Suchergebnisse

"Ich habe mir vorgenommen […], den Menschen zu zeigen, dass sie weit freier sind, als sie meinen" (Foucault) – die Philosophie der Postmoderne tritt nicht selten mit einem explizit freiheitlichen Anspruch auf. Überraschend ist das deswegen, weil man diese normative Fokussierung auf die Freiheit für gewöhnlich mehr mit der modernen als mit der postmodernen Philosophie assoziiert. Zeichnet sich damit eine bisher unentdeckte Kontinuität zwischen beiden Denkströmungen ab? Die Untersuchung geht dieser Frage anhand von zwei paradigmatischen Positionen nach: Immanuel Kant als Vertreter der Moderne und Michel Foucault als Vertreter der Postmoderne. Im Ergebnis wird deutlich, dass hier geradezu gegensätzliche Vorstellungen von Freiheit vorliegen: Während die Moderne die Freiheit als Selbstbestimmung zu denken versucht, erblickt die Postmoderne die Freiheit in der Unbestimmtheit.

Depuis la vulgarisation de certains concepts comme la globalisation ou la mondialisation, le secteur agroalimentaire a connu une expansion fulgurante et un engouement incessant pour la commercialisation d'aliments entre les peuples à travers le monde. Ce phénomène, contribuant significativement à l'accroissement économique des marchés, n'est toutefois pas sans risque. Pendant ce temps, les dangers de sources microbiologiques, notamment les pathogènes, sont véhiculés par des matrices alimentaires et voyagent d'un pays à l'autre, ce qui augmente le risque de contamination pour les consommateurs. Conséquemment, on assiste à une augmentation des cas d'allergies alimentaires, d'intoxications ou de toxi-infections alimentaires dont les agents étiologiques peuvent venir des quatre coins du monde. À cet effet, les organismes réglementaires comme l'Agence canadienne d'inspection des aliments (ACIA), Santé Canada, la Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) américaine ou d'autres autorités internationales compétentes comme l'Organisation des Nations unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture(FAO) et l'Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) multiplient leurs efforts afin de mettre en place des normes et politiques réglementaires pour aider l'industrie agroalimentaire à renforcer les contrôles depuis la fabrication jusqu'à la commercialisation des aliments. Les dangers microbiologiques venant de pathogènes comme Bacillus cereus demeurent un risque de santé publique majeur qu'il faut maîtriser afin d'assurer la protection des consommateurs. Bien que de nombreuses techniques de contrôle (e.g., additifs alimentaires, haute pression hydrostatique, rayonnements ionisants, procédés thermiques, etc.) ont été développées et utilisées pour assurer la salubrité et l'innocuité des aliments, dans certains cas cela n'a pas permis de produire des aliments totalement exempts de bactéries responsables de la dégradation/altération des aliments et de pathogènes causant des intoxications alimentaires comme c'est le cas avec B. cereus. En effet, cette bactérie pathogène est ubiquitaire, aérobie et anaérobie facultative. Elle est capable de produire dans une grande variété d'aliments et d'ingrédients comme les épices des spores très résistantes ainsi que différents types de toxines pouvant causer la diarrhée, la nausée, le vomissement et même la mort. Dans cette optique, et vue la grande difficulté à maitriser la contamination des aliments causée par ce pathogène, l'objectif général de cette recherche a été d'utiliser la technologie d'électro-activation, une branche appliquée de l'électrochimie qui s'intéresse notamment à la réactivité des solutions aqueuses, comme méthode alternative et potentiellement efficace pour lutter contre B. cereus afin de produire des aliments plus sécuritaires avec une grande valeur nutritionnelle et organoleptique. Pour y parvenir, des solutions aqueuses de sels d'acides organiques de lactate de calcium, d'ascorbate de calcium et de leur mélange équimolaire ont été électro-activées dans un réacteur soumis à un courant électrique continu avec des intensités de l'ordre de 250, 500 et 750 mA pendant un maximum de temps de 30 minutes afin de produire les acides organiques conjugués respectifs; de l'acide lactique et de l'acide ascorbique. Dans la première partie de ce travail de recherche, les caractéristiques physicochimiques (e.g., pH, acidité titrable, pKa) des solutions électro-activées (SÉA) ont été étudiées et leurs profils moléculaires comparés à ceux d'acides standards respectifs en utilisant différentes techniques (e.g., FTIR, HPLC, DSC, DPPH), ce qui a permis de confirmer la production d'acides organiques conjugués respectifs des sels utilisés. Ces SÉA avaient un pH très bas, une acidité titrable élevée, notamment pour l'ascorbate de calcium et le mélange. En plus, une activité antioxydante élevée a été observée pour la solution électro-activée d'ascorbate de calcium et du mélange. Dans la deuxième partie de l'étude, les SÉA traitées à 250, 500 et 750 mA pendant 10, 20 et 30 min ont été retenues pour être mises en contact avec des cellules végétatives de Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 en conditions modèles (contact direct) afin d'évaluer leurs effets antimicrobiens sur ce pathogène. Les cellules ont été testées en contact direct avec les SÉA pendant 5, 30 et 60 secondes. Le même traitement a été également réalisé par contact direct avec des acides organiques standards (lactique, ascorbique) pendant 5, 30, 60, et 120 secondes afin de faire des comparaisons. Les SÉA et les acides organiques standards correspondants avaient les mêmes valeurs d'acidité titrable. Par la suite, les cellules ont été observées au microscope (coloration au bleu de méthylène et fluorescence) afin d'évaluer les effets inhibiteurs/destructeurs de ces solutions. Également, les SÉA ont été diluées avec de l'eau distillée pour obtenir des solutions possédant 10 à 90% de l'acidité titrable (force) initiale pour être ensuite testées contre les cellules de B. cereus. Les résultats ont démontré que toutes les SÉA avaient une grande efficacité contre les cellules végétatives de B. cereus. Également, même à des taux de dilution représentant en moyenne 20% de la force initiale des SÉA, l'effet antimicrobien était très élevé pour les différentes solutions. L'observation de B. cereus au microscope a permis de confirmer les effets létaux des SÉA. Dans ce volet avec des cellules végétatives de B. cereus, l'efficacité des SÉA a été estimée à une réduction de 4–7 log UFC/mL. En plus, il a été démontré que le pouvoir antibactérien des SÉA était nettement plus élevé que celui des acides lactiques et ascorbiques standards (conventionnels). Dans la troisième partie de cette étude, des solutions électro-activées de lactate de calcium, d'ascorbate de calcium et de leur mélange équimolaire à 750 mA pendant 30 minutes ont été retenues et utilisées contre des spores de Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 en conditions modèles et dans du saumon Atlantique frais. Les spores traitées ont été analysées à l'aide de microscopes électroniques à balayage et à transmission pour évaluer les effets sporicides des SÉA. Les résultats obtenus ont clairement montré un grand pouvoir sporicide des SÉA utilisées sur les spores de B. cereus avec une réduction de 7 à 9 log en utilisant une population initiale de spores de 10⁹ UFC/mL, dépendamment des conditions évaluées; à savoir : en contact direct (2–30 min), dans du saumon utilisé comme matrice alimentaire(2–7 min), ainsi qu'en combinaison avec de la chaleur modérée de 60, 70, 80 et 90 °C pendant 0.5–2 min. Également, il a été observé que la capacité sporicide des SÉA augmentait avec la température et le temps de contact. La microscopie électronique à balayage et à transmission a permis de constater que les SÉA pouvaient provoquer la destruction totale des cellules de B. cereus, et notamment la perforation de la membrane (cortex et manteau), ainsi que le reflux de différentes composantes de la structure des spores de B. cereus. Tenant compte des résultats obtenus dans cette étude, nous pouvons conclure que les solutions électro-activées à base de lactate de calcium, ascorbate de calcium et leur mélange, notamment celles électro-activées à 750 mA–30 min, pourraient être d'une grande contribution afin de renforcer la capacité de l'industrie alimentaire à lutter contre B. cereus ATCC 14579 et de produire des aliments plus sécuritaires pour le consommateur. ; Since the popularization of concepts like globalization, the agri-food sector has experienced a huge expansion and a ceaseless craze for the marketing of food between the peoples worldwide. This phenomenon, contributing significantly to the economic growth of the markets, is not without risk, however. Meanwhile, microbiological hazards, including pathogens, are carried through food matrices and travel from one country to another, increasing the risk of contamination for consumers. Consequently, we are also witnessing an increase in cases of food allergies, foodborne illnesses and outbreaks, with etiological agents coming from all over the world. Thus, regulatory organisms such as Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Health Canada, United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) or competent international authorities like Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO) are stepping up efforts to put in place regulatory standards and policies in order to help the food industry to strengthen controls from the processing to the marketing of foods. Microbiological hazards from pathogens like Bacillus cereus remain a major public health risk that must be controlled in order to ensure consumers protection. Although many techniques of control (e.g., food additives, high hydrostatic pressure, ionizing radiation, thermal processes, etc.) have been developed and used to ensure the safety and security of foods, in some instance this has not allowed to produce food products that are completely free of bacteria responsible for degradation/spoilage of food and pathogens causing food poisoning as is the case with B. cereus. Indeed, this pathogenic bacterium is ubiquitous, aerobic and facultative anaerobic. It is able to produce, in a wide variety of foods and ingredients such as spices, highly resistant spores as well as different types of toxins that can cause diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and even death. In this context, and given the great difficulty in controlling the contamination of food caused by this pathogen, the general objective of this research was to use the electro-activation technology, an applied branch of electrochemistry which is particularly interested in the reactivity of aqueous solutions, as an alternative and potentially effective method to fight against B. cereus in order to produce safer foods with high nutritional and organoleptic values. To achieve this, aqueous solutions of organic acid salts of calcium lactate, calcium ascorbate and their equimolar mixture were electroactivated in a reactor subjected to a direct electric current with intensities of 250, 500 and 750 mA for a maximum time of 30 minutes in a bid to produce the respective conjugated organic acids, lactic acid and ascorbic acid. In the first part of this research work, the physicochemical characteristics (e.g.,pH, titratable acidity, pKa) of the electro-activated solutions (EAS) were studied and their molecular profiles compared to those of respective standard acids using different techniques (e.g., FTIR, HPLC, DSC, DPPH), which helped to confirm the production of conjugated organic acids from the respective salts used. These EAS had a very low pH, a high titratable acidity, particularly for the calcium ascorbate and the mixture. In addition, a high antioxidant activity was observed for the electro-activated calcium ascorbate solution and the mixture. In the second part of the study, the EAS treated at 250, 500 and 750 mA for 10,20 and 30 min were selected to be brought into contact with vegetative cells of Bacilluscereus ATCC 14579 under model conditions (direct contact) in order to evaluate their antimicrobial effects on this pathogen. The cells were tested in direct contact with the EAS for 5, 30 and 60 seconds. The same treatment was also carried out by direct contact with standard organic acids (lactic, ascorbic) for 5, 30, 60, and 120 seconds in order to make comparisons. The EAS and the corresponding standard organic acids had the same titratable acidity values. There after, the cells were observed under microscope (Methylene blue and fluorescence) to evaluate the inhibitory / destructive effects of these solutions. Also, the EAS were diluted with distilled water to obtain solutions with 10 to 90% of the initial titratable acidity (strength) to be tested against B. cereus cells. The results demonstrated that all the EAS made were highly effective against the vegetative cells of B.cereus. Also, even at dilution rates averaging 20% of the EAS initial strength, the antimicrobial effect was very high for the different solutions. In addition, the microscopic observation of B. cereus has confirmed the lethal effects of EAS. In this part with the vegetative B. cereus cells, the efficacy of the EAS was estimated to a reduction of 4–7 log CFU/mL. In addition, the antibacterial power of the EAS has been shown to be significantly higher than that of the standard (conventional) lactic and ascorbic acids. In the third part of the study, electro-activated solutions of calcium lactate, calcium ascorbate and their equimolar mixture at 750 mA for 30 min were selected and used against the spores of Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 under model conditions and in fresh Atlantic salmon. The treated spores were analyzed using scanning and transmission electron microscopes to evaluate the sporicidal effects of EAS. The results obtained clearly showed a great sporicidal power of the EAS used on B. cereus spores with a reduction of 7 to 9 log using an initial spore population of 10⁹ CFU/mL, depending on the conditions assessed; namely: in direct contact (2–30 min), in salmon used as a food matrix (2–7 min), as well as in combination with moderate heat of 60, 70, 80 and 90 ℃ for 0.5–2 min. Also, it was observed that the sporicidal capacity of the EAS increased with temperature and contact time. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed that the EAS could cause the total destruction of B. cereus cells, including perforation of the membranes (cortex and coat), as well as the reflux of different components of the structure of B. cereus spores. Taking into account the results obtained in this study, we can conclude that the electro-activated solutions made with calcium lactate, calcium ascorbate and their mixture, especially those electro-activated at 750 mA–30 min, could be of a great contribution to reinforce the capacity of the food industry to control B. cereus ATCC 14579 and produces safer foods for the consumer.

This thesis consists of three essays in political economics. In the first essay "Feigning Politicians,'' I explore a model of politics where politicians have limited ability to influence policy. In this environment, I show that politicians face limited accountability and have an incentive to feign support for policies that voters demand: proposing policies that voters demand but then exerting little effort toward enacting such policies. A key implication of this feigning behavior is that, in some instances, less effective politicians will be reelected with a higher probability than more effective politicians. I provide empirical support for this key implication in U.S. House elections. In the second essay "Gridlock, Leverage, and Policy Bundling," I explore a dynamic model of legislative bargaining where alternatives to the status-quo arrive stochastically during the bargaining process and the proposer can bundle multiple alternatives into a single proposal. Contrary to the prevailing wisdom that policy bundling reduces legislative gridlock, I show that policy bundling can increase gridlock via a leverage incentive; I call gridlock of this form leverage-based gridlock. Leverage-based gridlock is more likely to occur during periods of economic or political stability and, when it occurs, causes traditional measures of legislator ideology to overstate the true level of polarization between legislators. In the final essay "Political Capital," we explore a two-period model of organizational decision making where the leader of the organization has a stock of political capital that she can choose to spend to influence decisions. The leader's stock of political capital evolves dynamically and may increase or decrease depending on the leader's decision to spend her capital and if her decision to spend was correct ex-post. This presents the leader with an intertemporal choice problem: spending political capital today will improve today's decision (in expectation) but may result in less political capital—and hence less ...

This manuscript from Hollinshead and Vellah calls for researchers in Tourism Studies and related Fields to reflect upon their own role in refreshingthe social imaginaries of "after-colonialism" under the nomadisms of ourtime. Deleuzian in outlook, it positions the "post" of postcolonialism notas an end to colonialism's imperatives but as a generative-portal throughwhich new-seeds-of-"becoming" are discernable as the postidentities (ratherthan the "identities") of populations are interpretable in multidirectional,non-hierarchical, and not easily-predictable ways. In provoking (afterDeleuze) thought per rhizomatic processes (rather than via fixed concepts),the manuscript - critiquing these dynamic matters of "postidentity" - thenharnesses the insights of (Leela) Ghandi's on hybrid-nomadic-subjects, andof Venn on alternative-(com)possible-futures. Thereafter, these concerns ofand about "after-colonialism" are critically contextualised within Aboriginal "Australia", via the views of a pool of Indigenous intellectuals there,who synthesise the disruptive dialectics of belonging-cum-aspiration whichthey maintain that they and fellow Aboriginal people (of many sorts) facetoday. Throughout this manuscript, the agency and authority of tourismhovers in its sometimes-manifest / sometimes-latent generative power toproject empowering postidentities for the world's "host" or "visited" populations today.

The paper is devoted to the constitutional legal theory and the problems of the practical implementation of the constitutional responsibility of the state (on example оf Russia), in particular, in connection with the implementation of large-scale constitutional reforms in the new conditions, actualizing the role of the state as the subject bearing primary responsibility for preventing domestic and global threats. The author defines the constitutional responsibility of the state, reveals the content and functions of this responsibility. The functions of the constitutional responsibility of the Russian state represent a single system of various manifestations of the social role of this responsibility: regulatory, preventive, protective, punitive, restorative, educational. The functional approach allows us to formulate a broad understanding of the responsibility of a democratic state, adequate to the scale of its modern strategic and current tasks aimed at the progressive, sustainable development of all countries and peoples, preservation of earthly civilization for present and future generations. The analysis of real social relations, including those taking shape in the process of constitutional reform, does not allow us to conclude that the responsibility of the Russian state in constitutional relations with the people and every citizen of the Russian Federation is consistent and complete. The author's proposals are aimed at strengthening constitutional legality in the country and increasing the responsibility of the Russian state as a subject of constitutional and legal relations in order to solve the problems of Russia's transition to sustainable development. The state is called upon to ensure that the Constitution fulfills its role in creating the legal basis for the transition to a new development model and the formation of a regulatory framework for all branches of law in accordance with the concept of sustainable development.

Co-funded by the Rights, Equality & Citizenship Programme of the European Union. This Manual was funded by the European Union's Rights, Equality and Citizenship Programme (2014-2020), under grant agreement No. 776905.

Co-funded by the Rights, Equality & Citizenship Programme of the European Union. This Manual was funded by the European Union's Rights, Equality and Citizenship Programme (2014-2020), under grant agreement No. 776905.

"Religious Regulation in Autocracies" published on by Oxford University Press.

The structure of the milk supply market depends on processing capacities in Serbia, which are more oriented to the production of dairy products pasteurized and sterilized milk and fermented dairy products (yoghurt, cream, sour milk, etc.), while the production of solid dairy products (cheeses, cream, spreads, butter, powdered milk, etc.) is significantly lower. Taking into consideration the current situation in Serbia regarding the primary production, purchase and processing of milk, an overview is given of the foreign trade balance of milk and dairy products and their participation in exports and imports. The analysis of the foreign trade of milk and dairy products for the period 2007- 2017 highlights products that are exported and have stable export tendencies, as well as scarce products which are imported and have a markedly negative balance sheet in the observed period. We also analyzed major export-import destinations of Serbia for the trade exchange of milk and dairy products, which primarily refers to the CEFTA countries, the European Union and the Russian Federation. ; Struktura tržišne ponude mleka zavisi od preradnih kapaciteta u Srbiji, koji su više orijentisani na proizvodnju mlečnih proizvoda pasterizovanog i sterilizovanog mleka i fermentisanih mlečnih proizvoda (jogurt, pavlaka, kiselo mleko itd.) dok je proizvodnja čvrstih mlečnih proizvoda (sirevi, pavlake, namazi, maslac, mleko u prahu itd.) značajno manja. Uzimajući u obzir aktuelno stanje u Srbiji u primarnoj proizvodnji, otkupu i preradi mleka, dat je kratak osvrt na spoljnotrgovinski bilans mleka i mlečnih proizvoda i njihovo učešće u izvozu i uvozu. Analizom spoljnotrgovinske razmene mleka i proizvoda za posmatrani period 2007-2017. godine ukazano je na proizvode koji se izvoze i imaju stabilne izvozne tendencije, kao i na deficitarne proizvode koji se uvoze i imaju izražene negativne bilanse u posmatranom periodu. Analizirane su i najvažnije izvozno- uvozne destinacije sa kojima Srbija ostvaruje trgovinsku razmenu za mleko i mlečne proizvode, pri čemu se to prvenstveno odnosi na zemlje CEFTA grupe, Evropske unije i Rusku Federaciju.