Suchergebnisse

Southern Mediterranean forests and the livelihoods that rely on them are at risk from resource over-extraction. This is true in the symbolical Moroccan middle Atlas cedar forests. These forests are important ecologically and economically but are threatened by increasing pastoral and timber activities. For such environmental problems, research must adapt to local contexts to produce an integrative knowledge to for a more environmentally efficient and socially just management. We applied this in the following political ecology to understand how the cedar forest socio-ecosystem behaves and why it has so far been resistant to conservation efforts. We focused on pastoral and woodcutting activities as an interface between social and ecological dynamics. Studying forest structures, we show that human activities do not threaten cedar forests regionally. However, cedar stock has been reduced and cedar populations may locally be vulnerable due to pastoral activities and to woodcutting in unfavorable environmental conditions. Studying local economies, we show that actors try to lead lower impact activities based on an important knowledge of forests. Activity levels nevertheless increase because almost all family exploitations rely on the cheap forest resources that are allowed by corruption. Finally, studying rules in use, we show the regulation of activities results of an unpredictable institutional bricolage that can locally be effective through customary or formal rules. The resulting rules in use depend mostly on the advantages of powerful actors. Local politics thus appear to be the main driver of socio-ecological dynamics of the cedar forests. ; Les forêts du Sud de la Méditerranée et les communautés humaines qui en dépendent sont menacées par la surexploitation. C'est le cas des cédraies du moyen Atlas marocain qui sont cruciales écologiquement et économiquement mais menacées par l'augmentation des activités pastorales et sylvicoles. Dans ces situations, les études environnementales doivent produire des savoirs ...

Cette thèse est une analyse épistémologique et généalogique de la pensée de Jean-Pierre Vernant. Son objet est constitué des enquêtes effectuées par l'helléniste entre sonentrée au CNRS en 1948 et son élection au Collège de France en 1974. Elle tented'objectiver la normativité épistémologique à l'oeuvre dans l'élaboration progressive d'une nouvelle discipline : l'anthropologie historique. Par normativité épistémologique, il faut entendre l'activité de production de normes par les enquêtes elles-mêmes, dontl'objectif est de résoudre un problème. L'anthropologie historique de Jean-Pierre Vernant se construit par une succession de rencontres entre des précurseurs hétérogènes : Louis Gernet, Ignace Meyerson, Georges Dumézil, Claude Lévi-Strauss (chapitres 1 à 3). En parallèle, l'analyse montre que cette nouvelle discipline est irréductible à ces rencontres. Elle définit un style propre de problèmes et de résolutions, par l'articulation entre ladimension diachronique de la pensée historique et la dimension synchronique de la pensée structurale. Un schème explicatif intégrant ces dimensions est implicitement élaboré sur le modèle du bricolage chapitre 4). Il permet de concevoir le devenir historique et l'invention humaine par-delà l'aporie binaire entre stabilité et instabilité.Il est alors possible de comprendre l'insertion originale de la pensée de Jean-Pierre Vernant dans les enjeux philosophiques et politiques de l'après-guerre. L'histoire de la raison est un de ces enjeux (chapitre 5). Se rencontrent alors deux perspectivesradicalement différentes : celle d'une pluralisation des types de rationalités et celle d'un sauvetage de la raison contre le dogmatisme et le totalitarisme (chapitre 6). L'analyse montre enfin que l'anthropologie historique de Jean-Pierre Vernant prend la forme d'unereconstruction dans la pensée occidentale qui articule un nouveau rapport au passé – conçu non plus comme autorité de la tradition mais comme possibilité pour penser l'avenir – avec une philosophie politique faisant de la raison ...

Southern Mediterranean forests and the livelihoods that rely on them are at risk from resource over-extraction. This is true in the symbolical Moroccan middle Atlas cedar forests. These forests are important ecologically and economically but are threatened by increasing pastoral and timber activities. For such environmental problems, research must adapt to local contexts to produce an integrative knowledge to for a more environmentally efficient and socially just management. We applied this in the following political ecology to understand how the cedar forest socio-ecosystem behaves and why it has so far been resistant to conservation efforts. We focused on pastoral and woodcutting activities as an interface between social and ecological dynamics. Studying forest structures, we show that human activities do not threaten cedar forests regionally. However, cedar stock has been reduced and cedar populations may locally be vulnerable due to pastoral activities and to woodcutting in unfavorable environmental conditions. Studying local economies, we show that actors try to lead lower impact activities based on an important knowledge of forests. Activity levels nevertheless increase because almost all family exploitations rely on the cheap forest resources that are allowed by corruption. Finally, studying rules in use, we show the regulation of activities results of an unpredictable institutional bricolage that can locally be effective through customary or formal rules. The resulting rules in use depend mostly on the advantages of powerful actors. Local politics thus appear to be the main driver of socio-ecological dynamics of the cedar forests. ; Les forêts du Sud de la Méditerranée et les communautés humaines qui en dépendent sont menacées par la surexploitation. C'est le cas des cédraies du moyen Atlas marocain qui sont cruciales écologiquement et économiquement mais menacées par l'augmentation des activités pastorales et sylvicoles. Dans ces situations, les études environnementales doivent produire des savoirs ...

Southern Mediterranean forests and the livelihoods that rely on them are at risk from resource over-extraction. This is true in the symbolical Moroccan middle Atlas cedar forests. These forests are important ecologically and economically but are threatened by increasing pastoral and timber activities. For such environmental problems, research must adapt to local contexts to produce an integrative knowledge to for a more environmentally efficient and socially just management. We applied this in the following political ecology to understand how the cedar forest socio-ecosystem behaves and why it has so far been resistant to conservation efforts. We focused on pastoral and woodcutting activities as an interface between social and ecological dynamics. Studying forest structures, we show that human activities do not threaten cedar forests regionally. However, cedar stock has been reduced and cedar populations may locally be vulnerable due to pastoral activities and to woodcutting in unfavorable environmental conditions. Studying local economies, we show that actors try to lead lower impact activities based on an important knowledge of forests. Activity levels nevertheless increase because almost all family exploitations rely on the cheap forest resources that are allowed by corruption. Finally, studying rules in use, we show the regulation of activities results of an unpredictable institutional bricolage that can locally be effective through customary or formal rules. The resulting rules in use depend mostly on the advantages of powerful actors. Local politics thus appear to be the main driver of socio-ecological dynamics of the cedar forests. ; Les forêts du Sud de la Méditerranée et les communautés humaines qui en dépendent sont menacées par la surexploitation. C'est le cas des cédraies du moyen Atlas marocain qui sont cruciales écologiquement et économiquement mais menacées par l'augmentation des activités pastorales et sylvicoles. Dans ces situations, les études environnementales doivent produire des savoirs ...

Southern Mediterranean forests and the livelihoods that rely on them are at risk from resource over-extraction. This is true in the symbolical Moroccan middle Atlas cedar forests. These forests are important ecologically and economically but are threatened by increasing pastoral and timber activities. For such environmental problems, research must adapt to local contexts to produce an integrative knowledge to for a more environmentally efficient and socially just management. We applied this in the following political ecology to understand how the cedar forest socio-ecosystem behaves and why it has so far been resistant to conservation efforts. We focused on pastoral and woodcutting activities as an interface between social and ecological dynamics. Studying forest structures, we show that human activities do not threaten cedar forests regionally. However, cedar stock has been reduced and cedar populations may locally be vulnerable due to pastoral activities and to woodcutting in unfavorable environmental conditions. Studying local economies, we show that actors try to lead lower impact activities based on an important knowledge of forests. Activity levels nevertheless increase because almost all family exploitations rely on the cheap forest resources that are allowed by corruption. Finally, studying rules in use, we show the regulation of activities results of an unpredictable institutional bricolage that can locally be effective through customary or formal rules. The resulting rules in use depend mostly on the advantages of powerful actors. Local politics thus appear to be the main driver of socio-ecological dynamics of the cedar forests. ; Les forêts du Sud de la Méditerranée et les communautés humaines qui en dépendent sont menacées par la surexploitation. C'est le cas des cédraies du moyen Atlas marocain qui sont cruciales écologiquement et économiquement mais menacées par l'augmentation des activités pastorales et sylvicoles. Dans ces situations, les études environnementales doivent produire des savoirs ...

- ; Reindeer herding in Finnmark has been widely perceived during the last few decades as a perfect example of the tragedy of the commons. The present article claims that this discourse relies on flawed assumption regarding land tenure. Our historical analysis of the term 'common' in relation to resources in Finnmark shows the term to reflect a misunderstanding of local categories, practices, and concerns related to pastures, territories, and natural resources more generally. In this sense, it exposes a case of 'mistaken identity' between the formal legal conception of 'commons' and the customary rules and thinking of reindeer herders. We turn to different strands of critical institutionalism to analyse the processes of institutional change that have allowed these errors and misunderstandings to be formalised and naturalised in the current governance system. We show that a process of institutional bargaining between the Norwegian Parliament, the Sámi Parliament, and the International Labour Organisation has recently re-enforced an alien conception of a 'commons' to which ambiguous groups of people have equivocal rights. In parallel, a process of institutional layering of new regulatory actors and rules on top of existing ones has taken place. This regulatory ratcheting has resulted in the blurring of the authorities and jurisdictions intrinsic in the customary tenure system. Moreover, the new layers of regulations have actively overemphasized the Sámi customary obligation of sharing resources to legitimize the new, ambiguous, conception of commons. This process is explained as one of institutional bricolage based on naturalisation by analogy and authority processes that allow certain powerful actors to influence the production of institutional arrangements favourable to them. All three processes underline the negotiated, dynamic nature of institutional change. We propose this integrative analysis of institutional and general social dynamics is beneficial in studying commons as everyday practices affecting natural resource governance.

Southern Mediterranean forests and the livelihoods that rely on them are at risk from resource over-extraction. This is true in the symbolical Moroccan middle Atlas cedar forests. These forests are important ecologically and economically but are threatened by increasing pastoral and timber activities. For such environmental problems, research must adapt to local contexts to produce an integrative knowledge to for a more environmentally efficient and socially just management. We applied this in the following political ecology to understand how the cedar forest socio-ecosystem behaves and why it has so far been resistant to conservation efforts. We focused on pastoral and woodcutting activities as an interface between social and ecological dynamics. Studying forest structures, we show that human activities do not threaten cedar forests regionally. However, cedar stock has been reduced and cedar populations may locally be vulnerable due to pastoral activities and to woodcutting in unfavorable environmental conditions. Studying local economies, we show that actors try to lead lower impact activities based on an important knowledge of forests. Activity levels nevertheless increase because almost all family exploitations rely on the cheap forest resources that are allowed by corruption. Finally, studying rules in use, we show the regulation of activities results of an unpredictable institutional bricolage that can locally be effective through customary or formal rules. The resulting rules in use depend mostly on the advantages of powerful actors. Local politics thus appear to be the main driver of socio-ecological dynamics of the cedar forests. ; Les forêts du Sud de la Méditerranée et les communautés humaines qui en dépendent sont menacées par la surexploitation. C'est le cas des cédraies du moyen Atlas marocain qui sont cruciales écologiquement et économiquement mais menacées par l'augmentation des activités pastorales et sylvicoles. Dans ces situations, les études environnementales doivent produire des savoirs ...

In the 1970s and 1980s, a fierce debate took place concerning the vulnerability and adaptive practices of farmers and herders in the West African Sahel, and the utility of concepts including 'adaptation' to drought. The region has had the most primary research conducted on drought vulnerability and response, and it is referred to as an archetype, notably in work on human security and famine. Some (eg Michael Watt's 'Silent Violence' 1983) painted a gloomy picture of rural life, with farmers beset by brutal commodity markets and extractive governance stretching back over 100 years. Food shortage and famine was, for Watts, created by colonial policies and unequal access to resources. However others, for example Michael Mortimore (author of 'Adapting to Drought' 1989) found regardless of these threats households responded (adapted) to drought in innovative and largely successful ways: diversifying into livestock from farming, moving into labouring and small business activity, and finally considering some temporary outmigration to less affected or more affluent regions to provide remittances. Reversible adaptations occurred before less reversible ones. In this chapter we argue that adaptation is socially mediated, not always successful, and is linked into broader political and economic forces. Its utility as a concept is constrained if wedded to Darwinian uses.'Productive Bricolage' characterizes livelihoods, with different responses pursued at the same time, and for different lengths of time. Development projects can assist community resilience and individual response to food crises, but in unexpected ways. Our findings from fieldwork in Niger, Burkina and Nigeria are discussed and linked to the new preoccupation of the millennium; 'climate adaptation'. New research on adaptation in semi arid regions urgently needs to learn from this vast reservoir of contextual knowledge in the African drylands, some of it dating back over 40 years.

The paper is focused on exploring the following questions: How can policy makers develop agreement on (i) what constitutes and (ii) supports the well‐being of the planet, rather than the gross domestic product of a nation state? How can we design Participatory Democracy and Systemic Governance to (i) support the appropriate distribution and consumption of resources and (ii) protect social and environmental diversity and justice? The paper discusses thinking and practice to test out 'technologies of humility' in the sense used by Jasonoff. It suggests the potential for a hybrid bricolage of laws and praxis to enable the transformation of our designs for living to support biospheres. Biospheres need to be understood as oceans, rivers, the air we breathe, the earth that supports the food chain and the universe of which we are a part. In other words, this reframed definition extends beyond the original definitions of that which was outside the boundaries of a nation state. Instead, it locates nation states within the regional biosphere, which sustains them. Caretaking needs to be rooted in many kinds of knowledge to: (i) 'De‐centre' anthropocentricism (by drawing on the work of Rose Bird, Wynne and Mathews); and (ii) 'Address' the convergent social, cultural and economic crisis. The challenge is to 'promote' an ever extending or widening circle of solidarity to 'care for' the next generation of life. It also requires the creation of new global narratives arising out of a cross‐pollination of spiritual ideas from a range of religious and spiritual practices. This appreciation of narratives could inform discursive engagement to help establish ethical processes to support well‐being (Braun, et al.) at a post national level. This requires discursive engagement as well as participatory governance to enable accountability and whistleblowing on the misuse of power or resources. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

AbstractThe dynamic capabilities perspective has received increasing attention in the field of strategic management research. By focusing not only on the competitive advantage that is provided by a certain resource constellation, but also on the change of firms' resources over time to fit changing business environments, this perspective underlines the strategic importance of innovation. Despite the apparent interest in the dynamics of firm resources, there is still limited empirical evidence for how the strategic matching of resources and market needs is actually done, particularly in more rapidly changing environments. In order to investigate this process, an empirical study of 59 start‐ups in the Swedish mobile Internet industry was performed. A first finding from the study is that start‐ups which change market focus have a significantly higher probability to survive their first years. Furthermore, it is seen that in most cases, the change in market focus takes place without any related change in the technological resources that are used by the firm, indicating that an important factor at this stage is the flexible use of resources in searching for a suitable match between resources and market opportunities. This mode of learning and adaptation is very different from earlier proposed models focusing on the acquisition and transformation of resources. Instead, the early‐stage dynamic capabilities reveal themselves as bricolage, that is, the capacity to re‐interpret and re‐combine already existing resources and thereby improve their fit with the demands of the market environment. The results suggest that earlier proposed dynamic capabilities frameworks need to be modified, by taking into account the single entrepreneur as a source of dynamic capabilities, and by introducing the concept of resource flexibility. In terms of managerial implications, the findings underline the importance for entrepreneurs to balance the striving for distinctive capabilities that provide competitive advantage and the experimentation and improvisation needed to adapt to changes in the market. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PurposeSeeks to raise the question of why large‐scale technochange is difficult and often failure‐prone and to attempt to answer this question by viewing technochange as an instance of institutional change and design in which self‐destructive mechanisms are inherently embedded.Design/methodology/approachIn order to explore the complex institutional dynamics of large‐scale technochange the paper uses the exploration/exploitation framework originally developed by March and extended by Lanzara to the study of institution‐building processes in the political domain. The argument is that problems in implementing large‐scale technochange stem from learning dilemmas in the inter‐temporal and inter‐group allocation of material and cognitive resources. The paper uses a case of large‐scale technology in a major US university system to illustrate the institutional perspective on technochange.FindingsIt is argued and illustrated that the development and redesign of large‐scale information systems involve both the exploration of alternative institutional arrangements and the exploitation of pre‐existing ones, such that a delicate balance must be struck to overcome incoherences and dilemmas between the two activities.Research limitations/implicationsThe proposed framework to understand large‐scale technochange is not examined empirically. The illustration of the framework relies on a single large‐scale system project of a non‐profit organization in the USA. Further empirical work and comparative research on multiple cases are needed.Practical implicationsThe paper discusses some sources of the failures of large‐scale technochange and offers three interrelated mechanisms to counteract such failure sources, namely focal points, increasing returns, and bricolage. These counteracting mechanisms may help organizations to effectively deal with the dilemmas of exploration and exploitation in technochange.Originality/valueThis paper fills the gap in understanding the nature of large‐scale technochange, providing an explanation of why it is difficult and failure‐prone and offering some modest proposals for intervention in large‐scale system projects.

Atualmente tem se discutido, intensamente, nos círculos acadêmicos e nas empresas, o fato de que as estratégias empresariais baseadas em sistemas de informação (SI) e montadas a partir das novas tecnologias da informação (TI), podem levar as organizações tanto ao sucesso como à falência. Diferentes modelos para formação e implementação das estratégias de SI/TI nas empresas tem sido apresentados e testados, porém, na sua maioria ligados às estratégias corporativas mecanicistas do século passado. Este artigo apresenta diferentes perspectivas no emprego das estratégias de SI/ TI e sugere de que modo as empresas devem se organizar para competir na nova sociedade do conhecimento que começa a se instalar num mundo globalizado. Faz ainda uma crítica ao modelo de alinhamento automático entre a estratégia de SI/TI e a estratégia corporativa. Nesse modelo, SI/ TI serve apenas de suporte à implementação da estratégia da empresa. Da teoria da complexidade surgem as idéias de auto-organização (self-organization) e autoprodução (autopoiesis) para mostrar que as empresas, na sociedade do conhecimento, devem ser tratadas como sistemas biológicos autoproduzidos. Nessas empresas, a estratégia corporativa surge num processo de auto-organiza- ção, onde se dá grande importância à capacidade de improvisação e multifunção (bricolage) dos seus componentes, uma perspectiva ainda não percebida por muitos administradores. Nesse novo enfoque, a estratégia de SI/TI resulta do acoplamento estrutural entre a estratégia corporativa autoproduzida e as tecnologias de informa-ção, existentes no ambiente interno e externo da empresa. Finalmente, para que as organizações prosperem na complexa sociedade do conhecimento, elas devem gerar processos criativos de crescimento coerentes com a sua identidade. Isso se torna possível à medida em que as empresas encontram o equilíbrio entre o grau de abertura às perturbações na sua estrutura e de flexibilidade em permitir improvisação nos seus métodos e processos.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- List of tables. List of figures -- Introduction /Turner, Barry ?. -- Part I. Symbolic Aspects of Organizations -- Chapter 1. Painting Over Old Works: The Culture of Organization in an Age of Technical Rationality /Adams, Guy B. / Hill Ingersoll, Virginia -- Chapter 2. Interrelations Between Corporate Culture and Municipal Culture: The Lüneburg Saltworks as a Medieval Example /Kahle, Egbert -- Chapter 3. Corporate Culture, the Catholic Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism: A Quebec Experience /Aktouf, Omar -- Chapter 4. Dependency and Worker Flirting /Konecki, Krzysztof -- Chapter 5. Culture and Crisis Management in an English Prison /Finkelstein, Ellis -- Part II. Power as a Symbolic Domain -- Chapter 6. Zombies or People -- What Is the Product of Work? Some Considerations About the Relation Between Human and Nonhuman Systems in Regard to the Socio-Technical-Systems Paradigm /Sievers, Burkard -- Chapter 7. Organizations as Networks of Power and Symbolism /Calás, Marta ?. / McGuire, Jean ?. -- Chapter 8. Crashing in '87: Power and Symbolism in the Dow /Rosen, Michael -- Part III. Management, Consultancy, and Metaphor -- Chapter 9. Merchants of Meaning: Management Consulting in the Swedish Public Sector /Czarniawska-Joerges, Barbara -- Chapter 10. Metaphor Management: On the Semiotics of Strategic Leadership /Gahmberg, Henrik -- Chapter 11. Culture and Management Training: Closed Minds and Change in Managers Belonging to Organizational and Occupational Communities /Gagliardi, Pasquale -- Chapter 12. The 'Commando' Model: A Way to Gather and Interpret Cultural Data /Edgren, Lars D. -- Part IV. Style and Aesthetics -- Chapter 13. The Collusive Manoeuvre: A Study of Organizational Style in Work Relations /Witkin, Robert W. -- Chapter 14. Aesthetics and Organizational Skill /Strati, Antonio -- Part V. Whole Organizations -- Chapter 15. Computers in Organizations: The (White) Magic of the Black Box /Brissy, Jacques F. -- Chapter 16. The Organizational Sensory System /Pihlajamäki, Klara -- Chapter 17. The Dynamics of Organizational States of Being /Koss, Ellee -- Part VI. Against Conclusions: Comments on Theory and Post-Modernism -- Chapter 18. Seeing Through: Symbolic Life and Organization Research in a Postmodern Frame /Travers, Andrew -- Chapter 19. Organizational Bricolage /Linstead, Stephen A. / Grafton-Small, Robert -- Authors' Biographical Notes -- Backmatter

Preliminary Material -- Yoda Goes to Glastonbury: An Introduction to Hyper-real . Religions /Adam Possamai -- Hyper-real Religion Performing in Baudrillard's Integral Reality /Martin Geoffroy -- Occultural Bricolage and Popular Culture: Remix and Art in Discordianism, the Church of the SubGenius, and the Temple of Psychick Youth /Danielle Kirby -- Heaven's Gate, Science Fiction Religions, and Popular American . Culture /Benjamin E. Zeller -- Brain, Biological Robots and Androids: Prophecies in the Realm . of Science Fiction and Religion /Carly Machado -- "A World Without Rules and Controls, Without Borders or Boundaries": Matrixism, New Mythologies, and Symbolic Pilgrimages /John W. Morehead -- Alternative Worlds: Metaphysical Questing and Virtual Community amongst the Otherkin /Danielle Kirby -- Real Vampires as an Identity Group: Analyzing Causes and Effects of an Introspective Survey by the Vampire . Community /Joseph Laycock -- The Sanctification of Star Wars: From Fans to Followers /Debbie McCormick -- The Spiritual Milieu Based on J. R. R. Tolkien's Literary Mythology /Markus Altena Davidsen -- The Road to Hell is Paved with D20s: Evangelical Christianity and Role-playing Gaming /John Walliss -- "An Infinity of Experiences." Hyper-real Paganism and Real Enchantment in World of Warcraft /Stef Aupers -- Dealing a New Religion: Material Culture, Divination, and Hyper-religious Innovation /Douglas E. Cowan -- Who Is Irma Plavatsky? Theosophy, Rosicrucianism, and the Internationalisation of Popular Culture from the Dime Novel to The Da Vinci Code /Massimo Introvigne -- The Gods on Television: Ramanand Sagar's Ramayan, Politics and . Popular Piety in Late Twentieth-century India /Carole M. Cusack -- Hinduism and Hyper-reality /Heinz Scheifinger -- Poetic Jihadis: Muslim Youth, Hip-hop and the Homological . Imagination /Kamaludeen Mohamed Nasir -- Playing for Christ: Christians and Computer Games /Lauren Bernauer -- Some Angel Some Devil: Harry Potter vs. The Roman Catholic . Church in Poland /Krzysztof Olechnicki -- Contemporary Atheism as Hyper-real Irreligion: The Enchantment . of Science and Atheism in This Cosmos /Alan Nixon -- Fantasy, Conspiracy and the Romantic Legacy: Max Weber and . the Spirit of Contemporary Popular Culture /Johan Roeland , Stef Aupers and Dick Houtman -- Conclusion: The Future of Hyper-real Religions? /Adam Possamai -- Contributors' Biographies -- Index.

The article deals with the genre features of L.I. Gaidai "The Diamond Arm". It is noted that in this fi lm, in addition to a satirical denunciation of various shortcomings of Soviet reality, L.I. Gaidai gives a parody on numerous foreign and domestic fi lms, primarily fi lms about James Bond, foreign parodies of Bond and other spies, detective and crime comedies and individual comedy roles. The connection in the fi lm of numerous echoes with parodied prototypes required the director to turn to a special genre – the mockumentary fi lm, which began to actively develop in those years in Western cinema. Perhaps Gaidai's "The Diamond Arm" turned out to be the fi rst domestic example of this genre. It is based on the technique of bricolage, which is expressed in a special combination of many borrowed plot situations and actors' characters. The result is a believable story with easily recognizable intrigues and plot moves, made in the manner of realistic fi lming, without exact quoting of material borrowed from other fi lms, but with a recognizable reliance on it. Thanks to the layering of parodied plot details embedded in everyday situations that were widespread in the Soviet reality of those years, the director creates a story that is outwardly simple and understandable to the general public, unfolding in the frame. Thus, Gaidai managed to form a script, consisting entirely of parodied borrowings. The director offers not only to laugh at the so-called 'individual shortcomings', but also draws attention to conceptual criticism of the vulnerable aspects of the Soviet mass consciousness of the 1960s – over the main value priorities of the many-sided domestic bourgeoisie, focused on the life for 'personal benefi t'. Accordingly, he criticizes precisely this ideal of false self-assertion, both by direct satirical denunciations of the negative aspects of Soviet reality, and by parodying models of acquisitiveness and personal comfort borrowed from the West, to which Soviet seekers of an easy life were committed.