Suchergebnisse

Introduction: Several authors define local development as the consequence of a structured planning where economic, social, natural, political and administrative aspects are analyzed; to this is added the existing legal regulations within the Ecuadorian territory that generates the mandatory nature of planning through the elements called Development and Land Management Plans (PDOT). Objective: To determine the effects of the implementation of the PDOTs on local development in the parishes of the Canton of Sígsig in the period 2014-2014. Methodology: A quantitative and qualitative approach and the application of the theoretical and empirical method through surveys were used. Results: From the analysis carried out in each of the six parish governments, it was determined that they comply with the elaboration of the PDOTs and the generation of plans, programs and projects; however, these proposals differ in practice, since these proposed projects are not executed, and inequity is observed in the planning and execution. The projects that were carried out were minimal in relation to the proposed projects, generating discontent among the population to the point of indicating that there has been no environmental, social, economic and administrative development in their territories and the little that has existed has been at the initiative of the inhabitants because they do not feel that they have benefited from the Conclusions: Local territorial planning is carried out as part of a legal requirement but not for purposes related to local development, economic growth, environmental care or improvement of governance. In the planning processes, the population does not participate in their own development, highlighting the high lack of knowledge of the population about planning, projects to be implemented and their investment, which has been carried out only in certain areas and few beneficiaries. ; Introducción: Varios autores definen al desarrollo local como la consecuencia de una planificación estructurada en donde se analizan aspectos económicos, sociales, naturales, políticos administrativos; a esto se suma la normativa legal existente dentro del territorio ecuatoriano que genera la obligatoriedad de la planificación a través de los elementos denominados Planes de Desarrollo y Ordenamiento Territorial (PDOT). Objetivo: Determinar los efectos de la implementación de los PDOTs en el desarrollo local en las parroquias del Cantón Sígsig en el periodo 2014-2014. Metodología: Se utilizó un enfoque cuantitativo y cualitativo y la aplicación del método teórico y empírico realizado a través de encuestas. Resultados: De los análisis ejecutados a cada uno de los seis gobiernos parroquiales se determina que cumplen con la elaboración de los PDOTs y la generación de planes, programas y proyectos, sin embargo, estas propuestas difieren en la práctica, puesto que estos proyectos planteados no se ejecutan, además que se observa inequidad dentro de la planificación y su ejecución. Los proyectos que se cumplieron fueron mínimos en relación a los proyectos propuestos, generando descontento en la población a tal punto de indicar que no ha existido desarrollo ambiental, social, económico y administrativo en sus territorios y lo poco que existió ha sido por iniciativa propia de sus habitantes puesto que no se sienten beneficiados. Conclusiones: La planificación territorial local se la ejecuta como parte de una exigencia legal mas no con fines relacionados al desarrollo local, crecimiento económico, cuidado ambiental o mejoramiento de la gobernanza. En los procesos de planificación la población no es participe de su propio desarrollo, resaltando el alto desconocimiento de la población sobre la planificación, los proyectos a implementarse y su inversión, la cual se a realizado solo en espacios determinados y pocos beneficiarios.

The article investigates the main factors of creation and analyzes the main stages of formation and development of the Kyiv Military District during 1864-1914. An analysis of current research on the history of the formation and development of the Kyiv Military District during 1864-1914 shows that this problem remains one of the little-studied pages in either Ukrainian or foreign historiography. At that time, industrialization was gaining momentum in the country, industrial enterprises and railways were being built rapidly, new lands were being plowed, and new territories were being developed, which required the modernization of the Russian army and military industry. The results of the Crimean War left no doubt in Russian society about the need for military reform. The article pays special attention to the study of the place and role of all the processes that took place in the Kiev military district within the modernization of the armed forces of the Russian Empire. The process of creating a military district system in the country is analyzed, the achievements and shortcomings of rearmament of the army, improvement of the system of combat training of troops, reforming the staffing of army units, reorganization of the military education system, ways and scales of officer training are considered. The author of the article tries to prove that in the 60-70s of the XIX century. In the Russian Empire, military reform and the introduction of a military district system created a relative unity in the management of troops and eliminated unnecessary centralization. During 1864 - 1914, the Kiev Military District remained an important part of the military infrastructure of the Russian Empire, where an improved system of combat training was created. Measures in the field of rearmament of the military units of the Kyiv district were reduced to providing them with new types of armament, but this task was carried out rather slowly and by 1914 were not fully completed. Transformations in the field of combat training were aimed at training troops for what is necessary in war, the introduction of new military tactics and the development of personal initiative of the soldier. The reforms of military educational institutions carried out on the territory of the Kyiv Military District significantly changed the entire system of officer and non-commissioned officer training, and the issue of staffing the district troops with officers and non-commissioned officers in peacetime and wartime was resolved. As a result of the introduction of conscription on the territory of the district, a mobilization reserve was created. It turns out that the army in the Russian Empire occupied a special place and was a universal mechanism for solving both domestic and foreign policy problems, constantly waged wars for the expansion of the empire ; У статті досліджуються основні фактори створення та аналізуються головні етапи становлення та розвитку Київського військового округу протягом 1864-1914 років. Основна увага приділяється вивченню місця та ролі всіх тих процесів, що відбувалися в Київському військовому округу в межах модернізації збройних сил Російської імперії. Результати Кримської війни не залишили в російському суспільстві сумнівів в необхідності проведення військової реформи. У статті аналізується процес створення в країні військово-окружної системи, розглядаються досягнення та недоліки переозброєння армії, вдосконалення систем бойової підготовки військ, реформування комплектування армійських частин, реорганізацію системи військової освіти, шляхи та масштаби підготовки офіцерських кадрів тощо. Доводиться, що армія в Російській імперії займала особливе місце й була уні- версальним механізмом для вирішення як багатьох внутрішніх, так й зовнішньополітичних завдань, постійно вела війни за розширення території імперії.

In the article we will consider the concept of professional rehabilitation of participants in hostilities of the Armed Forces. Socio-psychological rehabilitation is a process of organized socio-psychological influence aimed at restoring the state of mental health of soldiers, which will again allow them to successfully solve combat and service tasks or be needed in a peaceful life. This activity is aimed at restoring the mental functions and personal status of a person disturbed as a result of traumatic factors, using the methods and procedures of psychotherapy. Social rehabilitation measures are carried out, as a rule, in the system of rehabilitation programs, which allows not only specialized medical and psychological care, but also the creation of the necessary social conditions. It has been found that it is necessary to develop and adapt rehabilitation technologies that will help to implement a wide range of socio-economic and medicalsocial measures in order to ensure the effectiveness of the process of comprehensive rehabilitation of members of armed forces. The article presents a variety of rehabilitation technologies that can be used to work with members of armed forces, namely social technologies that are directly aimed at solving universal problems related to the assessment of not only inner but also global development trends, so-called connection of society with nature. Their implementation is related to people's lives, activities of their daily living and social security; innovative social technologies which are focused on the creation and materialization of innovations in society, the implementation of such initiatives that cause qualitative changes in various spheres of social life and lead to the rational use of material and other resources in society; regional technologies that involve the study and implementation of the laws of territorial organization of social life and its planned changes; information technologies include tools, techniques, optimization of the information process, its reproduction; intellectual ones which are aimed at stimulating the mental activity of people, the development of their creative abilities ; У статті розглянуто поняття професійної реабілітації учасників бойових дій ЗСУ. Соціально-психологічна реабілітація – процес організованого соціальнопсихологічного впливу, спрямованого на відновлення такого стану психічного здоров'я воїнів, який знову дозволить їм успішно вирішувати бойові та службові завдання чи бути потрібним в мирному житті. Ця діяльність, спрямована на відновлення психічних функцій й особистісного статусу людини, порушеного внаслідок дії психотравмуючих факторів, з використанням методів і процедури психотерапії. Соціально-реабілітаційні заходи проводяться, як правило, в системі реабілітаційних програм, що допускає не тільки спеціалізовану медичну і психологічну допомогу, але і створення необхідних соціальних умов. З'ясовано, що для забезпечення результативності процесу комплексної реабілітації військовослужбовців-учасників бойових дій необхідно розробити й адаптувати реабілітаційні технології, котрі допоможуть здійснити широкий спектр соціально-економічних та медико-соціальних заходів. У статті представлено різноманітні реабілітаційні технології, які можна використовувати у роботі з військовослужбовцями-учасниками бойових дій, а саме: соціальні технології, котрі безпосередньо спрямовані на вирішення загальнолюдських проблем, що пов'язані з оцінкою не тільки внутрішніх, але й світових тенденцій розвитку, зв'язку суспільства з природою. Їх впровадження пов'язано з життям людей, їх життєдіяльністю та соціальною захищеністю; інноваційні соціальні технології, які зосереджені на створенні та матеріалізації нововведень у суспільстві, реалізації таких ініціатив, котрі викликають якісні зміни в різних сферах соціального життя, призводять до раціонального використання матеріальних та інших ресурсів у суспільстві; регіональні, що передбачають вивчення й реалізацію закономірностей територіальної організації соціального життя та його планомірних змін; інформаційні – охоплюють засоби, прийоми, оптимізацію інформаційного процесу, його відтворення; інтелектуальні, котрі спрямовані на стимулювання розумової діяльності людей, розвиток їхніх творчих здібностей.

The aim of this paper is to indicate future research likely to be most useful for government in developing the response to COVID-19 over the medium to long term. These evidence gaps and knowledge exchange opportunities were identified through the Rebuilding a Resilient Britain programme, the academic-policy engagement process hosted by the Government Office for Science (GOS) and facilitated by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC)/GOS Areas of Research Interest Fellows. Working Groups comprising government officials, funders and researchers discussed cross-cutting topics considered critical to the government response; assembled the evidence base, and identified gaps for future research and knowledge exchange. Nine reports were produced by these working groups, which can be found at https://www.upen.ac.uk/go_science. Who is this paper for? Funders in United Kingdom Research and Innovation (UKRI) and beyond may wish to review these identified evidence themes and gaps when planning strategic or routine investments in these areas. Funders may also wish to select proposals which are sufficiently well-specified (see those in Annex 1) for direct commissioning and/or to shape strategic investments. In addition, funders wishing to support interdisciplinary research programmes may find these useful, as all the evidence gaps and research projects described below are the result of facilitated discussions between government officials and multi-disciplinary groups of researchers. Researchers planning proposals: Researchers may wish to use this paper to develop research proposals, as the gaps identified in this paper speak directly to priorities developed through a process of co-design between policymakers, funders and researchers. Government officials: May wish to inform strategic planning around research commissioning, calls, and collaborations, and may find this paper useful when preparing future Areas of Research Interest (ARIs), or to gather ideas for their own research commissioning and activities. Teams supporting cross-departmental research initiatives or commissioning may find the proposed cross-cutting research gaps useful to scope research collaborations across government. In addition, the sections on policy dialogues represent opportunities to bring together government departments to discuss critical topics of relevance to more than one department. This paper offers an overview of the key gaps and themes identified by our Rebuilding a Resilient Britain programme, which assessed the key research priorities for government departments as identified by the Chief Scientific Advisers. In 2019, two Fellows were appointed jointly by ESRC and GOS to promote academic-policy engagement around Areas of Research Interest, which are statements of priority research areas identified by government departments. Between April-November 2020, the Fellows ran the Rebuilding a Resilient Britain programme, which sought to identify evidence relevant to sets of cross-cutting ARIs identified as critical to supporting the government response to COVID-19 in the mid- to long-term. Nine working groups brought together over 250 researchers, policy officials and funders to identify existing evidence, key messages for decision-makers arising from this evidence, and gaps in the current research evidence base. Working groups were given between 4-31 ARIs to consider. In some cases, no evidence was identified due to lack of specific expertise within the group (for a complete list of unanswered ARIs, see Annex 2). It is therefore possible that relevant evidence may be identified with a more targeted and resourced search and synthesis process. In this paper, we address the specific and higher-level evidence gaps and research ideas proposed by working groups.

Purpose: in modern conditions in Russia there are regions with a large proportion of the Muslim population that implement initiatives for the development of Islamic business, however, the functioning Islamic business model practically does not differ from the traditional model of Russian entrepreneurship, only individual elements and principles, types and forms of entrepreneurial activity based on principles of Sharia, Islamic banking is being promoted more actively. In this regard, the purpose of this article is to study the financial mechanism for the development of Islamic business in the Russian Federation in the context of the implementation of key areas of state support for entrepreneurship at the federal and regional levels.Methods: the study is based on the use of general scientific methods of induction and deduction, a review of scientific sources; the quantitative assessment is based on the calculation of statistical indicators, in particular: the relative size of the structure of segments of the Islamic economy with comparative studies in the country context of the volume of the halal food market, chain and basic indicators of the series of dynamics of directions of state support for Islamic business and regional levels.Results: the article analyzes the main directions, tools and institutions for the implementation of state support for Islamic entrepreneurship in foreign practices, indicating the active development of legislative, regulatory and organizational infrastructure, large-scale financing of infrastructure support programs. The article also provides an analytical overview of the development of Islamic business in the Russian Federation. Particular attention in the article is paid to the analysis of federal and regional programs to support Islamic entrepreneurship, which made it possible to identify the features of the implementation of the mechanism of state support.Conclusions and Relevance: it has been determined that in Russia the most developed segments of Islamic entrepreneurship are the halal industry, the development of which is supported by state programs at the sub-federal level, and the relationship of partner banking. The factors that limit the development of Islamic entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation have been identified: inadequacy of federal programs for financing Islamic business; the local nature of support for Islamic entrepreneurs within the framework of regional programs («point» principle). ; Цель. В современных условиях в России наличествуют регионы с большой долей мусульманского населения, где реализуются инициативы развития исламского бизнеса. Однако функционирующая исламская бизнес-модель практически не отличается от традиционной модели российского предпринимательства - формируются лишь отдельные элементы, виды и формы предпринимательской деятельности, основанной на принципах шариата, более активно продвигается исламский банкинг. В связи с этим целью данной статьи является исследование финансового механизма развития исламского бизнеса в Российской Федерации в контексте реализации ключевых направлений государственной поддержки предпринимательства на федеральном и региональном уровнях.Методы или методология проведения работы. Исследование опирается на применение общенаучных методов - индукции и дедукции, обзора научных источников; количественная оценка строится на расчете статистических показателей, в частности, относительной величины структуры сегментов исламской экономики с компаративистикой в страновом разрезе объема рынка «халяль» продуктов питания, цепных и базисных показателей рядов динамики направлений государственной поддержки исламского бизнеса на региональном уровне.Результаты работы. В статье проанализированы основные направления, инструменты и институты реализации государственной поддержки исламского предпринимательства в зарубежных практиках, свидетельствующие об активном развитии законодательной, регуляторной и организационной инфраструктуры, масштабном финансировании программ инфраструктурной поддержки. Представлен аналитический обзор развития исламского бизнеса в Российской Федерации. Особое внимание в статье уделено анализу федеральных и региональных программ поддержки исламского предпринимательства, позволившему выявить особенности реализации механизма государственной поддержки.Выводы. Определено, что в России наиболее развитыми сегментами исламского предпринимательства выступают халяль-индустрия, развитие которой поддерживается государственными программами на субфедеральном уровне, и отношения партнерского банкинга. Выявлены факторы-ограничители развития исламского предпринимательства в Российской Федерации: недостаточность федеральных программ финансирования исламского бизнеса и локальный характер поддержки исламских предпринимателей в рамках региональных программ («точечный» принцип).

This study aims to obtain information on the most expressive intelligent mobility systems implemented in the main cities of the world, analyze the data and discuss their effects in favor of improving the population's quality of life. This is a narrative literature review study, with a qualitative and exploratory approach. The material collection process was carried out from November 2020 to June 2021, using the Scielo, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Wiley and Proquest (ASIA) databases. The articles analyzed allow us to say that smart mobility is an integrated system composed of several projects and actions aimed at sustainability, governments and private institutions started to develop promising initiatives for the urban mobility segment, through ICT tools in order to solve the problems arising from the impacts of urbanization. In fact, the results of the installation of technological instruments to collect data in cities and the interconnectedness of information enable the creation of intelligent service delivery models with the potential to measure the quality of the thematic axis of mobility, as well as providing opportunities for well-being of citizens and the industrial development of the city. ; Este estudio pretende relevar los sistemas de movilidad inteligente más expresivos implementados en las principales ciudades del mundo, analizar los datos y discutir sus efectos a favor de la mejora de la calidad de vida de la población. Se trata de un estudio de revisión de literatura narrativa, con enfoque cualitativo y exploratorio. El proceso de recolección de material se llevó a cabo desde noviembre de 2020 hasta junio de 2021, utilizando las bases de datos Scielo, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Wiley y Proquest (ASIA). Los artículos analizados permiten decir que la movilidad inteligente es un sistema integrado compuesto por varios proyectos y acciones orientadas a la sustentabilidad, gobiernos e instituciones privadas comenzaron a desarrollar iniciativas prometedoras para el segmento de movilidad urbana, a través de herramientas TIC con el fin de resolver los problemas derivados de los impactos de urbanización. De hecho, los resultados de la instalación de instrumentos tecnológicos para la recolección de datos en las ciudades, y la interconexión de la información permiten la creación de modelos inteligentes de prestación de servicios con potencial para medir la calidad del eje temático de movilidad, además de brindar oportunidades para el bienestar de los ciudadanos y el desarrollo industrial de la ciudad. ; O presente estudo pretende levantar os mais expressivos sistemas de mobilidade inteligente implementados nas principais cidades do mundo, analisar os dados e discutir sobre os seus efeitos em prol da melhoria da qualidade de vida da população. Trata-se de um estudo de revisão narrativa de literatura, com abordagem qualitativa e exploratória. O processo de coleta do material foi realizado no período de novembro de 2020 a junho de 2021, com a utilização das bases de dados Scielo, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Wiley e Proquest (ASIA). Os artigos analisados permitem dizer que a mobilidade inteligente é um sistema integrado composto por vários projetos e ações voltadas para a sustentabilidade, governos e instituições privadas passaram a desenvolver iniciativas promissoras para o segmento mobilidade urbana, através de ferramentas de TICs, com a finalidade de solucionar os problemas oriundos dos impactos da urbanização. De fato, os resultados da instalação de instrumentos tecnológicos para coletar dados nas cidades, e a interconectividade das informações possibilitam a criação de modelos inteligentes de prestação de serviços com o potencial de medir a qualidade do eixo temático mobilidade, bem como oportunizar o bem-estar dos cidadãos e o desenvolvimento industrial da cidade.

In this paper we examine how the educational autonomy has been configured in the light of national legislation and also of the European political framework, analysing its evolution towards a regulation that exercises a posteriori control, based on accountability, and that is linked to the neoliberal postulates. In view of this dangerous drift and the evidence that autonomy cannot be decreed, we present the results of a qualitative research that analyzes how a school in Cantabria (Spain) builds an inclusive educational project that responds to the needs of its context, making use of its own space of autonomy. We used data production strategies such as semi-structured interviews, document analysis, discussion groups with students and teachers (including the leadership team and the school counselor) and participant observations. We submitted these data to a process of analysis, using inductive and deductive strategies, and inferred some keys that can illuminate the development paths of autonomy in other schools: the construction of an School Educational Project shared by the community; the exercise of a distributive leadership; internal training initiatives; and the processes of evaluation in a spiral (internal and external). ; En este artículo examinamos cómo se ha configurado la autonomía de las escuelas a la luz de las declamaciones legislativas nacionales y europeas, analizando su evolución hacia una regulación neoliberal que ejerce un control a posteriori, a partir de la rendición de cuentas. Ante esta peligrosa deriva y la evidencia de que la autonomía no se puede decretar, presentamos los resultados de una investigación cualitativa que analiza cómo una escuela de Cantabria (España) construye un proyecto educativo inclusivo que responde a las necesidades de su contexto, haciendo uso de un espacio propio de autonomía. Utilizamos estrategias de producción de datos como las entrevistas semiestructuradas, el análisis de documentos, los grupos de discusión con alumnado y docentes (incluidos el equipo directivo y la orientadora) y las observaciones participantes. Sometemos estos datos a un proceso de análisis, empleando estrategias de tipo inductivo y deductivo, y colegimos algunas claves que pueden iluminar las vías de desarrollo de la autonomía en otros centros: la construcción de un Proyecto Educativo de Centro compartido por la comunidad; el ejercicio de un liderazgo distributivo; la formación docente; y los procesos de evaluación en espiral (interna y externa). ; Neste artigo examinamos como a autonomia dos centros educativos foi configurada à luz dos decretos legislativos nacionais e também do quadro político europeu, analisando a sua evolução para uma regulação que exerce um controlo a posteriori, baseado na responsabilização, e que está ligada aos postulados neoliberais. Perante esta perigosa deriva e a evidência de que a autonomia não pode ser decretada, apresentamos os resultados de uma pesquisa qualitativa que analisa como uma escola da Cantábria (Espanha) constrói um projeto de educação inclusiva que responde às necessidades do seu contexto, fazendo uso do seu próprio espaço de autonomia. Utilizamos estratégias de produção de dados como entrevistas semi-estruturadas, análise de documentos, grupos de discussão com alunos e professores (incluindo a equipe de gestão e o orientador) e observações dos participantes. Submetemos estes dados a um processo de análise, utilizando estratégias indutivas e dedutivas, e inferimos algumas chaves que podem iluminar os caminhos de desenvolvimento da autonomia em outros centros: a construção de um Projeto Educativo de Centro compartilhado pela comunidade; o exercício de uma liderança distributiva; a formação de professores; e os processos de avaliação em espiral (internos e externos).

Упродовж низки проєктів, що їх останніми роками виконував Український центр вивчення історії Голокосту, було виявлено різноманітні історичні джерела, які загалом містять відомості про понад 140 місць загибелі ромів у зонах німецької окупації України. У цій статті подано п'ять карт, які є результатом пошукової роботи й заповнюють наявні на сьогодні у картографії та історіографії пробіли, дають змогу дати відповіді на такі запитання, що є нагальними при описі долі ромського населення України: 1) кількість і розташування місць страт ромів (що важливо для усвідомлення масштабу, регіональних особливостей і статистичних аспектів геноциду ромів на теренах України); 2) розподіл між кочовими та осілими ромськими жертвами за наявними джерелами (що важливо з огляду на концептуальні дискусії в історіографії щодо засад нацистської «циганської» політики, адже переважання жертв, які були осілими, переконливо демонструє, що у мотивації виконавців злочинів расово-ідеологічні чинники превалювали над уявленнями про «асоціальність» окремих ромів); 3) розподіл між німецькими виконавцями та місцевими співучасниками у злочинах щодо ромів (що важливо у контексті питання про ставлення місцевого населення до переслідуваних ромів та ступінь ініціативи місцевих органів врядування і допоміжної поліції у геноцидних акціях); 4) установа, яка задокументувала злочин (що важливо з погляду політики держави щодо документування злочинів проти ромів – зокрема, їхньої повноти та репрезентативності, – та особливостей формування суспільних уявлень про це); 5) наявність меморіальних об'єктів на місцях загибелі ромських жертв або зазначення наявності ромів серед жертв (що важливо у контексті формування соціальної пам'яті про геноцид ромів та наявності/відсутності механізмів «культурної пам'яті», що покликані увічнити пам'ять жертв). До кожної карти наведено опис методики її складання та аналіз наукової ваги поданих на ній відомостей. Узяті разом або окремо, карти мають потенціал для використання у науковій, освітній та музейній діяльності. ; Over recent years, during a number of projects carried out by the Ukrainian Center for Holocaust Studies, evidence have been identified about more than 140 sites of muss murder of Roma in the German-occupied areas of Ukraine. In result, five maps were compiled which are presented in the article. The maps fill up the gaps in the cartography and historiography on the subject of Roma genocide, and allow us to illustrate and answer the following questions that are urgent in describing the bitter fate of the Roma population of Ukraine: (1) Location of Roma killing sites (which is important to apprehend the scope, regional features and statistical aspects of the Roma genocide in Ukrainian territory); (2) The distribution between nomadic and settled Roma victims, according to available sources (which is important given the conceptual discussions in historiography on the principles of the Nazi "Gypsy" policies; the predominance of the settled victims convincingly demonstrates that in perpetrators' mindset the racial and ideological motivations prevailed over notions of "asociality" of individual Roma); (3) Distribution between German perpetrators and local accomplices in crimes against Roma (which is important in the context of the attitude of the local population towards the persecuted Roma, and the degree of initiative of local governments and auxiliary police in genocidal actions); (4) The institution that documented the crimes (which is important from the perspective of the agency and state policies on documenting crimes against Roma people – particularly, documentation completeness and representativeness – and thus shaping of public opinion about it); (5) Availability of memorials at the killing sites of Roma victims, or indication of Roma among the victims (which is important in the context of the formation of social memory of Roma genocide and the presence / absence of "cultural memory" tools to commemorate victims). Each map is accompanied by commentary of what method was used to compile it, as well as analysis of the scholarly meaning of the information presented. Be the maps used together or separately, they carry the potential for use in research, educational, or museum activities.

Il presente lavoro di tesi ha lo scopo di affrontare il tema della xenofobia, ponendo particolare attenzione al progetto DiMMi (acronimo di Diari Multimediali Migranti). La dissertazione è articolata in cinque capitoli. Nel primo capitolo si affronterà la xenofobia dal punto di vista storico e culturale: dopo aver visto le sue origini e il suo sviluppo, verrà preso in esame il contributo offerto dall'analisi sociale e psicologica, per poi affrontare la tematica in ottica culturale e, per concludere, aprire un dibattito su quelle che possono esserne le cause in chiave psico-sociologica. Il secondo capitolo tratterà il tema del contrasto alla xenofobia, tra psicologia sociale e politiche di integrazione: dopo aver cercato di comprendere la percezione della xenofobia in Italia attraverso l'analisi dei dati statistici, si passerà ad affrontare il contrasto culturale alla xenofobia nel dibattito italiano. Verranno poi presi in esame sia i gruppi, le associazioni e i programmi atti a combattere tale problematica, sia le iniziative in merito prese in ambito nazionale e internazionale. Il terzo capitolo si concentrerà sul Progetto DiMMi, vedendo nel dettaglio la sua struttura, l'organizzazione, le finalità e le motivazioni perseguite, ponendo particolare rilievo sulla sua forte innovatività ed efficacia e comprendendo la provenienza dei racconti e la loro articolazione. Nel quarto capitolo si esaminerà il progetto trattato dal punto di vista teorico, concentrandoci in particolare sulla Teoria del Cambiamento, soffermandoci sulle diverse microteorie insite in essa e, soprattutto, focalizzando l'attenzione sulla metodologia Outcome Harvesting. Il quinto e ultimo capitolo si concentrerà, infine, su quelli che sono gli obiettivi del progetto DiMMi suddivisi in tre categorie: la raccolta di storie; la narrazione della realtà della migrazione in Italia; la formazione. Il lavoro si concluderà riportando i risultati ottenuti dal progetto attraverso il suo monitoraggio. The present thesis work aims to address the issue of xenophobia, paying particular attention to the DiMMi project (Diari Multimediali Migranti). The dissertation is divided into five chapters. The first chapter will address xenophobia from a historical and cultural point of view: after having seen its origins and its development, the contribution offered by social and psychological analysis will be examined, to then address the issue from a cultural perspective and, to conclude, to open a debate on what the causes may be from a psycho-sociological point of view. The second chapter will deal with the issue of contrasting xenophobia, in particular between social psychology and integration policies: after trying to understand the perception of xenophobia in Italy through the analysis of statistical data, we will move on to address the cultural contrast to xenophobia in the Italian debate. The groups, associations and programs aimed at combating this problem will then be examined, as well as the initiatives taken in this regard at national and international level. The third chapter will focus on the DiMMi project, seeing in detail its structure, organization, aims and motivations pursued, placing particular emphasis on its strong innovativeness, effectiveness and understanding the origin of the stories and their articulation. In the fourth chapter, we will examine the project dealt with from a theoretical point of view of the Theory of Change, more specifically, on the different micro-theories inherent in it and, above all, focusing on the Outcome Harvesting methodology. Finally, the fifth and final chapter will focus on the objectives of the DiMMi project divided into three categories: the collection of stories; the narration of the reality of migration in Italy; training. The work will conclude by reporting the results obtained by the project through its monitoring.

Devletlerin desteklediği terörizmle (dış terörizmle) mücadelenin hükûmetler tarafından bir iç güvenlik meselesi olarak kurumsallaştırılması millî sınırlar içerisinde önemli sosyal maliyetlere sebep olabilir. Sosyal maliyetler yıpratıcı sonuçlar ortaya çıkardığında devletler terörizmi daha fazla destekleyebilirler. Uluslararası sistemin anarşik niteliği ise bu desteği kolaylaştırabilir. Sebep-sonuç ilişkisinin biçimlendirdiği bu döngüdeki "sosyal maliyet" gerçeğinin iç güvenlik yönetimlerinde dikkat çekmesi terörizmle etkili mücadelenin gereğidir. Zira terörizmle mücadeleye aslında katkı sunmayan, mevcut sorunları çeşitlendiren ya da derinleştiren yaklaşımlar bu sayede sorgulanabilecektir. Terörizmle manipülasyon etkisindeki yapay yöntemlerle mücadele edilirken bazı devletlerin sosyal maliyetler oluşmasını destekleyen girişimler içinde olabileceklerine dair farkındalık da bu sayede daha fazla gelişebilecektir. Bu olası kazanımlar nedeniyle "sosyal maliyet" terörizmle mücadelenin önemli bir meselesi olarak kabul görmelidir. Bu minvalde, devlet destekli dış terörizme karşı işe koşulan iç güvenlik yönetimlerinin bu terörizm türüyle mücadelenin yaratabileceği sosyal maliyetleri dikkate alan yaklaşımlar çerçevesinde yapılandırılması konusunda hükûmetleri teşvik edebilecek sonuçlar üretmek bu çalışmanın amacıdır. Alan yazın araştırmasına dayanacak olan çalışmada terörizmle mücadelenin sosyal maliyetleri "terörizm korkusu", "hak ve özgürlük ihlâlleri", "iç düşman üretimi", "meşruiyet kaybı" ve "demokratik gerileme" olmak üzere beş kavram üzerinden incelenecektir. Kuramsal temelde yapılacak incelemeler sonucunda ise hükûmetlere öneriler sunulacaktır. Çalışmanın kültürel çeşitliliğe sahip olan ulus-devletlerin özellikle dış terörizmle mücadelesi için değer içerebileceği düşünülmektedir. Çalışmanın ayrıca hem devletler tarafından kullanılan meşru şiddetin toplumun aleyhinde haksız sonuçlar üretmemesi için kontrol altında tutulabilmesine hem de sona erebileceği öngörülemeyen terörizmin gelecekte alabileceği yeni biçimleriyle mücadele edilmesine ışık tutabileceği değerlendirilmektedir. ; Institutionalizing the fight against state-sponsored terrorism (foreign terrorism) by governments as a matter of internal security can result in significant social costs within national borders. States may be more likely to support terrorism when the social costs have dire consequences. Furthermore, the anarchic nature of the international system can facilitate this support. The fact that the "social cost" in this cycle shaped by the cause-effect relationship draws attention in the internal security administrations is a requirement of the effective counterterrorism. The approaches that do not actually contribute to the counterterrorism and that diversify or deepen existing problems can be questioned in this way. While counterterrorism continues with artificial methods under the influence of manipulation, awareness that some states may be involved in initiatives that support the creation of social costs can also be able to develop more in this way. Because of these possible gains, the "social cost" should be recognized as an important issue in the counterterrorism. In this respect, the aim of this study is to produce results that can encourage governments to structure the internal security administrations employed against state-sponsored foreign terrorism within the framework of approaches that take into account the social costs of combating this type of terrorism. In the study, which will be based on the literature research, the social costs of the counterterrorism will be examined through five concepts: "fear of terrorism", "violations of rights and freedoms", "production of internal enemies", "loss of legitimacy" and "democratic backsliding". It will be present suggestions to the governments on the result of the examinations on the theoretical basis. It is thought that the study may contain value for the nation-states with cultural diversity, especially for the countering foreign terrorism. It is also considered that the study can shed light on both keeping the legitimate violence used by states under control so that it does not produce unjust results against the society, and countering new forms of terrorism, which cannot be predicted to come to an end.

Funding Information: E.M.A. gratefully acknowledges funding by the U.K. Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC); this research was funded by the BBSRC Institute Strategic Programme Gut Microbes and Health BB/R012490/1 and its constituent projects BBS/E/F/000PR10353 and BBS/E/F/000PR10356. A.J.D. is supported by the U.K. Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12014/3). B.E.D. is supported by Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Vidi grant 864.14.004. B.H. is supported by the National Research, Development and Innovation Office—NKFIH (NN128309). N.J.K. is partially supported by core funding provided by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, UK. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer. This work was supported in part through Laulima Government Solutions, LLC prime contract with the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. J.H.K. performed this work as an employee of Tunnell Government Services (TGS), a subcontractor of Laulima Government Solutions, LLC under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. A.R.M. is a Program Director at the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF); the statements and opinions expressed herein are made in a personal capacity and do not constitute endorsement by NSF or the government of the United States. H.M.O was supported by the University of Helsinki and Academy of Finland by funding for FINStruct and Instruct Centre FI, part of Biocenter Finland and Instruct-ERIC. D.L.R. is supported by the U.K. Medical Research Council (MC_UU_1201412). R.J.O. and D.B.S. are supported by the Wellcome Trust (WT108418AIA). S.S. acknowledges partial support from the Special Research Initiative (MAFES), Mississippi State University, and from the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, US Department of Agriculture, Hatch Project 1021494. Except for Donald M. Dempsey, R. Curtis Hendrickson, Richard J. Orton and Donald B. Smith, the authors were members of the ICTV Executive Committee during the relevant period. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the US Department of Health and Human Services, or of the institutions and companies affiliated with the authors. Publisher Copyright: © 2021, This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply. ; This article reports the changes to virus taxonomy approved and ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) in March 2021. The entire ICTV was invited to vote on 290 taxonomic proposals approved by the ICTV Executive Committee at its meeting in October 2020, as well as on the proposed revision of the International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature (ICVCN). All proposals and the revision were ratified by an absolute majority of the ICTV members. Of note, ICTV mandated a uniform rule for virus species naming, which will follow the binomial 'genus-species' format with or without Latinized species epithets. The Study Groups are requested to convert all previously established species names to the new format. ICTV has also abolished the notion of a type species, i.e., a species chosen to serve as a name-bearing type of a virus genus. The remit of ICTV has been clarified through an official definition of 'virus' and several other types of mobile genetic elements. The ICVCN and ICTV Statutes have been amended to reflect these changes. ; publishersversion ; inpress

The study analyses the development of social entrepreneurship in theEU. The state system of its recognition at the legislative level is noted.International standards that allow developing social entrepreneurship andforming a system of its non-financial reporting are analysed. The necessity to take into account the results of these economic entities as a basic basis for the development of socio-cultural sphere and local environmental measures, which guarantees the observance of constitutional social values of citizens, social groups and society in general. The group systems of indicators are described, which allow to estimate both material and monetary contribution to the development of the social and environmental sphere of sustainable development of society. This set of indicators is necessary to assess the effectiveness of social entrepreneurship at the level of the territorial community and the city, and further calculation should be carried out in determining the integrated indicator – the Index of Social Entrepreneurship.The results of the study can be used to study trends and furtherdevelopment of social entrepreneurship and used in further development of methods for calculating the system of indicators of quality and quantity of implemented social entrepreneurship services, as well as their contribution to sustainable development of EU territories and countries. ; В исследовании проанализированы развертывание социальногопредпринимательства в странах ЕС. Отмечена государственная система его признание на законодательном уровне. Проанализированы международные стандарты, которые позволяют развивать социальное предпринимательство и формировать систему его нефинансовой отчетности. Доказана необходимость учета результатов деятельности этих субъектов хозяйствования как базовой основы развития социокультурной сферы и локальных природоохранных мероприятий, гарантирует соблюдение конституционных социальных ценностей гражданам, социальным группам и обществу в целом. Охарактеризованы групповые системы показателей, позволяющих оценить как материальный, так и денежный вклад в развитие социальной и природоохранной сферы устойчивого развития общества. Этот набор показателей является необходимо допустимым для оценки эффективности деятельности социального предпринимательства на уровне территориальной общины и города, а дальнейший расчет должен проводиться в определении интегрального показателя – индекса социального предпринимательства. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы для изучениятенденций и дальнейшего развития социального предпринимательства и применены в дальнейших разработках методик расчета системы показателей качества и количества реализованных услуг социального предпринимательства, а также их вклад в формирование устойчивого развития территорий и стран ЕС. ; В дослідженні проаналізовано розгортання соціального підприємництва в країнах ЄС. Відзначена державна система його визнання на законодавчому рівні. Доведено, що соціальне підприємництво в країнах ЄС суттєво відрізняється, тому виділено такі системи організації соціального підприємництва, як модель Північної Європи, модель Центральної Європи, модель Східної Європи та модель Великобританії, кожна з яких має свої специфічні ознаки.Проаналізовано міжнародні стандарти, які дозволяють розвивати соціальне підприємництво та формувати систему його нефінансової звітності. Вказано, що стандарти орієнтовані на виконання вимог щодо екологізації сучасного виробництва та виконання вимог у захисті прав працівників і стосуються їх менеджменту. Виокремлено міжнародні стандарти, які стосуються регулювання діяльності суб'єктів соціального підприємництва: ISO 14000, OHSAS 18000, Account Ability 1000, SA 8000, Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). Доведено необхідність обліку результатів діяльності цих суб'єктів господарювання як базової основи розбудови соціокультурної сфери та локальних природоохоронних заходів, що гарантує дотримання конституційних соціальних цінностей громадянами, соціальними групами та суспільством загалом. Охарактеризовані групові системи показників, які дозволяють оцінити як матеріальний, так і грошовий внесок у розбудову соціальної та природоохоронної сфери сталого розвитку суспільства. Цей набір показників є необхідно допустимим для оцінки ефективності діяльності соціального підприємництва на рівні територіальної громади та міста, а подальший розрахунок повинен проводитись у визначенні інтегрального показника – Індексу соціального підприємництва. Результати дослідження можуть бути використані для вивчення тенденцій та подальшого розвитку соціального підприємництва та застосовані у подальших розробках методик обрахунку системи показників якості та кількості реалізованих послуг соціального підприємництва, а також їх внесок у формування сталого розвитку територій і країн ЄС.

In the scientific article, the authors reveal the history of the largest pilgrimage center of Pokuttya – Pogonsky monastery of the order of St. Basil the Great. Currently, there are no scientific studies that would highlight the history of the temple. The subject of the article is the conditions, chronology, normative base and implementation by the Soviet authorities of the closure of the Pogonsky Monastery in the process of liquidation of the UGCC, 1946. The purpose of the article is to show the measures taken by Soviet governmental structures aimed at the incorporation of this church organization into the ranks of the Russian Orthodox Church. The basis of the source base are, first of all, materials from the funds of the State Archives of Ivano-Frankivsk region. Pohon Monastery was finally closed on March 12, 1947. There are two directions of behavior of the monks of Pohon after the closure of the monastery. The first group of fathers can be associated with the views of the priest Ilya Shtogrin. He joined the Initiative Group, converted to Orthodoxy, and began serving the Pogonsky Church after March 1947 until its closure in the 1950s. The other part of the fathers can be associated with the monk of Pohon – Stepan "Sofron" Dmitry. This group, while remaining loyal to the UGCC, eventually went underground, educating a new generation of Greek Catholic clergy. It is the "position of Sofron Dmyterko" that had a majority among the monks of Pohon, and his disciple and pupil - Fr. Nikodim Huralyuk restored the pilgrimage center in Pohon during the times of national statehood. After the closure of the Pogonia Monastery, a military garrison first operated in its place, and then there was established the Pogonia Psychoneurological Boarding School, which still functionates near the monastery. This study is only a small fragment of the long history of the monastery, which has yet to be covered in the future. Keywords: Pohon Monastery, UGCC, Lviv Pseudo-Cathedral, Pokuttya, anti-church policy, nationalization, Soviet regime, repressions. ; У науковій статті автори розкривають історію найбільшого паломницького центру Покуття – Погонського чоловічого монастиря чину Святого Василія Великого. Нині відсутні наукові дослідження, які б висвітлювали історію храму. Предметом статті є умови, хронологія, нормативна база та реалізація радянською владою закриття Погонського монастиря у процесі ліквідації УГКЦ, 1946 р. Мета статті – розкрити заходи радянських урядових структур, спрямованих на інкорпорацію даної цер­ковної організації у лави Російської православної Церкви. Основою джерельної бази виступають, передусім, матеріали з фондів Державного архіву Івано-Франківської області. Погонський монастир було зачинено остаточно 12 березня 1947 р. Простежуються два напрями поведінки монахів Погоні після закриття монастиря. Першу групу отців можна асоціювати з позицією священика Іллі Штоґрина. Він пристав до Ініціативної групи, прийняв православ'я та почав об­слу­говувати Погонську церкву після березня 1947 р. аж до її закриття у 1950-х рр. Іншу частину отців можемо умовно асоціювати з погонським ченцем – Степаном "Софроном" Дмитерком. Ця група, збе­рі­гаючи вірність УГКЦ, із часом переходить в підпілля, виховує нове покоління греко-католицького духо­венства. Саме "позиція Софрона Дмитерка" матиме більшість серед монахів Погоні, а його учень та ви­хованець – о. Никодим Гуралюк у часи національної державності відновив паломницький осередок у Погоні. Після закриття Погонського монастиря, на його місці спершу діяв військовий гарнізон, а потім постав Погонянський психоневрологічний інтернат, який функціонує неподалік монастиря понині. Дане дослідження є лише малим фрагментом тривалої історії монастиря, яку ще слід висвітлити у прийдешньому. Ключові слова: Погонський монастир, УГКЦ, Львівський псевдособор, Покуття, антицерковна політика, націоналізація, радянський режим, репресії.

The first chapter is a randomized controlled trial study that uses loss framing and information nudges to increase secondary school attendance in Bangladesh. Conditional cash transfers (CCTs) have become one of the most common policy interventions to increase school attendance, but the cost-effectiveness of such interventions has not attracted the attention it deserves. Hence, in addition to a standard CCT implementation, our rich unique dataset on daily attendance allows us to experimentally study two potential ways to improve the cost-effectiveness of school attendance interventions: (i) SMS information nudges and (ii) loss framing in CCTs. The former provides school attendance information to parents and the latter exploits the endowment effect. Consistent with the existing literature, CCT intervention significantly increases school attendance. Though the difference between gain and loss framing is not statistically significant, the point estimate of the Loss treatment is consistently higher than that of the Gain treatment. The SMS treatment has a modest impact on school attendance but the overall cost of treatment is low. We also find diminishing marginal impact of cash transfer amount on attendance, indicating that the intensive margin matters. Thus, both loss framing and SMS nudges can be considered as alternative cost-effective approaches to promote attendance in schools in developing and less developed economies. In the second chapter, I study the causal impact of alcohol consumption on incidence of intimate partner violence in the Indian context. A study by the World Health Organization shows that about 35% of women in the world have been victims of physical or sexual intimate partner violence in their lifetime. Using an overidentified model where I exploit the spatial variation in alcohol ban and minimum legal drinking age across states in India to instrument for the husband's alcohol consumption, I find that alcohol consumption by the husband increases incidence of less severe physical violence by 55 percentage points and severe physical violence for women by 23.6 percentage points, and also has negative consequences on women empowerment in general. I further show that the results are not driven by worse gender attitudes in states where alcohol is allowed. A heterogeneity analysis reveals that there is a vicious cycle of intimate partner violence whereby individuals who are the most vulnerable in terms of having previous exposure to domestic abuse or residing in poorly constructed houses are often the victims. The third chapter explores the causal impact of the mid day meal program on parental investment in education for primary school going children in India. Using the first round of the Indian Human Development Survey (IHDS) and exploiting the staggered implementation of the mid day meal program across different states in India, we find that the amount spent on school fees reduces significantly by 16 percent for children who are eligible to receive the mid day meal. The significant decrease in school fees can, in part, be attributed to transfer of children from private to government schools. We further find that such transfers do not lead to any improvement in learning or health outcomes. However, there is no evidence of gender discrimination in school expenditures that might adversely affect the girl child. The fourth chapter outlines Singapore's major sustainability challenges and its policy response in the areas of land use, transportation, waste management, water, and energy. We review the current and past Concept Plans from the perspective of sustainable land use and provide an overview of transportation policy in Singapore. We also examine Singapore's policies to manage increasing wastes and review the four tap water management plan. Finally, we look at various initiatives by the government for sustainable use of energy. We discuss the opportunities that new technologies will bring about and the role that Singapore can play in building a sustainable city.

Este artigo representa a fase inicial de um projeto mais vasto conduzido pelo grupo de investigação "Media, política de comunicação e democracia na União Europeia" que está atualmente a desenvolver o estudo "Políticas de comunicação, plataformas SVOD e educação de valores para menores no mercado único digital (2020-2022)". Neste estudo, pretendemos explorar a ideia de que, além das considerações tecnológicas, é necessário alargar o âmbito da proteção infantil, estabelecendo colaboração mútua entre entidades reguladoras, distribuidores e serviços de vídeo on demand, bem como organizações de consumidores e de pais, num esforço para melhorar ainda mais a cooperação e o entendimento mútuo (Grupo Europeu de Reguladores dos Serviços de Comunicação Audiovisuais, 2017b, p. 75). Tendo por base este objetivo, consideramos que a esfera académica também pode ser convidada para este abrangente debate sobre proteção infantil, a fim de contribuir para um aspeto fundamental: a educação audiovisual e mediática como um pilar essencial de proteção, além de filtros, limites externos e rotulagem eletrónica. Assim, defendemos uma visão que considera não apenas os aspetos digitais (digital stuff), mas também destaca a necessidade de aspetos éticos (ethos stuff) (Goggin, 2008, p.89). A esse respeito, é essencial uma revisão da literatura sobre o conceito de literacia mediática. A metodologia qualitativa envolve uma análise das indicações da União Europeia e a sua implementação em Espanha. Nesta fase, realizámos pesquisas de dados secundários com base numa análise narrativa dos documentos e programas de diferentes instituições, a fim de mapear a evolução da questão nos últimos anos, num momento em que o ambiente digital mudou muito rapidamente. Este tipo de análise também é conduzido nas iniciativas de empresas europeias e espanholas, no sentido de determinar se estão a implementar estratégias de proteção à criança. ; This paper represents the initial phase of a larger project being developed by the "Media, communication policy and democracy in the European Union" research group, which is currently working on the study "Communication policies, SVOD platforms and values education for minors in the single digital market (2020-2022)". We wish to pursue in this study that, beyond technological considerations, it is necessary to expand the scope of child protection by establishing mutual collaboration between regulators, distributors and video on demand services, as well as consumers and parents' organisations, in an effort to further enhance cooperation and mutual understanding (European Regulators Group for Audiovisual Media Services, 2017b, p. 75). It is for this reason that we believe that the academic sphere can also be invited into this wide-ranging discussion on child protection to contribute reflections on a key aspect: audiovisual and media education, an essential pillar of protection in addition to filters, external limits, and electronic labelling. We thus uphold a vision that not only considers the "digital stuff" but also highlights the need for "ethos stuff" (Goggin, 2008, p.89). In this respect, we have considered it essential a literature review on the concept of media literacy. Secondly, our qualitative methodology involves an analysis of the instructions issued by the European Union and their implementation in Spain. In this stage, we have conducted desk research based on a narrative analysis of the documents and programs of different institutions in order to chart the evolution of the question in recent years, at a time when the digital environment has changed more quickly than ever before. This same type of analysis is also conducted on the initiatives of European and Spanish companies to determine whether they are implementing child protection strategies.