser Sidney Blumenthal assured her that, once Gaddafi fell, "limited but targeted military support from the West combined with an identifiable rebellion" could become a new model for toppling Middle Eastern dictators. Pointing to the similar, deteriorating situation in Syria, Blumenthal claimed that "the most important event that could alter the Syrian equation would be the fall of Gaddafi, providing an example of a successful rebellion." (Despite Gaddafi's ouster, the Syrian civil war continues to this day, and its leader Bashar al-Assad is still in power).Likewise, columnist Anne-Marie Slaughter urged Clinton to think of Kosovo and Rwanda, where "even a small deployment could have stopped the killing," and insisted U.S. intervention would "change the image of the United States overnight." In one email, she dismissed counter-arguments:"People will say that we will then get enmeshed in a civil war, that we cannot go into another Muslim country, that Gaddafi is well armed, there will be a million reasons NOT to act. But all our talk about global responsibility and leadership, not to mention respect for universal values, is completely empty if we stand by and watch this happen with no response but sanctions."Despite grave and often-stated reservations, Obama and NATO got UN authorization for a no-fly zone. Clinton was privately showered with email congratulations, not just from Blumenthal and Slaughter ("bravo!"; "No-fly! Brava! You did it!"), but even from then-Bloomberg View Executive Editor James Rubin ("your efforts ... will be long remembered"). Pro-war voices like Pletka and Iraq War architect Paul Wolfowitz immediately began moving the goalposts by discussing Gaddafi's ouster, suggesting escalation to prevent a U.S. "defeat," and criticizing those saying Libya wasn't a vital U.S. interest.NATO's undefined war aims quickly shifted, and officials spoke out of both sides of their mouths. Some insisted the goal wasn't regime change, while others said Gaddafi "needs to go." It took less than three weeks for FPI Executive Director Jamie Fly, the organizer of the neocons' letter to Obama, to go from insisting it would be a "limited intervention" that wouldn't involve regime change, to professing "I don't see how we can get ourselves out of this without Gaddafi going."After only a month, Obama and NATO allies publicly pronounced they would stay the course until Gaddafi was gone, rejecting the negotiated exit put forward by the African Union. "There is no mission creep," NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen insisted two months later. Four months after that, Gaddafi was dead — captured, tortured and killed thanks in large part to a NATO airstrike on the convoy he was traveling in.The episode was considered a triumph. "We came, we saw, he died," Clinton joked to a reporter upon hearing the news. Analysts talked about the credit owed to Obama for the "success." "As Operation Unified Protector comes to a close, the alliance and its partners can look back at an extraordinary job, well done," wrote then-U.S. Permanent Representative to NATO Ivo Daalder and then-Supreme Allied Commander in Europe James Stavridis in October 2011. "Most of all, they can see in the gratitude of the Libyan people that the use of limited force — precisely applied — can affect real, positive political change." That same month, Clinton traveled to Tripoli and declared "Libya's victory" as she flashed a peace sign."It was the right thing to do," Obama told the UN, presenting the operation as a model that the United States was "proud to play a decisive role" in. Soon discussion moved to exporting this model elsewhere, like Syria. Hailing the UN for having "at last lived up to its duty to prevent mass atrocities," then-Human Rights Watch Executive Director Kenneth Roth called to "extend the human rights principles embraced for Libya to other people in need," citing other parts of the Middle East, the Ivory Coast, Myanmar and Sri Lanka.Others disagreed. "Libya has given [the mandate of 'responsibility to protect'] a bad name," complained Indian UN Ambassador Hardeep Singh Puri, echoing the sentiments of other diplomats angry that a UN mandate for protecting civilians had been stretched to regime change.It soon became clear why. Gaddafi's toppling not only led hundreds of Tuareg mercenaries under his employ to return to nearby Mali but also caused an exodus of weapons from the country, leading Tuareg separatists to team up with jihadist groups and launch an armed rebellion in the country. Soon, that violence triggered its own coup and a separate French military intervention in Mali, which quickly became a sprawling Sahel-wide mission that only ended nine years later with the situation, by some accounts, worse than it started. According to the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, the majority of the more than 400,000 refugees in the Central Sahel were there because of the violence in Mali.Mali was far from alone. Thanks to its plentiful and unsecured weapons depots, Libya became what UK intelligence labeled the "Tesco" of illegal arms trafficking, referring to the British supermarket chain. Gaddafi's ouster "opened the floodgates for widespread extremist mayhem" across the Sahel region, retired Senior Foreign Service officer Mark Wentling wrote in 2020, with Libyan arms traced to criminals and terrorists in Niger, Tunisia, Syria, Algeria and Gaza, including not just firearms but also heavy weaponry like antiaircraft guns and surface-to-air missiles. By last year, extremism and violence was rife throughout the region, thousands of civilians had been killed and 2.5 million people had been displaced.Things are scarcely better in "liberated" Libya today. The resulting power vacuum produced exactly what Iraq War critics predicted: a protracted (and forever close-to-reigniting) civil war involving rival governments, neighboring states using them as proxies, hundreds of militias and violent jihadists. Those included the Islamic State, one of several extremist groups that made real Clinton's pre-intervention fear of Libya "becoming a giant Somalia." By the 2020 ceasefire, hundreds of civilians had been killed in Libya, nearly 900,000 needed humanitarian assistance, half of them women and children, and the country had become a lucrative hotspot for slave trading.Today, Libyans are unambiguously worse off than before NATO intervention. Ranked 53rd in the world and first in Africa by the 2010 UN Human Development Index, the country had dropped fifty places by 2019. Everything from GDP per capita and the number of fully functioning health care facilities to access to clean water and electricity sharply declined. Far from improving U.S. standing in the Middle East, most of the Arab world opposed the NATO operation by early 2012.Only five years later, Clinton, once eager to claim credit, distanced herself from the decision to intervene. "It didn't work," Obama admitted bluntly as he prepared to leave office, publicly deeming the country "a mess" and, privately, "a shit show." The New York Times collected the damning verdicts of those involved: "We made it worse"; "Gaddafi is laughing at all of us from his grave"; "by God, if we can't succeed here, it should really make one think about embarking on these kind of efforts."Libya offers numerous cautionary tales about well-meaning U.S. military interventions, from the way they rapidly escalate beyond their initial goals and limited nature, to their penchant for unforeseen knock-on effects that are hard to control and snowball disastrously. As Obama's "success" in the country now threatens to spark a regional war in Niger that could even drag the United States into the fighting, it should remind us that the consequences of military action and rejection of negotiated solutions last much longer than, and look very different years after, the initial period of triumphalism.
