Suchergebnisse

"From Africa to Brazil traces the flows of enslaved Africans from identifiable points in the broad region of Africa called Upper Guinea to Amazonia, Brazil. These two regions, though separated by an ocean, were made one by a slave route. Walter Hawthorne considers why planters in Amazonia wanted African slaves, why and how those sent to Amazonia were enslaved, and what their Middle Passage experience was like. The book is also concerned with how Africans in diaspora shaped labor regimes, determined the nature of their family lives, and crafted religious beliefs that were similar to those they had known before enslavement. This study makes several broad contributions. It presents the only book-length examination of African slavery in Amazonia and identifies with precision the locations in Africa from where members of a large diaspora in the Americas hailed. From Africa to Brazil also proposes new directions for scholarship focused on how immigrant groups created new or recreated old cultures"--

1. Introduction: Starting the Journey -- 2.Investigating Migrant Women in Hong Kong: Toward an Intersectional Analysis Approach -- 3. Establishing the Ethnographic Study of Thai Migrant Women in Hong Kong -- 4. Transnational Migration and Identity Negotiation: Under the Gaze of Buddhism -- 5. Navigating the Ethnic Boundary: From "In-Between" to Plural Ethnicities -- 6. Reinventing Transnational Womanhood: In the Journeys of Migrant Women -- 7. Conclusion: Moving Beyond.

Interpreting Middle Eastern culture on the basis of Arab nationalism, Islamic fundamentalism, and tradition; role of personal goals and choices in international migration. Includes case study of a Somali refugee.

When did medicine become modern? This book takes a fresh look at one of the most important questions in the history of medicine. It explores how the cultures, values and meanings of medicine were transformed across the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries as its practitioners came to submerge their local identities as urbane and learned gentlemen into the ideal of a nationwide and scientifically-based medical profession. Moving beyond traditional accounts of professionalization, it demonstrates how visions of what medicine was and might be were shaped by wider social and political forces, from the eighteenth-century values of civic gentility to the radical and socially progressive ideologies of the age of reform. Focusing on the provincial English city of York, it draws on a rich and wide-ranging archival record, including letters, diaries, newspapers and portraits, to reveal how these changes took place at the level of everyday practice, experience and representation

A plethora of studies that account for the differential use of language by men and women have explained why such differences exist from the standpoint of Deficit, Dominance and Difference models, emphasising male and female dichotomy or male domination over women. The present study aims at filling a gap in language and gender research by underpinning its analysis with a social constructionist paradigm which views language and its interaction with the community of practice (CofP) as the conduits in shaping identity and by locating the context of the study inside a religious CofP. Our analyses indicated that the members of a Charismatic religious community share common selfpresentation strategies when constructing their identities, rejecting the dualism that distinguishes male and female language. Both males and females in our study have the same tendencies in using Supplication, Intimidation, Admitting Mistakes, Apology and Excuse in the narration of their Old life and Exemplification and Burnishing in the characterisation of their New life. However, the same respondents also exhibited differential use of tactics that also bolster previous findings on gender order. The interlocking relations of language, identity (religious or social) and gender are mutually constructed and negotiated constantly in a community of practice which is influenced by cultural and religious practices.

Music played a central role in the self-conception of many Germans between the 1848 Revolution and the First World War. Although German music was widely held to be 'universal' and thus apolitical, it participated in the historicist project of shaping the nation's future by calling on the national heritage. A wide variety of musical genres, ranging from pre- and post-Wagnerian opera to popular choruses to symphonic poems, provides for a new perspective on how national identities were constructed, shaped and celebrated in and through music

Explores how gender identity penetrates the process of reconciling social with personal identities in the context of the mature undergraduate, drawing on participant observation, personal experience as a mature student, & unstructured interviews with 58 British men & women, ages 23+. It is found that most men explained their attendance at college in terms of careers, while women tended to stress their need for involvement, interest, & identity separate from the family. This is taken to indicate that issues of identity were more paramount for mature women entering into higher education. Further, women tended to experience confusion in their efforts to reconcile various elements of their social identities & to blame themselves for failing to do so adequately. This pronounced identity confusion among the women is addressed in terms of their different location in the social structure, particularly their roles as mothers. Postgraduation interviews indicate that the expression of a new identity gained through college was frustrated when women returned to their everyday lives at home, largely because of practical, material, & structural factors. 11 References. D. M. Smith

In psychological games, higher-order beliefs, emotions, and motives - in addition to actions - affect players' payoffs. Suppose you are tolerated as opposed to being genuinely accepted by your peers and friends . In particular, suppose you are invited to a party, movie, dinner, etc not because your company is desired but because the inviter would feel guilty if she did not invite you. In all of these cases, it is conceivable that the intention behind the action will matter and hence will affect your payoffs. I model intentions in a dynamic psychological game under incomplete information. I find a complex social interaction in this game. In particular, a player may stick to a strategy of accepting every invitation with the goal of discouraging insincere invitations. This may lead one to erroneously infer that this player is eagerly waiting for an invitation, when indeed his behavior is driven more by strategic considerations than by an excessive desire for social acceptance. I discuss how being tolerated but not being truly accepted can explain the rejection of mutually beneficial trades, the choice of identity, social exclusion, marital divorce, and its implication for political correctness and affirmative action.

The inability to rise above poverty weakens one's sense of pride and self-confidence, increasing vulnerability to social exclusion. To address this concern, access to education enables the poor to acquire skills that enhance quality of living, improving their level of acceptance in society. Unfortunately, many developing societies find it difficult to ensure access to education for all its citizens, especially the poor. In search for alternative platforms that poor citizens may use, it was found that education is a cultural development medium that provides skills celebrating values and beliefs binding people together; making it easier for people to be accepted in the communities which they seek to belong in. Aside from education, there are other platforms of cultural development such as sports, religion, and art. In search of a cultural development platform to focus this research on, "Art" was found to not only provide skills and opportunities promoting acceptance amidst poverty-driven social barriers, but also highlight distinct local cultural attributes unique in a city as expressed via tourism; a development catalyst hinged on a city's unique identity. This paper discusses the case of Baguio City, home to a community adorned with an indigenous identity where not only is this identity used as a city development catalyst (tourism), but its governments' collaboration with art-engaged volunteer groups enable us to look deeper at theoretical discussions stating that 'improved social capital establishes a sense of identity'. To a certain degree, identity can also be recognized as a development catalyst –and not just a result - of enhanced social capital due to the learnings captured in this research.

A review essay on books by (1) Stephen Steinberg, Turning Back: The Retreat from Radical Justice in American Thought and Policy (Boston: Beacon Press, 1995); (2) Todd Gitlin, The Twilight of Common Dreams: Why America Is Wracked by Culture Wars (New York: Metropolitan Books, 1995); & (3) Dinesh D'Souza, The End of Racism: Principles for a Multiracial Society (New York: Free Press, 1995). It is argued that when liberal social scientists attribute the woes of blacks in the US to racism, they err; little racism exists, & most of what does is antiwhite. Steinberg's argument that affirmative action was a success & should be expanded is built on the premise that the only racism in the US that matters is that purportedly perpetrated by whites. Gitlin does slightly better by trying to reintroduce the common man & woman in the place of the person with a particular identity (eg, Native American, gay), but he ultimately contradicts himself by supporting affirmative action. D'Souza acknowledges antiwhite racism; however, his argument that the 1964 Civil Rights Act would inevitably provide preference for blacks is not quite right, as it was only a deliberate conspiracy in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission that produced affirmative action. Cultural & genetic explanations of the relatively poorer performance of blacks in US are also discussed. H. von Rautenfeld

Using newly discovered and excavated texts, Constance A. Cook and Xinhui Luo systematically explore material culture, inscriptions, transmitted texts, and genealogies from BCE China to reconstruct the role of women in social reproduction in the ancient Chinese world. Applying paleographical, linguistic, and historical analyses, Cook and Luo discuss fertility rituals, birthing experiences, divine conceptions, divine births, and the overall influence of gendered supernatural agencies on the experience and outcome of birth. They unpack a cultural paradigm in which birth is not only a philosophical symbol of eternal return and renewal but also an abiding religious and social focus for lineage continuity. They also suggest that some of the mythical founder heroes traditionally assumed to be male may in fact have had female identities. Students of ancient history, particularly Chinese history, will find this book an essential complement to traditional historical narratives, while the exploration of ancient religious texts, many unknown in the West, provides a unique perspective into the study of the formation of mythology and the role of birthing in early religion

This text presents the most important and influential social psychological theories and research programs in contemporary sociology. Original chapters by the scholars who initiated and developed these theoretical perspectives provide full descriptions of each theory, its background, development, and future. The first four chapters cover general approaches, organized around fundamental principles and issues—symbolic interaction, social exchange, distributive justice, and rational choice. The following chapters focus on specific research programs and theories, examining identity, affect, comparison processes, power and dependence, social exchange, status construction, and legitimacy. A concluding chapter provides an analysis of and commentary on the state of the theoretical programs in sociological social psychology. Contributors: Peter J. Burke, Joseph Berger, Coye Cheshire, Karen S. Cook, Pamela Emanuelson, Alexandra Gerbasi, Karen A. Hegtvedt, Michael A. Hogg, Guillermina Jasso, Edward J. Lawler, Michael W. Macy, George J. McCall, Linda D. Molm, Cecilia L. Ridgeway, Dawn T. Robinson, Lynn Smith-Lovin, Jan E. Stets, Jonathan H. Turner, Murray Webster Jr., David Willer, and Morris Zelditch, Jr

Since tabletop fantasy role-playing games emerged in the 1970s, fantasy gaming has made a unique contribution to popular culture and perceptions of social realities in America and around the world. This contribution is increasingly apparent as the gaming industry has diversified with the addition of collectible strategy games and other innovative products, as well as the recent advancements in videogame technology. This book presents the most current research in fantasy games and examines the cultural and constructionist dimensions of fantasy gaming as a leisure activity. Each chapter investig

European Union integration was conceived as a process of gradual convergence of different national social norms and values through common supranational institutions; thus a new EU-influenced national identity had to harmoniously merge with old national traits. In-depth research, based on interviews and other triangulating techniques in two post-communist Balkan countries, Bulgaria and Macedonia, suggests that the process of EU integration, with respect to national identities, is more complex than previously thought. The new national identity, influenced by EU integration, for those who accept it, does not always join seamlessly with old national traits. It may completely replace national loyalty, or, alternatively, be completely marginalized by a revival of ethnic nationalism.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Notes on the Contributors -- Part I Towards a Sociology of the Sociology of 'Race', Ethnicity and Nation -- 1 Sociology, the State and Social Change: Theoretical Considerations -- Inequality, exclusion and conflict: the problem stated -- The role of sociology and sociologists -- The identity of sociologists: the salience of 'race'/ethnicity gender and class differences? -- Sociology the state and social change: some key terms defined -- The role of case studies -- References -- 2 The Colour Line and Sociology -- Introduction -- Walls of exclusion and silence: Du Bois and Mydral -- Politics of whiteness, sociology and scholarship in the 1980s -- Public policy and black voices: checkerboard politics -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Part II Non-European Societies: Histories Rooted in Slavery, Apartheid and Genocide -- 3 Whatever Tomorrow Brings: African-American Families and Government Social Policy -- The history of family policy in the United States -- Black family and national social policy: theoretical and substantive issues -- Theory and method in the study of black families -- Omissions in black family studies and their consequences for social policy -- Black families: protectors of the realm -- Summary, conclusions and implications -- References -- 4 The Racialization of Social Scientific Research on South Africa -- The mainstream network -- Unanswered questions -- Constraints on understanding -- The way forward -- Notes -- References -- 5 Independence, Incorporation and Policy Research: an Australian Case Study -- The institutional and social context to research on migration and ethnic relations -- The structure and operation of the Bureau of Immigration Research -- The research role of the bureau -- Research after the bureau -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References.