Suchergebnisse

In 2000, the European Council set its sights on becoming the world's top knowledge-based economy. To that end, they aimed to achieve a goal of spending 3% of GDP on research and development by 2010. Their Lisbon Strategy recommended a number of efforts on the European Union and national levels, including encouragement of public-private collaboration. Examination at the regional level indicates the need for R&D and innovation policy to help stimulate growth. Current theory turns attention to the effect of system failure in the regions. The Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research developed a typology for the regions of the European Union. Using performance results, this paper identifies US states that correlate to the typology. Comparative analysis of these states based on key industries and actors, major programs and instruments, successes, failures, impact of federal programs, and best practices then informs discussion of the implications on policymaking. If regional variances represent the most important factor influencing the development of an appropriate policy mix, local specializations, along with regionalized institutional factors, must be considered when codifying the main objectives for policymakers, such as stimulating the efficiency of the system, encouraging dynamic connection among the actors, and reducing the risk of lock-in. This, in turn, affects selection of the instruments that may or may not benefit the region and the indicators with which the impact of public action may be measured. Considering this, particularly challenging for the EU is the need to balance decentralization of action in the regions and coordination at the Union level.

In this paper, we address the impact of multilateral trade liberalisation (MTL) on the preferential tariffs granted by the EU, which is one of the largest traders and one of the biggest contributors to MTL. We empirically address two important questions. First, if the MFN tariff for a product is higher, does it lead to a higher or lower preferential tariff? Second, the EU being a large trading partner in such agreements, does reciprocity matter for giving meaningful preferential access? For a given MFN tariff, we model the preferential tariff with a simple linear functional form. We draw three important conclusions. First, the products that are highly protected do not get high preferential access even at the regional level. Second, reciprocity plays only a limited role in granting better preferential access. Third, GSP preferences matters when the EU negotiates with the developed partners but it does not matter when it negotiates with the developing partners.

Zu Beginn der inhaltlichen Auseinandersetzung mit der Wissenschaftsfinanzierung in Österreich wird ein Überblick über die Rechtsmaterien gegeben, die die Grundlage des österreichischen Wissenschaftssystems bilden. Anschließend wird auf die Struktur des Wissenschaftssystems eingegangen, gegliedert in das Hochschulsystem und das Forschungsförderungssystem. Hierbei wird stets auch die Steuerung neben der Finanzierung mitbeleuchtet. In einem abschließenden Teil werden Überlegungen angestellt, wie die Verflechtungen zwischen Bund und Ländern im Bereich der Wissenschafts- und Forschungspolitik kategorisiert und beschrieben werden können sowie Vorschläge für eine zukunftsträchtigere Zusammenarbeit zwischen Bund und Ländern gemacht. (DIPF/Orig.)