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This paper analyzes the impact of technological evolution to the transformation of Chinese military doctrine. According to a widely accepted opinion, the modernization process of military system is best implemented by using the principle of "learning by doing" or "learning by fighting". However, China's case is different and unique because China learns from other countries' wars and is executing military modernization during peace time. The lack of direct military experience forms a thinking according to which China is most likely executing a full copying process of foreign militaries' management, integration of military theory and adaptation of technologies. Nevertheless, the research based on the analysis model of qualitative case studies has justified the main statement which tells that the lessons from other, foreign wars create a distinctive and unique model of Chinese military doctrinal changes. After implementing a chronological analysis of Chinese military doctrines' development and a practical analysis of two military conflicts (the first Persian Gulf War 1990, Kosovo War 1999), it can be stated that the process of technological evolution is really visible in the tranformation of China's military doctrine. While the technological evolution really changed some important aspects of Chinese military thinking, however China did not execute a full copying process of foreign militaries. PLA (People's Liberation Army) tried to overtake, understand and integrate the most suitable practices and technologies which would operate in the cooperation system of modern warfare and traditional Chinese military mind. What is more, the analysis carried out in this paper has uncovered different areas of technological influence. Some of these areas are transformation of operational doctrine; technocratic culture broadening inside the PLA structure; innovation process of specific military weaponry; technological influence on the changes of geopolitical situation. The analytical research of all these processes proved that China gradually created a distinctive and unique model of doctrinal changes.

This paper analyzes the impact of technological evolution to the transformation of Chinese military doctrine. According to a widely accepted opinion, the modernization process of military system is best implemented by using the principle of "learning by doing" or "learning by fighting". However, China's case is different and unique because China learns from other countries' wars and is executing military modernization during peace time. The lack of direct military experience forms a thinking according to which China is most likely executing a full copying process of foreign militaries' management, integration of military theory and adaptation of technologies. Nevertheless, the research based on the analysis model of qualitative case studies has justified the main statement which tells that the lessons from other, foreign wars create a distinctive and unique model of Chinese military doctrinal changes. After implementing a chronological analysis of Chinese military doctrines' development and a practical analysis of two military conflicts (the first Persian Gulf War 1990, Kosovo War 1999), it can be stated that the process of technological evolution is really visible in the tranformation of China's military doctrine. While the technological evolution really changed some important aspects of Chinese military thinking, however China did not execute a full copying process of foreign militaries. PLA (People's Liberation Army) tried to overtake, understand and integrate the most suitable practices and technologies which would operate in the cooperation system of modern warfare and traditional Chinese military mind. What is more, the analysis carried out in this paper has uncovered different areas of technological influence. Some of these areas are transformation of operational doctrine; technocratic culture broadening inside the PLA structure; innovation process of specific military weaponry; technological influence on the changes of geopolitical situation. The analytical research of all these processes proved that China gradually created a distinctive and unique model of doctrinal changes.

It is generally accepted that the lack of free public spaces in Greek cities, is one of the most severe urban planning problems, not only in the central urban areas but also in the peripheral neighbourhoods. Furthermore, it is a fact that through the land use legal framework there have been efforts towards the implementation of a number of planning tools, regulations, thresholds, methods etc in order to obtain and secure an appropriate level of acceptable urban public space mainly for parks, playgrounds and squares, which would ensure at least a minimal level of essential (sustainable) free urban public space. The reality has shown that this effort has not been successful until today. The provision, the quality and the spatial distribution of public space in Greek cities, cannot correspond to the continuously increasing needs and wishes of citizens. This is probably the most serious weakness of the Greek urban planning system, because it cannot achieve the objectives of urban sustainability. In this manner and specifically for some cities, military camps that exist and occupy vital space in the urban tissue, present a new challenge for "liberating" this space and providing new quality to the urban environment. The present paper presents a case study in which, proposals are formulated for the transformation of "brown" space occupied by military camps, to urban free space, useful for the adjacent neighbourhoods, as well as for the city of Alexandroupolis in general. The importance of the proposal also lies in the fact that this transformation will take in account the present rigid and complex legal and institutional framework, having, thus, the elements of a pilot intervention. The basic approach is based on the principle that military camps are public land, and can be used in the formulation of a regeneration policy. Critical elements of the approach are the assessment of benefit that the transformation of this space will bring to the city, the allocation of the benefits to the neighbourhoods, the effectiveness of spatial integration of the new space in the existing urban structure, and the absolute protection of public space in the whole city.

This study examines the social construction of masculinity within the Israeli society, focusing on the associations between masculine identity, prior military service, and current involvement in long-distance running. A 2-year ethnographic research design was utilized, involving two running groups, which incorporated participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and running websites. The findings shed light on the significance of military service experience and the utilization of military discourse as strategies employed by runners to navigate the challenges of long-distance running and to reinforce their masculine identity. Through an analysis of the runners' military discourse and behavior, it becomes evident that the integration of women into traditionally masculine domains of intense physical activity poses a threat to masculine dominance, eliciting various responses from men, such as intensified sports training and the use of sexist and aggressive language. These coping mechanisms contribute to the perpetuation of male dominance within the long-distance running sphere while simultaneously providing male runners with a pseudo-corrective experience associated with their personal history of non-combat military involvement.

The COVID-19 pandemic has subjected international relations to a severe stress test - at the level of both individual states and multilateral associations. Among the obvious challenges are the economic crisis, the crisis of global governance, the growth of protectionist and isolationist sentiments, the growing military confrontation along the US-China axis. The article focuses on two important areas of integration of the Greater Eurasia project - in the field of defense and security and in the economic sphere in the context of the pandemic. The first part of the article examines the challenges associated with the defense and security sector of Greater Eurasia, using the example of military cooperation between China and Russia. It is concluded that by 2016, an «average» level of military interaction had been achieved in Russian-Chinese relations, which opens up opportunities for further integration. However, given that relations between the two great powers are built on the basis of respect for national interests and sovereign equality, further military integration of Russia and China is being questioned. It is noted that in the face of growing contradictions between the PRC and the United States, the pandemic contributed to a more self-confident and assertive behavior of Beijing in the foreign arena. The second part of the article examines the economic and geographical dimension of the integration of Greater Eurasia on the example of relations between the Russian Federation and the PRC in the trade and economic sphere. It is indicated that the absence of an agreement on an additional reduction in oil production between Saudi Arabia, Russia and other OPEC+ countries and the corresponding collapse of oil prices have a significant impact on the development of economic integration in Greater Eurasia. Scenarios for the further economic development of this regional international community after the pandemic are proposed.

В статье рассматривается модель сетевого взаимодействия крупного машиностроительного предприятия и военного образовательного учреждения высшего образования на основе доминирующих принципов: открытости, интегративности, вариативности и непрерывности ; The article deals with the model of network interaction between a large machine-building enterprise and a military educational institution of higher education on the basis of the dominant principles: openness, integration, variability and continuity

Сучасні міжнародні відносини є поєднанням відносно автономних видів, у першу чергу політичних (дипломатичних і військових), економічних, культурних та медіа­відносин. Інтеграційні процеси є багатогранним і складним явищем, тому що вони досить складно піддаються аналізу і не мають єдиної та остаточної типології. Питання дослідження інтеграції напряму пов'язані з інтеграційними процесами в реальному світі, спрямовані на виявлення загальних тенденцій, причини, умов та основних рис цього явища. Інтеграція визначає закономірності розвитку сучасного світу, бо під її впливом відбуваються зміни глобальної структури, глобального управління і нова інтеграційна структура має забезпечити активний розвиток людства в цілому. Це основний критерій та принцип сучасного світу і відповідно до цього. Процесу інтеграції протиставляється процес дезінтеграції. Ці процеси тісно пов'язані між собою. Навіть активний інтеграційний розвиток може зупинитись у разі домінуючих дезінтеграційних тенденцій. Роль дезінтеграції полягає не лише в запереченні інтеграції, але вона також створює імпульс для нової конфігурації на регіональному просторі. Процеси інтеграції та дезінтеграції набувають все більшої актуальності у сучасній світовій політичній системі. ; Сучасні міжнародні відносини є поєднанням відносно автономних видів, у першу чергу політичних (дипломатичних і військових), економічних, культурних та медіа­відносин. Інтеграційні процеси є багатогранним і складним явищем, тому що вони досить складно піддаються аналізу і не мають єдиної та остаточної типології. Питання дослідження інтеграції напряму пов'язані з інтеграційними процесами в реальному світі, спрямовані на виявлення загальних тенденцій, причини, умов та основних рис цього явища. Інтеграція визначає закономірності розвитку сучасного світу, бо під її впливом відбуваються зміни глобальної структури, глобального управління і нова інтеграційна структура має забезпечити активний розвиток людства в цілому. Це основний критерій та принцип сучасного світу і відповідно до цього. Процесу інтеграції протиставляється процес дезінтеграції. Ці процеси тісно пов'язані між собою. Навіть активний інтеграційний розвиток може зупинитись у разі домінуючих дезінтеграційних тенденцій. Роль дезінтеграції полягає не лише в запереченні інтеграції, але вона також створює імпульс для нової конфігурації на регіональному просторі. Процеси інтеграції та дезінтеграції набувають все більшої актуальності у сучасній світовій політичній системі. ; Modern international relations are a combination of relatively autonomous species, especially political (military and diplomatic), economic, cultural and media relations. Integration is a multifaceted and complex phenomenon. It is quite difficult process which does not have definitive typology. The issue of integration research directly related to the integration processes in the real world, which identifies general trends, causes, conditions and basic features of this phenomenon. Integration determines patterns of development of the modern world, because it influences on the global structure, global governance. New integration structure should ensure an active human development in general. This is the main criteria and principles of the modern world, and according to this criteria, it is also an institutional functional mechanism. The process of integration is opposed to the process of disintegration. These processes are closely related. Role of disintegration is not only an opposition of integration but also creating momentum for a new regional configuration space. The processes of integration and disintegration become more popular in the modern political system of the world.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Part One The Historical Background -- 1 The Formation of a Policy after 1948: Security versus Citizenship -- 2 The Establishment of the Military Government -- 3 Policy About the Refugee Issue -- 4 Different Perceptions Regarding Arab Lands -- 5 The Intensity of Enforcing the Governmental Policy -- 6 Main Policy Lines, 1967–1990 -- 7 After "Land Day" 1976: Citizenship or Security? -- 8 Ways the Arab Minority Deals with Israeli Policy -- 9 The Pattern of Activities of the Arab Minority, 1948-1967 -- 10 Patterns of Adaptation Adopted by the Arabs from 1967 to 1990 -- 11 After "Land Day": New Arab Political Structures -- 12 Signs of Growing Activism on the Background of the First Lebanese War -- 13 Accelerated Processes of Politicization, 1982–1990 -- 14 Central Government Resolutions and Politics in the Aftermath of Two Waves of Violence -- Part Two The Government's Policy, 1987–2010 -- 1 The Civil Dimension of the Policy towards the Arabs: The First Signs of a Change in the Direction of Narrowing the Gap -- 2 After the 1992 Elections: From Intentions to Deeds -- 3 The Civil Policy from 1996 to 2000: One-sided Striving to Reduce the Gaps -- 4 After the Events of October 2000: Strengthening the Effort to Compensate the Arab Minority -- 5 The Sharon Government: Continuation of the Government's Treatment of the Arab Population -- 6 The Olmert and Netanyahu Governments: Acceleration of Improvements in Treatment of the Arab Population -- 7 The Attitude of the Jewish Majority to the Arab Minority: Increasing Radicalization, Hatred and Alienation -- 8 Two Decades of Change: Not only Security but Civil Integration as Well -- Part Three Political and Social Changes within the Arab Minority -- 1 The Political Reality in Israel at the Beginning of the 1990s

Belarus and Russia have been discussing and actually working on the integration of their defense structures since Former President of Russia Boris Yeltsin and President of Belarus Aleksandr Lukashenko agreed to the formation of the greater Belarus-Russia Union State. Although development of the overall union state has been slow, some might argue stultified, the two countries have made progress in integrating their defenses. There are only a few colleagues with much interest in Belarusian defense matters, except within the context of their military relationship with Russia. What interest there is concentrates on several recurring questions. How much progress has there actually been? In what areas has the progress occurred? Does the integration present any sort of danger to the West? What sort of capabilities does this force have? This paper attempts to answer them. Adapted from the source document.

This article explores the impact of the police action and the anti-communist struggle in Hyderabad on the formation of the Indian state in the first years after independence. Because of its central location and diverse cultural heritage, the absorption of the princely state of Hyderabad into the Indian Union was an important goal for Nehru's government. However, the task of bringing Hyderabad into the Union was not an easy one. As it entered Hyderabad, the government of independent India had to come to terms with the limitations of the police, military and bureaucracy, which it had inherited from the colonial state; and as it took over the governance of the state, it had to find ways to manage relations between Hindus and Muslims, even as the social order was being transformed. It also had to fight communism in the Telangana region of the state, whilst trying to ensure the loyalty of its new citizens. This article examines the ways in which India's first government confronted these complex problems. The following pages argue that these early years must be seen as a time of great dynamism, rather than as a period of stability inherited from the colonial state.

The state and prospects of the development of the military education system of Ukraine are analyzed, taking into account Ukraine's course on integration into European and Euro-Atlantic political, economic, security and legal spaces ; Проаналізовано стан і перспективи розвитку системи військової освіти України з урахуванням курсу України на інтеграцію в європейський та євроатлантичний політичний, економічний, безпековий, правовий простори.

The state and prospects of the development of the military education system of Ukraine are analyzed, taking into account Ukraine's course on integration into European and Euro-Atlantic political, economic, security and legal spaces ; Проаналізовано стан і перспективи розвитку системи військової освіти України з урахуванням курсу України на інтеграцію в європейський та євроатлантичний політичний, економічний, безпековий, правовий простори.

The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) embodies Russia's latest attempt to restore interconnections among former Soviet countries through economic means rather than military might. The literature on the EAEU views the initiative as a geopolitical tool, a post-imperial escamotage, a platform to enhance reforms, or a counterhegemonic strategy. This article wishes to understand the EAEU as an example of Carl Schmitt's theorizations, especially in relation to the concept of Great Space. The EAEU resembles the Schmittian Great Space in four main respects: the existence of a regional hegemon with spheres of interest beyond its fixed borders, the expression of an "imperial" community of cultural and historical affinity, the overcome of the rigid Westphalian state model expressed by the jus publicum Europeaum in favor of a large space, and the manifestation of the nomos of the Earth, that is a telluric civilization within the Schmittian contraposition between Land and Sea. The application of the Schmittian Great Space paradigm to the EAEU—in tandem with the proliferation of other regional integration initiatives and organizations—confirms the ongoing global shift from rigid Westphalian nation-states to highly integrated political-economic blocs based on civilizational identity in the frame of a multipolar world.