Suchergebnisse

This volume contains the texts of written pleadings and other documents from the proceedings in The M/T "San Padre Pio" (No. 2) Case (Switzerland v. Nigeria) . The documents are reproduced in their original language. The President of the Tribunal delivered his Order recording the discontinuance of the proceedings on 29 December 2021. It is published in the ITLOS Reports 2020-2021 . Le présent volume reproduit le texte des mémoires et autres documents relatifs à la procédure concernant l'Affaire du navire « San Padre Pio » (No. 2) (Suisse c. Nigéria) . Les documents sont publiés dans la langue originale. Le Président du Tribunal a rendu son ordonnance prenant acte du désistement de l'instance le 29 décembre 2021. L'ordonnance est publiée dans le TIDM Recueil 2020-2021

Business people, tax practitioners, and legal academics generally agree that the United States' international tax regime is broken. Criticisms abound that the system is overly complicated, disadvantageous to American businesses competing in a global economy, and frequently subject to manipulation and abuse. In the recent past, individuals and groups across the political spectrum have proposed numerous reforms to address these problems, some of which seek simply to modify current requirements while others jettison the current system in favor of dramatic alternatives. Two of the more ambitious proposals regarding international tax reform have centered on implementing changes that would significantly modify the current international tax regime. The first proposal would move the current regime closer to an exemption or territorial system and provide that foreign income, whether earned directly or through a foreign subsidiary, would not be subject to United States taxation. The second proposal would move the current regime closer to a pure worldwide tax system, sometimes referred to as a "full inclusion" system, under which the foreign income of foreign subsidiaries would be attributed to the United States parent.

Despite intense public and policy debates about the termination (and re-instatement) of sanctions in cases such as Iran, Cuba and Russia, research has hitherto focused on sanctions imposition and effectiveness, directing little attention towards their removal. Existing work has been constrained by a lack of adequate data. In response, we introduce a novel dataset that contains information on the termination of all EU, UN, US and regional sanctions between 1990 and 2018. In contrast to previous datasets, which rely on media reports, the International Sanctions Termination (IST) dataset systematically codes official governmental and intergovernmental documents. It contains information on the design of sanctions – including expiry dates, review provisions and termination requirements – and captures the gradual process of adapting and ending sanctions. The article describes the data collection process, considers IST's complementarity to and compatibility with existing datasets, and discusses the newly captured variables, exploring how they affect the termination of sanctions. The results indicate that changes in the sender's goals and investments in monitoring devices lead to significantly longer sanctions spells. By contrast, clearly stipulated termination requirements decrease the expected duration of sanctions.

Despite intense public and policy debates about the termination (and re-instatement) of sanctions in cases such as Iran, Cuba and Russia, research has hitherto focused on sanctions imposition and effectiveness, directing little attention towards their removal. Existing work has been constrained by a lack of adequate data. In response, we introduce a novel dataset that contains information on the termination of all EU, UN, US and regional sanctions between 1990 and 2018. In contrast to previous datasets, which rely on media reports, the International Sanctions Termination (IST) dataset systematically codes official governmental and intergovernmental documents. It contains information on the design of sanctions – including expiry dates, review provisions and termination requirements – and captures the gradual process of adapting and ending sanctions. The article describes the data collection process, considers IST's complementarity to and compatibility with existing datasets, and discusses the newly captured variables, exploring how they affect the termination of sanctions. The results indicate that changes in the sender's goals and investments in monitoring devices lead to significantly longer sanctions spells. By contrast, clearly stipulated termination requirements decrease the expected duration of sanctions.

Antiterrorism legislation that has been drafted & enacted after September 11 (2001) certainly carries clear signs of coordination & convergence. Coordination & convergence have been pushed by precise demands voiced by the UN, the security council, & other international & supranational bodies. Moreover, antiterrorism legislation after 9/11 implements a program that was developed in the context of controlling transnational organized crime, money laundering, & illegal immigration in the 1980s & 1990s. Antiterrorism legislation is of a cross sectional nature as it is headed towards amendments not only of criminal law but also towards amending telecommunication law, immigration law, police law, etc. In substantial criminal law we find new offence statutes that penalize support of terrorist organizations & financing terrorism. In procedural law police powers have been widened while telecommunication providers are subject to prolonged periods of keeping data. Cooperation between police & intelligence agencies has been facilitated; the emergence of task force approaches that combine police, intelligence agencies, customs, immigration authorities, etc, is pointing also to the convergence of policies of prevention & repression. At large, antiterrorism legislation demonstrates the transformation of the formerly privileged status of politically & ideologically motivated violence into behavior deemed to be particularly dangerous & therefore eligible for increased penalties & incapacitation. Such transformation can be also understood as the emergence of an enemy type criminal law that is opposed to the version of criminal law that addresses citizens & with that treasures the salience of civil liberties. 49 References. Adapted from the source document.

Provisions for citizen involvement in the assessment of potential environmental effects of certain plans, programmes and projects are present in current legislation. An international survey revealed that public participation is common practice in European and some other countries worldwide. However, a number of issues are observed to affect public involvement in EIA/SEA processes and expert opinion differs when evaluating the effectiveness of existing participative methods. Results suggest that technology-aided methods can improve traditional participation processes. In particular, GIS has the potential to increase community knowledge and enhance involvement by communicating information more effectively. Variable accessibility to technology and data quality remain issues. Combining technology with more conventional ways of gathering, evaluating and presenting data are seen as offering a solution to the need to promote the integration of public perceptions in environmental assessment procedures. Recommendations to improve current public participation methods and measures for making GIS available to the general public are provided.