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The sea strongly contributes to the identity of coastline areas. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that the coastline is a geographical entity which calls for specific organization. From an architectural point of view, design elements have been associated with the assets (or constraints) of the site. Thus, the view is associated with the bow window, protection against the climate with canopies and protruding roofs, and quality of the soil and bedrock. Integration into the site is also highly desirable, both in form (ship) and in construction materials. The urbanization of coastal areas in Algeria is a colonial fact. In pre-colonial times, little importance was given to these areas, whereas later they became a priority: port sites, the speed of communications with Europe, rich agricultural plains, a mild climate and welcoming beaches. The developments and seaside constructions carried out during this period were part of the logic of attractiveness to welcome more European settlers and promote the sedentarization and growth of those already living in Algeria. After independence, political and economic choices did not unfortunately take into account the geographical and climatic specificity of Algeria's coastal zones. Thus, population growth and rural depopulation have led to a sharp increase in the demand for real estate, which has resulted in unbridled urbanization, regardless of the seaside vocation of these territories. In this article, based on the case of the seaside resort of Ain El Turc, which has colonial architectural production of an exceptional quality that takes into account the specificities of the coastline and the presence of the sea, the aim is to assess and verify if this architecture was perpetuated after independence. To this end, we have highlighted, through bibliographic research, the characteristics of seaside architecture from the 19th and 20th centuries and those of the contemporary time. An analysis of all the dwellings located in the Saint Rock district in the municipality of Ain El Turc consisted in identifying these characteristics and establishing a classification of these constructions. ; Il mare contribuisce fortemente all'identità delle zone costiere. Inoltre, è stato dimostrato che il litorale è un'entità geografica che richiede un'organizzazione specifica. Da un punto di vista architettonico, elementi di design sono stati associati agli asset (o vincoli) del sito. Pertanto, la vista è associata al bovindo, alla protezione dal clima con tettoie e tetti sporgenti e alla qualità del suolo e del substrato roccioso. Anche l'integrazione nel sito è altamente auspicabile, sia nella forma (nave) che nei materiali da costruzione. L'urbanizzazione delle aree costiere in Algeria è un fatto coloniale. In epoca precoloniale, a queste zone veniva data poca importanza, mentre in seguito divennero una priorità: siti portuali, velocità di comunicazione con l'Europa, ricche pianure agricole, clima mite e spiagge accoglienti. Gli sviluppi e le costruzioni marittime realizzate in questo periodo facevano parte della logica di attrattività per accogliere più coloni europei e promuovere la sedentarizzazione e la crescita di coloro che già vivevano in Algeria. Dopo l'indipendenza, le scelte politiche ed economiche non hanno purtroppo tenuto conto della specificità geografica e climatica delle zone costiere algerine. Pertanto, la crescita della popolazione e lo spopolamento rurale hanno portato a un forte aumento della domanda di immobili, che ha portato a un'urbanizzazione sfrenata, indipenden-temente dalla vocazione balneare di questi territori. In questo articolo, basato sul caso della località balneare di Ain El Turc, che ha una produzione architettonica coloniale di una qualità eccezionale che tiene conto delle specificità della costa e della presenza del mare, lo scopo è valutare e verificare se questa architettura è stata perpetuata dopo l'indipendenza. A tal fine, abbiamo messo in luce, attraverso la ricerca bibliografica, le caratteristiche dell'architettura balneare dei secoli XIX e XX e quelle della contemporaneità. L'analisi di tutte le abitazioni situate nel distretto di Saint Rock nel comune di Ain El Turc è consistita nell'individuare queste caratteristiche e stabilire una classificazione di queste costruzioni.

Successful examples of legal support privatization in a number of developed foreign countries are analyzed. In particular, the main attention was paid to the analysis of the experience of legal support privatization in developed and democratic countries of North America and Western Europe. The possibility and peculiarity of the procedure of introduction of specific forms and methods of legal support of the processes related to privatization in Ukraine are established. It is stated that privatization is one of the most significant phenomena both in the economy of a particular state and in society as a whole. It is noted that the proper legal enforcement and support of all privatization-related processes determine whether the economic development and prosperity of the state will take place, or, conversely, it will decline and suffer significant losses. It is noted that in connection with the gradual rapprochement of Ukraine with European states and their standards, the problem of inventing the most appropriate and relevant privatization of certain state or municipal enterprises is becoming more acute. At the same time, researchers prefer to conduct a qualitative analysis of the processes of privatization of state property that has taken place in the past in more detail, based on certain newly discovered facts. Among other things, it is considered necessary to check whether the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens, as well as the state, have been violated during the privatization process.Keywords: Privatization Legal Support; Implementation; Effective Activity; Qualitative Regulation; Research of Processes and PhenomenaPengalaman Asing Dalam Privatisasi Dukungan Hukum dan Peluang Penerapannya di Ukraina AbstrakContoh sukses privatisasi dukungan hukum di sejumlah negara maju asing dianalisis. Secara khusus, perhatian utama diberikan pada analisis pengalaman privatisasi dukungan hukum di negara-negara maju dan demokratis di Amerika Utara dan Eropa Barat. Kemungkinan dan kekhasan prosedur pengenalan bentuk khusus dan metode dukungan hukum dari proses yang terkait dengan privatisasi di Ukraina ditetapkan. Disebutkan bahwa privatisasi adalah salah satu fenomena paling signifikan baik dalam perekonomian suatu negara tertentu maupun dalam masyarakat secara keseluruhan. Penegakan hukum yang tepat dan dukungan dari semua proses terkait privatisasi menentukan apakah pembangunan ekonomi dan kemakmuran negara akan berlangsung, atau sebaliknya, akan menurun dan menderita kerugian yang signifikan. Sehubungan dengan pemulihan hubungan Ukraina secara bertahap dengan negara-negara Eropa dan standar mereka, masalah menciptakan privatisasi yang paling tepat dan relevan dari perusahaan negara bagian atau kota tertentu menjadi lebih akut. Pada saat yang sama, peneliti lebih memilih untuk melakukan analisis kualitatif terhadap proses privatisasi barang milik negara yang telah terjadi di masa lalu secara lebih rinci, berdasarkan fakta-fakta tertentu yang baru ditemukan. Antara lain, dipandang perlu untuk memeriksa apakah hak, kebebasan, dan kepentingan sah warga negara, serta negara, telah dilanggar selama proses privatisasi.Kata Kunci: Dukungan Hukum Privatisasi; Pelaksanaan; Kegiatan Efektif; Regulasi Kualitatif; Penelitian Proses dan Fenomena Зарубежный опыт правового обеспечения приватизации и возможность его использования в УкраинеАннотацияПроанализированы успешные примеры правового обеспечения приватизации в ряде развитых зарубежных стран. В частности, основное внимание было уделено анализу опыта правового обеспечения приватизации в развитых и демократических странах Северной Америки и Западной Европы. Установлены особенность процедуры введения конкретных форм и методов правового обеспечения процессов, связанных с приватизацией в Украине. Констатировано, что приватизация является одной из наиболее значимых явлений как в экономике конкретного государства, так и в обществе в целом. От надлежащего правового обеспечения и сопровождения всех связанных с приватизацией процессов зависит будет ли происходить экономическое развитие и процветание государства, или же наоборот она испытывает упадок и получит существенные убытки. В связи с постепенным приближением Украины к европейским государствам и их стандартов, все более остро встает проблема изобретение наиболее уместного и актуального проведения приватизации определенных государственных или коммунальных предприятий. Вместе с тем, исследователи предпочитают более детализировано, опираясь на определенные вновь открывшиеся факты, провести качественный анализ тех процессов приватизации государственной собственности, которые произошли в прошлом. Среди прочего, признается необходимым проверить, не были ли нарушены при проведении приватизации права, свободы и законные интересы граждан, а также интересы государства.Ключевые слова: приватизация, правовое обеспечение, эффективная деятельность, качественная регламентация, исследования процессов и явлений

Background: The benefits of establishing a web-based telemedicine service in a resource-stressed society, linking health professionals in order to improve the quality and accessibility of healthcare and facilitate a further method of medical education through exchange of knowledge and experiences. Sub-standard communication facilities within a strained medical service across limited sites, combined with an inadequate understanding of the service further reduces provision. The on-going military campaign within the country exacerbates the problems facing medical staff, yet despite the difficult situation in the country there is a drive towards an increase in health facilities. Objective: The aim of this research is to explore one of the first experiences in the use of telemedicine in Yemen by clarifying cases that have benefited from telemedicine and further exploring the potential for development of a network of TM to serve areas which lack sub-specialty services. Methods: We carried out a review of both the first and second phases of our experience of TM services in Yemen. The first phase began in 1997 when we joined a newly established international company based in the USA with several offices in different countries. We got a huge, expensive digitizer that was supposed to transfer medical reports to second opinion sites in USA, UK, Jordan etc. The second phase began a few years later utilizing a free service, namely The Swinfen Charitable Trust, based in the UK; in which 300 cases in the first stage with 1-3 responses and about 80 cases with 5-50 responses and more in the second stage were involved and benefited from TM services. Results: During the study period the process was seen to be generally very useful to patients helping the local doctor to give the correct decision on management and treatment; added to that cases had reduced travel and the specialist advice proved educational for the doctors who received their guidance. Conclusion and recommendation: This study revealed that telemedicine services are generally underutilized in Yemen despite the good results achieved in many of the cases. Technical, administrative, and legal issues should be discussed in Yemen. Factors such as on-going problems with internet connectivity and consequent system reliability must also be considered. Knowing and identifying these factors is vital for considering any future in-depth studies and assessing the appropriate measures to fix the technological problems that face TM in Yemen are an on-going concern. Peer Review History: Received 3 January 2021; Revised 11 February; Accepted 1 March, Available online 15 March 2021 Academic Editor: Essam Mohamed Eissa, Beni-Suef University, Egypt, dressamceutics@yahoo.com UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest 'Advanced OPEN peer review' system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is 'to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript'. Our reviewers check the 'strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly'. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. George Zhu,Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, sansan4240732@163.com Dr. Evren Alğin Yapar, Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency, Turkiye, evren.yapar@yahoo.com Similar Articles: USE OF COLCHICINE TO COUNTERACT THE STRONG HYPERINFLAMMATORY STATE INDUCED BY SARS-COV-2

The article analyzes the nature and features of the formation of political myths, as well as the most common political myths in the political system of Armenia. It is argued that every myth has a semantic center, the role of which in most cases is played by archetypes. The main plot of the myth unfolds around the semantic center. History and politics are the areas where most myths are created. Political myths in the mass consciousness do not reflect real political processes, but their distortions, original interpretations. They are widely used due to modern communication technologies and mass media. It is argued, that in addition to the negative impact on public consciousness, the myth can also have a positive effect, which is expressed in the mobilization of society, without which it is sometimes impossible to imagine overcoming the crisis in the political system, expressing the interests and goals of society or affirming democratic principles. In the article, some examples of political myths in the political system of Armenia are discussed: by the myths about a young state and a transitional period the authorities of the country have for a long time motivated the impossibility of solving basic social problems, corruption, weak democratization of social relations, etc. The myths about guaranteed security and sustainability of social life in the mass consciousness reflected the idea of a supposedly productive domestic and foreign policy. One of the most resistant political myths is the myth of the legitimacy of the chosen power in which the legality and legitimacy of power are presented as implying each other phenomena, although legally elected power may not be legitimate, and illegitimate powermay act completely legally. Simultaneously, with the process of a mythologization of politics, the process of demythologization in society is also taking place, which is most productive in the development of analytical and critical thinking, as well as on the condition that political relations are public, not backstage. ; Հոդվածում վերլուծվում է ինչպես քաղաքական միֆերի ձևավորումը, այնպես էլ դրանցից ամենատարածվածը Հայաստանի քաղաքական համակարգում: Պնդվում է, որ յուրաքանչյուր միֆ ունի իմաստային կենտրոն, որի դերը շատ դեպքերում խաղում են արքետիպերը: Պատմությունն ու քաղաքականությունն այն ոլորտներն են, որտեղ ստեղծվում են ամենաշատ միֆերը: Զանգվածային գիտակցության մեջ քաղաքական միֆերն արտացոլում են ոչ թե իրական գործընթացները, այլ դրանց աղավաղումները և մեկնաբանությունները: Դրանք տարածվում են կապի ժամանակակից տեխնոլոգիաների և լրատվամիջոցների միջոցով: Պնդվում է, որ բացի հասարակության գիտակցության վրա բացասական ազդեցությունից, միֆը կարող է նաև ունենալ դրական ազդեցություն, որն արտահայտվում է հասարակության մոբիլիզացմամբ, առանց որի երբեմն անհնար է հաղթահարել ճգնաժամը: Երկար ժամանակ երկրի իշխանությունները երիտասարդ պետության ու անցումային շրջանի մասին միֆերով պատճառաբանում էին հիմնական սոցիալական խնդիրները և կոռուպցիայի լուծման անհնարինությունը: Ամենակայուն քաղաքական միֆերից մեկն է ընտրված իշխանության լեգիտիմության մասին միֆը, որում լեգիտիմությունն ու լեգալությունը ներկայացված են միմյանց փոխպայմանավորող երևույթներ՝ չնայած օրինականորեն ընտրված իշխանությունը կարող է լինել ոչ լեգիտիմ, իսկ ոչ լեգիտիմ իշխանությունը կարող է գործել ամբողջովին օրինական: ; В статье анализируется формирование политических мифов, а также наиболее распространённые из них в политической системе Армении. Утверждается, что каждый миф имеет смысловой центр, роль которого в большинстве случаев играют архетипы. История и политика – те области, где создаётся наибольшее количество мифов. Политические мифы в массовом сознании отражают не реальные процессы, а их искажения, интерпретации. Они распространяются благодаря современным коммуникационным технологиям и СМИ. Утверждается, что помимо негативного влияния на общественное сознание, миф может иметь и положительный эффект, который выражается в мобилизации общества, без чегоиногда невозможно преодолеть кризис.Мифами о молодом государстве и переходном периоде власти страны долго мотивировали невозможность решить основные социальные проблемы, коррупцию и т.д. Одним из наиболее устойчивых политических мифов является миф о легитимности избранной власти, в котором легальность и легитимность предстают как подразумевающие друг друга явления, хотя на самом деле легально избранная власть может быть нелегитимной, а нелегитимная власть может действовать вполне легально.

The purpose of the article is to provide the scientific analysis and classification of the immovable cultural heritage monuments of Lviv according to the type of "architecture", with the elaboration of recommendations to preserve them. The research methodology is based on the use of general scientific and special methods, in particular, the historical method in a systematic approach, when the set of monuments of the historic city as an object of study is considered in development, as well as comparative method, analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction. The scientific novelty of the study is that for the first time a comprehensive analysis of the existing architectural heritage throughout Lviv has been carried out with the definition of the main parameters of this set and the best ways to overcome its threatening factors. Conclusions. Lviv has the highest number, diversity, concentration and value of architectural monuments among all Ukrainian cities, which form complexes, ensembles and sights, not only in the historic centre but also around it and even in peripheral areas. To ensure their preservation, it is necessary not only to include all cultural heritage sites in the State Register of Immovable Monuments of Ukraine but also to concentrate efforts of municipal government, the public, specialists and concentration of financial resources on the practical implementation of the principles of the civilized approach, in order to preserve for present and future generations not only numerous individual architectural monuments but also the traditional nature of the environment of Lviv. ; Цель исследования – осуществить памятниковедческий анализ и классификацию многочисленных памятников недвижимого культурного наследия г. Львова по виду «архитектура» с разработкой мероприятий по сохранению их. Методы исследования базируются на использовании общенаучных и специальных методов, в частности исторического метода при системном подходе, когда совокупность памятников исторического города как объект изучения рассматривается в развитии, а также сравнительный метод, анализ и синтез, дедукция и индукция. Научная новизна исследования заключается в том, что впервые комплексно проанализировано имеющееся на территории всего Львова архитектурное наследие с определением основных параметров этого множества и оптимальных способов преодоления угроз, которые существуют для него. Выводы. Во Львове зафиксированы самые высокие среди всех городов Украины количество, разнообразие, концентрация и ценность архитектурных памятников, которые формируют комплексы, ансамбли и достопримечательные места, причем не только в самом историческом центре, но и вокруг него и даже в периферийных районах. Для обеспечения их сохранности необходимо не только внести в Государственный реестр недвижимых памятников Украины все объекты культурного наследия, но и добиться сосредоточения усилий городского самоуправления, общественности, специалистов и концентрации финансовых ресурсов вокруг практического внедрения принципов признанного в цивилизованном мире территориально-средового подхода с целью сохранения для настоящего и будущих поколений не только многочисленных отдельных памятников архитектуры, но и традиционного характера среды Львова. ; Мета дослідження – пам'яткознавчий аналіз і класифікація численних пам'яток нерухомої культурної спадщини м. Львова за видом «архітектура» з опрацюванням заходів щодо їхнього збереження. Методи дослідження базуються на використанні загальнонаукових та спеціальних методів, зокрема історичного методу в системному підході, коли сукупність пам'яток історичного міста як об'єкт вивчення розглядається в розвитку, а також порівняльний метод, аналіз і синтез, дедукція та індукція. Наукова новизна дослідження полягає в тому, що вперше комплексно проаналізована наявна на теренах усього Львова архітектурна спадщина з визначенням основних параметрів цієї множини та оптимальних способів подолання загрозливих їй факторів. Висновки. У Львові зафіксована найвища серед усіх міст України кількість, різноманітність, концентрація й цінність архітектурних пам'яток, які формують комплекси, ансамблі й визначні місця, але не тільки в історичному центрі, а й навколо нього, а також у периферійних районах. Для забезпечення їх збереження необхідно не тільки внести до Державного реєстру нерухомих пам'яток України всі об'єкти культурної спадщини, а й добитися зосередження зусиль міського самоврядування, громадськості, фахівців і концентрації фінансових ресурсів довкола практичного впровадження принципів визнаного в цивілізованому світі територіально-середовищного підходу задля збереження для нинішнього і прийдешніх поколінь не тільки численних поодиноких пам'яток архітектури, а і традиційного характеру середовища Львова.

In many parts of the world, mediation process is used to resolve cases of damage compensation and other non-violent cases. The opposite position is taken in Lithuania: according to Lithuanian Probation service statistic data – 245 cases of domestic violence were referred to mediation in 2018. The study investigates both innovative and relevant topic, as the mediation process between victim and offender is relatively new process in Lithuania. From a practical point of view, the relevance of the topic is that in Lithuania assistance to victim and offender is usually conducted separately, which does not mean that conflicts and problems in the family are resolved. In this case, both parties to the conflict denied the opportunity to analyze their conflict, communicate with each other in a constructive manner and seek out the causes of the conflict or develop positive relationship in the future. Without removing unpleasant emotions, analyzing emerging conflicts and identifying the causes of the conflict, domestic violence can recur. All investigations related to mediation cases of domestic violence in the Lithuanian Probation service were carried out during the implementation of the project (2014-2016), which had initiated the mediation process in Lithuania. There is only a few literature and research specifically on the topic of domestic violence in mediation, and the need for this process is due to the high number of such cases in Probation service. There is a few information sources on the development of professionals and the success of the mediation process. The main questions are: do probation officers refer suitable cases for mediation? Are reached agreements through the mediation of domestic violence cases is in the immediate environment? What are the biggest challenges of mediating domestic violence cases? How mediators could be more effective in the process? The investigation has been initiated with these problematic issues, so the main object is mediation peculiarities of domestic violence between victim and offender in Lithuanian Probation service. The aim of the study is to analyze mediators' experience in mediating issues between victim and offender. Focus group discussion with mediators was implemented. Content analysis of the results revealed that there are different attitudes toward victim – offender mediation between mediators. However, practitioners do believe that the process is useful and important especially for the victim. Assessing the case suitability for mediation mediators rely on their impression of the aggressor, and they apply all the principles of mediation (ex. parties' willingness etc.). According to mediators' opinion the most helpful tactics are such as individual meetings, inviting to the session of those related persons, having the reflection. The result might be useful for teachers and students of conflict management and alternative dispute resolution (mediation, negotiation). Also, for probation service mediators and officers who directly works with victims and offenders, as well as social workers, crisis center workers and for professionals who are working with families. ; Daugelyje pasaulio valstybių mediacija taikoma sprendžiant žalos atlyginimo atvejus bei kitus nesunkius ir be smurto apraiškų atvejus. Lietuvoje laikomasi priešingos pozicijos: remiantis 2018 m. Lietuvos probacijos tarnybos duomenimis, į mediaciją buvo nukreipti 245 smurto artimoje aplinkoje atvejai. Lietuvos probacijos tarnybos pozicija yra grindžiama sėkminga 2014-2016 m. projektine veikla "Mediacijos įgyvendinimas probacijos tarnybose (MIPT)" (Giedrytė-Mačiulienė, Venckevičienė, 2016). Tačiau smurtinių konfliktų mediacija ne projekto kontekste nebuvo tiriama. Ar probacijos tarnybų pareigūnai nukreipia tinkamus mediacijai atvejus? Ar pavyksta pasiekti susitarimų medijuojant artimoje aplinkoje įvykusius smurtinius konfliktus? Kokių iššūkių kyla juos medijuojant? Kokios pagalbos mediatoriams reikėtų siekiant didesnio efektyvumo? Turint omenyje šiuos probleminius klausimus inicijuotas tyrimas, kurio objektas – nusikaltėlio ir aukos mediacijos, vykdomos Lietuvos probacijos tarnyboje, ypatumai. Tyrimo tikslas – atskleisti mediatorių požiūrį į artimoje aplinkoje įvykusių smurtinių konfliktų mediaciją. Tyrimo klausimai: ar mediacija yra efektyvi priemonė sprendžiant smurtinius konfliktus? Kaip nusprendžiama apie smurtinio atvejo tinkamumą mediacijai? Kurios technikos yra pagalbios medijuojant būtent smurtinius konfliktus? Siekiant pažinti Lietuvoje praktikuojančių mediatorių požiūrį atliktas kokybinis tyrimas pasitelkus fokus grupės metodą. Tyrime dalyvavo 7 Lietuvos probacijos tarnyboje dirbantys mediatoriai.

Children were central to Dutch and Belgian colonial projects. Children and youth were the objects of colonial interventions issued by missionaries and officials. However, children could also become actors who produced change in a colonial context. Crucial in colonial policies towards children was the separation of children from their parents, communities and/or culture ('child separation') in all kinds of forms – temporary or permanent, far from home or close by, in contact with their own community or cut off from it – and to various degrees of coercion (voluntary, from a situation of dependence, enforced with punishment or violence). Child separation projects could involve adoption, foster parenting, 'apprenticeships' serving a household, boarding schools or day schools. It could concern children from the local elite, but also children who ended up on the margins of their own communities or were even bought out of slavery. Child separation was never about education only, but always imposed specific morals and life styles on its subjects as well. It caused profound fault lines in colonised families and communities. For colonial politics, it was key to controlling, influencing and disciplining the colonised population ('governmentality'). In the case of children of ethnically mixed descent, child separation often involved policing hierarchical racialised boundaries in the colony; in the case of indigenous children, it aimed at transforming the colonised population. Christian missions were pivotal in child separation projects. This special issue, therefore, pleads for a more central place of Catholic and Protestant missions in the analysis of Dutch colonial history, comparable to Belgian historiography. Finally, it is precisely these (missionary) colonial projects, often labeled as 'soft' or 'civilising', that have passed unnoticed into post-colonial discourses, organisations and practices, such as transnational adoption or surrogacy, and countless development projects in which children, detached from their own family and context, must be 'saved'. Without proper scholarly attention for Christian missions in colonial history, these traces of the colonial past in the postcolonial present will not be recognised as such. Kinderen stonden centraal in Nederlandse en Belgische koloniale projecten. Kinderen en jongeren waren daarbij het object van koloniaal handelen van missionarissen, zendelingen en ambtenaren, maar zij konden ook zelf actoren worden die in een koloniale context veranderingen veroorzaakten. Cruciaal in deze koloniale projecten was het scheiden van kinderen van hun ouders, van hun gemeenschappen en van hun cultuur (child separation) in allerlei vormen – tijdelijk of voorgoed, ver van huis of dichtbij, in contact met de eigen gemeenschap of volledig daarvan afgesneden – en in diverse gradaties van dwang (vrijwillig, vanuit een situatie van afhankelijkheid, afgedwongen met straffen of geweld). Concreet kon het gaan om adoptie, pleegouderschap, het in huis nemen van werkende 'leerjongens en -meisjes', kostscholen of dagscholen. De kinderen zelf waren afkomstig uit de lokale elite, of het waren juist kinderen die in de marge van hun eigen gemeenschappen terecht waren gekomen, of zelfs door missionarissen uit slavernij werden gekocht. De doelstellingen van deze praktijken betroffen nooit alleen onderricht, maar altijd ook het aanleren van een bepaalde levenswijze en moraal. Niet alleen veroorzaakten de scheiding en heropvoeding ingrijpende breuklijnen in gekoloniseerde families en gemeenschappen; voor de koloniale politiek waren deze kinderen de sleutel tot het controleren, beïnvloeden en disciplineren van de gekoloniseerde bevolking (governmentality). In het geval van kinderen van etnisch gemengde komaf ging het vaak om het bewaken van de hiërarchische geracialiseerde grenzen in de kolonie; in het geval van lokale kinderen meer om het transformeren van de gekoloniseerde bevolking. Van veel instellingen voor opvoeding en onderwijs van deze kinderen vormden christelijke missie- en zendingsorganisaties de spil. In en met dit themanummer wordt daarom ook een lans gebroken voor de integratie van missie en zending in het analyseren van de Nederlandse koloniale geschiedenis, in navolging van de Belgische historiografie. Tot slot zijn het juist deze vaak als 'zacht' of 'civiliserend' aangemerkte koloniale projecten die ongemerkt zijn overgegaan in postkoloniale discoursen, organisaties en praktijken, zoals transnationale adoptie of draagmoederschap, en talloze ontwikkelingsprojecten waarin kinderen, losgezongen van hun eigen familie en context, 'gered' moeten worden. Zonder gedegen wetenschappelijke aandacht voor de rol van christelijke missie- en zendingsorganisaties in de koloniale geschiedenis zullen deze sporen van het koloniale verleden in het postkoloniale heden niet als dusdanig worden herkend.

The purpose of the article is to provide the scientific analysis and classification of the immovable cultural heritage monuments of Lviv according to the type of "architecture", with the elaboration of recommendations to preserve them. The research methodology is based on the use of general scientific and special methods, in particular, the historical method in a systematic approach, when the set of monuments of the historic city as an object of study is considered in development, as well as comparative method, analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction. The scientific novelty of the study is that for the first time a comprehensive analysis of the existing architectural heritage throughout Lviv has been carried out with the definition of the main parameters of this set and the best ways to overcome its threatening factors. Conclusions. Lviv has the highest number, diversity, concentration and value of architectural monuments among all Ukrainian cities, which form complexes, ensembles and sights, not only in the historic centre but also around it and even in peripheral areas. To ensure their preservation, it is necessary not only to include all cultural heritage sites in the State Register of Immovable Monuments of Ukraine but also to concentrate efforts of municipal government, the public, specialists and concentration of financial resources on the practical implementation of the principles of the civilized approach, in order to preserve for present and future generations not only numerous individual architectural monuments but also the traditional nature of the environment of Lviv. ; Цель исследования – осуществить памятниковедческий анализ и классификацию многочисленных памятников недвижимого культурного наследия г. Львова по виду «архитектура» с разработкой мероприятий по сохранению их. Методы исследования базируются на использовании общенаучных и специальных методов, в частности исторического метода при системном подходе, когда совокупность памятников исторического города как объект изучения рассматривается в развитии, а также сравнительный метод, анализ и синтез, дедукция и индукция. Научная новизна исследования заключается в том, что впервые комплексно проанализировано имеющееся на территории всего Львова архитектурное наследие с определением основных параметров этого множества и оптимальных способов преодоления угроз, которые существуют для него. Выводы. Во Львове зафиксированы самые высокие среди всех городов Украины количество, разнообразие, концентрация и ценность архитектурных памятников, которые формируют комплексы, ансамбли и достопримечательные места, причем не только в самом историческом центре, но и вокруг него и даже в периферийных районах. Для обеспечения их сохранности необходимо не только внести в Государственный реестр недвижимых памятников Украины все объекты культурного наследия, но и добиться сосредоточения усилий городского самоуправления, общественности, специалистов и концентрации финансовых ресурсов вокруг практического внедрения принципов признанного в цивилизованном мире территориально-средового подхода с целью сохранения для настоящего и будущих поколений не только многочисленных отдельных памятников архитектуры, но и традиционного характера среды Львова. ; Мета дослідження – пам'яткознавчий аналіз і класифікація численних пам'яток нерухомої культурної спадщини м. Львова за видом «архітектура» з опрацюванням заходів щодо їхнього збереження. Методи дослідження базуються на використанні загальнонаукових та спеціальних методів, зокрема історичного методу в системному підході, коли сукупність пам'яток історичного міста як об'єкт вивчення розглядається в розвитку, а також порівняльний метод, аналіз і синтез, дедукція та індукція. Наукова новизна дослідження полягає в тому, що вперше комплексно проаналізована наявна на теренах усього Львова архітектурна спадщина з визначенням основних параметрів цієї множини та оптимальних способів подолання загрозливих їй факторів. Висновки. У Львові зафіксована найвища серед усіх міст України кількість, різноманітність, концентрація й цінність архітектурних пам'яток, які формують комплекси, ансамблі й визначні місця, але не тільки в історичному центрі, а й навколо нього, а також у периферійних районах. Для забезпечення їх збереження необхідно не тільки внести до Державного реєстру нерухомих пам'яток України всі об'єкти культурної спадщини, а й добитися зосередження зусиль міського самоврядування, громадськості, фахівців і концентрації фінансових ресурсів довкола практичного впровадження принципів визнаного в цивілізованому світі територіально-середовищного підходу задля збереження для нинішнього і прийдешніх поколінь не тільки численних поодиноких пам'яток архітектури, а і традиційного характеру середовища Львова.

The purpose of the article is to provide the scientific analysis and classification of the immovable cultural heritage monuments of Lviv according to the type of "architecture", with the elaboration of recommendations to preserve them. The research methodology is based on the use of general scientific and special methods, in particular, the historical method in a systematic approach, when the set of monuments of the historic city as an object of study is considered in development, as well as comparative method, analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction. The scientific novelty of the study is that for the first time a comprehensive analysis of the existing architectural heritage throughout Lviv has been carried out with the definition of the main parameters of this set and the best ways to overcome its threatening factors. Conclusions. Lviv has the highest number, diversity, concentration and value of architectural monuments among all Ukrainian cities, which form complexes, ensembles and sights, not only in the historic centre but also around it and even in peripheral areas. To ensure their preservation, it is necessary not only to include all cultural heritage sites in the State Register of Immovable Monuments of Ukraine but also to concentrate efforts of municipal government, the public, specialists and concentration of financial resources on the practical implementation of the principles of the civilized approach, in order to preserve for present and future generations not only numerous individual architectural monuments but also the traditional nature of the environment of Lviv. ; Цель исследования – осуществить памятниковедческий анализ и классификацию многочисленных памятников недвижимого культурного наследия г. Львова по виду «архитектура» с разработкой мероприятий по сохранению их. Методы исследования базируются на использовании общенаучных и специальных методов, в частности исторического метода при системном подходе, когда совокупность памятников исторического города как объект изучения рассматривается в развитии, а также сравнительный метод, анализ и синтез, дедукция и индукция. Научная новизна исследования заключается в том, что впервые комплексно проанализировано имеющееся на территории всего Львова архитектурное наследие с определением основных параметров этого множества и оптимальных способов преодоления угроз, которые существуют для него. Выводы. Во Львове зафиксированы самые высокие среди всех городов Украины количество, разнообразие, концентрация и ценность архитектурных памятников, которые формируют комплексы, ансамбли и достопримечательные места, причем не только в самом историческом центре, но и вокруг него и даже в периферийных районах. Для обеспечения их сохранности необходимо не только внести в Государственный реестр недвижимых памятников Украины все объекты культурного наследия, но и добиться сосредоточения усилий городского самоуправления, общественности, специалистов и концентрации финансовых ресурсов вокруг практического внедрения принципов признанного в цивилизованном мире территориально-средового подхода с целью сохранения для настоящего и будущих поколений не только многочисленных отдельных памятников архитектуры, но и традиционного характера среды Львова. ; Мета дослідження – пам'яткознавчий аналіз і класифікація численних пам'яток нерухомої культурної спадщини м. Львова за видом «архітектура» з опрацюванням заходів щодо їхнього збереження. Методи дослідження базуються на використанні загальнонаукових та спеціальних методів, зокрема історичного методу в системному підході, коли сукупність пам'яток історичного міста як об'єкт вивчення розглядається в розвитку, а також порівняльний метод, аналіз і синтез, дедукція та індукція. Наукова новизна дослідження полягає в тому, що вперше комплексно проаналізована наявна на теренах усього Львова архітектурна спадщина з визначенням основних параметрів цієї множини та оптимальних способів подолання загрозливих їй факторів. Висновки. У Львові зафіксована найвища серед усіх міст України кількість, різноманітність, концентрація й цінність архітектурних пам'яток, які формують комплекси, ансамблі й визначні місця, але не тільки в історичному центрі, а й навколо нього, а також у периферійних районах. Для забезпечення їх збереження необхідно не тільки внести до Державного реєстру нерухомих пам'яток України всі об'єкти культурної спадщини, а й добитися зосередження зусиль міського самоврядування, громадськості, фахівців і концентрації фінансових ресурсів довкола практичного впровадження принципів визнаного в цивілізованому світі територіально-середовищного підходу задля збереження для нинішнього і прийдешніх поколінь не тільки численних поодиноких пам'яток архітектури, а і традиційного характеру середовища Львова.

Literacy acquisition is one of the primary goals of school education, and usually it takes place in the national language of the respective country. At the same time, schools accommodate pupils with different home languages who might or might not be fluent in the national language and who start from other linguistic backgrounds in their acquisition of literacy. While it is safe to say that schools with a monolingual policy are not prepared to deal with the factual multilingualism in their classrooms in a systematic way, bilingual pupils have to deal with it nonetheless. The interdisciplinary and comparative research project "Literacy Acquisition in Schools in the Context of Migration and Multilingualism" (LAS) investigated the practical processes of literacy acquisition in two countries, Germany and Turkey, where the monolingual orientation of schools is as much a reality as are the multilingual backgrounds of many of their pupils. The basic assumption was that pupils cope with the ways they are engaged by the school – both socially and academically – based on their cultural and linguistic repertoires acquired biographically, providing them with more or less productive options regarding the acquisition of literary skills. By comparing the literary development of bilingual children with that of their monolingual classmates throughout one school year in the first and the seventh grade in Germany and Turkey, respectively, we found out that the restricting potential of multilingualism is located rather on the part of the schools than on the part of the pupils. While the individual bilingual pupil almost naturally uses his/her home language as a resource for literacy acquisition in the school language, schools still tend to regard the multilingual backgrounds of their pupils as irrelevant or even as an impediment to adequate schooling. We argue that by ignoring or even suppressing the specific linguistic potentials of bilingualism, bilingual pupils are put at a structural disadvantage. This research report is the slightly revised but full version of the final study project report from 2011 that was until now not available as a quotable publication. While several years have passed since the primary research was finalized, the addressed issues have lost none of their relevance. The report is accompanied by numerous publications in the frame of the LAS project, as well as by a web page (https://www.uni-potsdam.de/de/daf/projekte/las), which also contains the presentations from the final LAS-Conference, including valuable discussions of the report from renowed experts in the field. ; Der Erwerb von Schriftsprache ist eines der Hauptziele der schulischen Bildung und erfolgt in der Regel in der dominanten Sprache des jeweiligen Landes. Gleichzeitig haben viele Schülerinnen und Schüler eine andere Familiensprache als die Landessprache. Den Erwerb der Schriftsprache in der Landessprache gehen sie von einem anderen sprachlichen Hintergrund aus an als monolinguale Schülerinnen und Schüler. Die Schule ist mit ihrer monolingualen Politik weitestgehend nicht bereit, sich mit der faktischen Mehrsprachigkeit in ihren Klassenräumen systematisch umzugehen, die zweisprachigen Schülerinnen und Schüler selbst aber müssen sich damit auseinandersetzen. Das interdisziplinäre und vergleichende Forschungsprojekt "Literacy Acquisition in Schools in the Context of Migration and Multilingualism" (LAS) untersuchte die praktischen Prozesse des Schriftspracherwerbs in zwei Ländern, Deutschland und der Türkei, in denen die einsprachige Ausrichtung von Schulen ebenso Realität ist wie der mehrsprachige Hintergrund vieler ihrer Schülerinnen und Schüler. Die Grundannahme war, dass die Schülerinnen und Schüler auf der Grundlage ihres biographisch erworbenen kulturellen und sprachlichen Repertoires einen spezifischen Weg finden, mit den sprachlichen und sozialen Herausforderungen und Erwartungen der Schule zurecht zu kommen und mehr oder weniger produktive und kreative Wege des Schriftspracherwerbs entwickeln. Der in dem Projekt vorgenommene Vergleich des Schriftspracherwerbs zweisprachiger Kinder mit der ihren einsprachigen Klassenkameraden während eines Schuljahres in der ersten bzw. siebten Klasse in Deutschland und der Türkei zeigt, dass die Mehrsprachigkeit der Schülerinnen und Schüler eher ein Problem der Schule ist als eins der Schülerinnen und Schüler. Während der/die einzelne zweisprachige Schüler/in fast selbstverständlich seine/ihre Familiensprache als Ressource für den Schriftspracherwerb in der dominanten Schulsprache nutzt, neigen die Schulen immer noch dazu, den mehrsprachigen Hintergrund ihrer Schüler als irrelevant oder sogar als Hindernis für eine adäquate Schulbildung zu betrachten. Wir argumentieren, dass zweisprachige Schüler strukturell benachteiligt werden, wenn die Schule die spezifischen sprachlichen Potenziale der Zweisprachigkeit ignoriert oder sogar unterdrückt. Dieser Forschungsbericht ist die leicht revidierte, aber vollständige Version des Abschlussberichts der Studiengruppe aus dem Jahr 2011, der bisher nicht als zitierfähige Publikation verfügbar war. Obwohl seit dem Abschluss unserer Forschung mehrere Jahre vergangen sind, haben die behandelten Themen nichts von ihrer Relevanz verloren. Der Bericht wird begleitet von zahlreichen Publikationen im Rahmen des LAS-Projekts sowie von einer Webseite (https://www.uni-potsdam.de/de/daf/projekte/las), die auch die Präsentationen der abschliessenden LAS-Konferenz enthält, einschliesslich wertvoller Diskussionen des Berichts von namhaften Experten auf dem Gebiet der schulischen Bildung.

The trade of non-timber forest products (NTFPs), also known as biotrade, has existed for hundreds of years - as has the traditional knowledge associated with such products. More recently, this form of trade has advanced to include genetic resource components found within natural resources (bioprospecting). International agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and Nagoya Protocol came into force in 1993 and 2010 respectively, to ensure that biological diversity is conserved, sustainably utilised, and that the benefits arising from the utilisation of genetic resources and/or associated traditional knowledge are shared in an equitable manner. In practice, however, there is a lack of evidence to suggest whether the provisions of the CBD and Nagoya Protocol are being adequately implemented and achieved. This research focuses on the commercialisation of the resurrection bush (Myrothamnus flabellifolius) in Zimbabwe, Namibia and South Africa and critically evaluates how the requirements of the CBD and Nagoya Protocol are applied. The resurrection bush spans a number of countries and has been used traditionally by a variety of ethnic communities residing in Africa. Traditional medicinal uses for the resurrection bush include using the plant to treat colds and flu, scurvy, coughs, abdominal pain, epilepsy, and asthma. This study aims to uncover and understand the way in which benefit sharing and environmental sustainability are interpreted and implemented in various resurrection bush commercialisation approaches. Six objectives are articulated to achieve this aim: (1) to review the historical use and traditional knowledge associated with the resurrection bush; (2) to describe the different ways the resurrection bush is commercialised and the different processes each commercialisation strategy follows; (3) to describe the actors involved in the different resurrection bush commercialisation strategies and their roles in the commercialisation process; (4) to explore, within each commercialisation strategy, how commercial actors gain access to resources; (5) to describe and analyse the range of benefits derived from each commercialisation approach; and (6) to assess the policy implications and practical applications of current resurrection bush commercialisation approaches. This research adopted a qualitative case study methodological approach, in which 26 key informant interviews and 137 semi-structured harvester interviews were conducted in Namibia, Zimbabwe and South Africa. The key informants consisted of private companies, NGOs, and government officials across all three countries. Interviews with these informants were carried out to determine the diversity of commercialisation approaches associated with the resurrection bush, the actors involved, the ways in which commercial entities gain access to resources, how benefits are shared, and what measures are put in place for environmental sustainability. Further interviews were conducted with resurrection bush collectors in Namibia and Zimbabwe to review the historical and traditional uses associated with the resurrection bush. Understanding these uses provides insight into the types of agreements developed for its commercialisation and associated environmental, social and economic benefits. It was found that there are three commercialisation approaches associated with the resurrection bush across Namibia, Zimbabwe and South Africa. They are: (1) Informal trade, where harvesters sell raw material directly to consumers based on informal, verbal agreements; (2) Biotrade, where the value chain is longer and consists of more formal agreements; and (3) Bioprospecting, where research and development of the resurrection bush is a strong component, involving negotiations with harvesters and formal written agreements. Several key findings emerged to inform current and future commercialisation approaches. The inadequate implementation of regulatory frameworks within each commercialisation approach has negatively impacted harvesters and overall economic growth. Harvesters are not receiving maximum benefits from commercialisation due to elite capture of benefits from resurrection bush cultivation sites and significant profit margins on end products. Traditional knowledge holders are not adequately compensated and acknowledged for their innovations and practices due to the absence of sufficient historical records of traditional knowledge, and cooperation between countries and communities who share resources which are commonly used. Long-term conservation efforts associated with the resurrection bush are lacking in all commercialisation approaches due the belief that because there is an abundance of the resource in the wild, additional conservation measures are not needed.

Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere-the "global carbon budget"-is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO 2 emissions (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO 2 concentration is measured directly and its growth rate (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO 2 sink (SOCEAN) and terrestrial CO 2 sink (SLAND) are estimated with global process models constrained by observations. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the last decade available (2009-2018), EFF was 9:5±0:5 GtC yr -1 , ELUC 1:5±0:7 GtC yr -1 , GATM 4:9±0:02 GtC yr -1 (2:3±0:01 ppm yr -1 ), SOCEAN 2:5±0:6 GtC yr -1 , and SLAND 3:2±0:6 GtC yr -1 , with a budget imbalance BIM of 0.4 GtC yr -1 indicating overestimated emissions and/or underestimated sinks. For the year 2018 alone, the growth in EFF was about 2.1% and fossil emissions increased to 10:0±0:5 GtC yr -1 , reaching 10 GtC yr -1 for the first time in history, ELUC was 1:5±0:7 GtC yr -1 , for total anthropogenic CO 2 emissions of 11:5±0:9 GtC yr -1 (42:5±3:3 GtCO 2 ). Also for 2018, GATM was 5:1±0:2 GtC yr -1 (2:4±0:1 ppm yr -1 ), SOCEAN was 2:6±0:6 GtC yr -1 , and SLAND was 3:5±0:7 GtC yr -1 , with a BIM of 0.3 GtC. The global atmospheric CO 2 concentration reached 407:38±0:1 ppm averaged over 2018. For 2019, preliminary data for the first 6-10 months indicate a reduced growth in EFF of C0:6% (range of.0:2% to 1.5 %) based on national emissions projections for China, the USA, the EU, and India and projections of gross domestic product corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the economy for the rest of the world. Overall, the mean and trend in the five components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959-2018, but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yr -1 persist for the representation of semi-decadal variability in CO 2 fluxes. A detailed comparison among individual estimates and the introduction of a broad range of observations shows (1) no consensus in the mean and trend in land use change emissions over the last decade, (2) a persistent low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO 2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) an apparent underestimation of the CO 2 variability by ocean models outside the tropics. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding of the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this data set (Le Quéré et al., 2018a, b, 2016, 2015a, b, 2014, 2013). The data generated by this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/gcp-2019 (Friedlingstein et al., 2019).

Neurological disorders are increasingly recognised as major causes of death and disability worldwide. The aim of this analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 is to provide the most comprehensive and up-to-date estimates of the global, regional, and national burden from neurological disorders. ; ROA is funded by the National Institutes of Health (U01HG010273). AAw acknowledges funding support from Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, New Delhi, through INSPIRE Faculty scheme. TBA acknowledges partial funding from the Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies. ABa is supported by the Public Health Agency of Canada. TWB was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor Award, funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research. MSBS acknowledges support from the Australian Government Research and Training Program scholarship for a PhD degree at the Australian National University, Australia. JJC is supported by the Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation. FCar is supported by the European Union (FEDER funds POCI/01/0145/FEDER/007728 and POCI/01/0145/FEDER/007265) and National Funds (FCT/MEC, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia and Ministério da Educação e Ciência) under the Partnership Agreements PT2020 UID/MULTI/04378/2013 and PT2020UID/QUI/50006/2013. EC is supported by an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (FT 140100085). KD is supported by a Wellcome Trust [Grant Number 201900] as part of his International Intermediate Fellowship. EF is supported by the European Union (FEDER funds POCI/01/0145/FEDER/007728 and POCI/01/0145/FEDER/007265) and National Funds (FCT/MEC, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia and Ministério da Educação e Ciência) under the Partnership Agreements PT2020 UID/MULTI/04378/2013 and PT2020UID/QUI/50006/2013. SMSI is funded by the Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), Deakin University and received funding from High Blood Pressure Research Council of Australia. YKa is a DBT/Wellcome Trust India Alliance Fellow in Public Health. YJK is supported by the Office of Research and Innovation at Xiamen University Malaysia. BL acknowledges funding from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. WDL is supported in part by U10NS086484 NINDS. SLo is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (nutriCARD, grant agreement number 01EA1411A). RML is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia Senior Research Fellowship. AMa and the Imperial College London are grateful for support from the NW London NIHR Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care. JJM is supported by the Danish National Research Foundation (Niels Bohr Professorship), and the John Cade Fellowship (APP1056929) from NHMRC. IMV is supported by the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (Panama). MOO is supported by SIREN U54 U54HG007479 and SIBS Genomics R01NS107900 grants. AMS was supported by a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. MMSM acknowledges the support from the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Republic of Serbia (contract no 175087). AShe is supported by Health Data Research UK. MBS' work on traumatic brain injury is supported by grants NIH U01 NS086090 (PI G Manley) from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and DoD W81XWH-14–2-0176 (PI G Manley) from the United States Department of Defense. RTS is supported in part by grant number PROMETEOII/2015/021 from Generalitat Valenciana and the national grant PI17/00719 from ISCIIIFEDER. AGT was supported by a Fellowship from the NHMRC (Australia; 1042600. KBT acknowledges funding supports from the Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biodiscovery, Cancer Society of New Zealand, Health Research Council, Gut Cancer Foundation, and the University of Auckland. CY acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 81773552) and the Chinese NSFC International Cooperation and Exchange Program (grant number 71661167007).

Abstrak Penataan ruang terbuka hijau (RTH) merupakan salah satu tanggung jawab setiap pemerintah daerah untuk menyediakan ruang terbuka hijau bagi daerah yang digunakan untuk kepentingan masyarakat secara umum. RTH sebagai komponen ruang yang tingkat ketersediannya baik secara kualitas (memberi manfaat bagi lingkungan) maupun kuantitas (presentase kebutuhan RTH terpenuhi) harus selalu diperhitungkan dalam proses perencanaan kota. Dalam penataan RTH di kawasan kota, khususnya di Kecamatan Kebomas Kabupaten Gresik, saat ini terdapat permasalahan yaitu jumlah industri dan pemukiman yang padat membuat area terbuka hijau berkurang karena lahan kosong digunakan untuk kepentingan pembangunan yang terus berkelanjutan sehingga menyebabkan lahan beralih fungsi. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif dan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Kemudian teknik pengambilan sumber data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teknik Purposive Sampling. Fokus penelitian menggunakan model evaluasi William, N. Dunn yaitu efektivitas, efesiensi, kecukupan, perataan, responsivitas, dan ketepatan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa evaluasi penataan ruang terbuka hijau di kawasan kota Kecamatan Kebomas Kabupaten Gresik sebagai berikut: penilaian terhadap efektifitas yaitu penataan ruang terbuka hijau di kawasan kota belum mencapai target 30% sehingga dapat dikatakan penataan RTH belum berjalan efektif. Efisiensi, sumber dana yang diberikan pemerintah daerah untuk penataan RTH terbatas dan peralatan dalam bekerja terbatas sehingga tidak efisiensi tenaga dan waktu. Kecukupan, dapat dikatakan belum cukup karena kurangnya sarana dan fasilitas di taman-taman yang ada di Kecamatan Kebomas. Perataan, belum merata karena masih banyak taman di Kecamatan Kebomas yang belum terawat dengan baik. Responsivitas, karena sarana dan fasilitas kurang dan belum merata keberadaannya, responsivitas yang diperoleh dari masyarakat belum tercukupi. Ketepatan, berdasar tujuan dan fungsi utama penataan RTH di kawasan kota sudah tepat sasaran, namun jika melihat fungsi tambahan (entrinsik) penataan RTH di kawasan kota Kecamatan Kebomas Kabupaten Gresik belum dapat dikatakan tepat sasaran karena belum mencukupi nilai fungsi sosial budaya, fungsi ekonomi, dan fungsi estetika. Kata Kunci: Evaluasi, Ruang Terbuka Hijau, Gresik Abstract Arrangement of Green Open Space (GOS) is one of responsibilities for every regional government to provide green open space which is used for the benefit of public society in general. Green Open Space (GOS) as a space component with availability both in quality (provide environmental benefit) and quantity (percentage of availability of Green Open Space is fulfilled) must be calculated in spatial planning of city. In structuring of Green Open Space in City area, especially in Kebomas district Gresik regency, there is problem that is amount of industries and dense settlement made green open area decrease caused by continuous development in empty land that cause land to switch function. This research aim to description of Green Open Space in city area of Kebomas district Gresik regency. Type of this research is descriptive research using qualitative approach. Data sources retrieval techniques in this research using purposive sampling. Research scope using evaluation mode from Wiliam, N. Dunn, that is about effectivity, efficiency, adequacy, equity, responsiveness, and appropriatnes. The results showed that evaluation of Green Open Space in city area of Kebomas district Gresik regency as follow: rate of effectivity for Green Open Space still not fulfill target of 30% therefore Green Open Space arrangement still not yet effective. Efficiency, financial resources that given by regional government for arrangement Green Open Space is limited and equipment to work for it limited too therefore made inefficiency of energy and time. Adequacy, could say has not enough because lack of amenities and facilities in gardens around Kebomas district. Equity, not yet because there is many of gardens in Kebomas district that still not well maintained. Responsiveness, because amenities and facilities still not enough and not evenly distributed well, responsiveness gained by public still not complete enough. Appropriatnes, based on purpose and main function of arrangement Green Open Space in city area is right, however if it looking from additional function arrangement of Green Open Space in city area of Kebomas district can not be said is right on target yet because it has not fulfill the value of socio-cultural function, economic function, and aesthetics function. Keywords: Evaluation, Green Open Space, Gresik

Abstrak: Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui Bagaimana Peranan Kepala Sub Direktorat Cyber Crime Dalam Menanggulangi Penipuan Berkedok Investasi Online di Kepolisian Daerah Bali. Disamping itu untuk mengetahui faktor yang menghambat Kepala Sub Direktorat Cyber Crime Dalam Menanggulangi Penipuan Berkedok Investasi Online di Kepolisian Daerah Bali.Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu wawancara dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data yang diguanakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis data induktif, melalui reduksi data, unitisasi/kategorisasi data, dan penarikan simpulan.Dari hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa,1) Bagaiamana Peranan Kepala Sub Direktorat Cyber Crime Dalam Menanggulangi Penipuan Berkedok Investasi Online di Kepolisian Daerah Bali yaitu: dengan cara menerima laporan atau pengaduan dari masyarakat atau dengan melakukan cyber parpol guna menemukan pelaku dengan cara penyelidikan kemudian penyidikan.2) Hambatan Kepala Sub Direktorat Cyber Crime Dalam Menanggulangi Penipuan Berkedok Investasi Online di Kepolisian Daerah Bali adalah faktor hadware atau software yang kurang memadai untuk melakukan penyidikan, anggaran, kemampuan penyidik, alat bukti, kesadaran hukum untuk melaporkan kasus ke kepolisian masih sangat rendah, perangkat hukum yang belum memadai dan fasilitas komputer forensik yang belum memadai. Berdasarkan penelitian dan pembahasan tentang Peranan Kepala Sub Direktorat Cyber Crime Dalam Menanggulangi Penipuan Berkedok Investasi Online di Kepolisian Daerah Bali dapat disimpulkan bahwa cyber crime merupakan perbuatan yang merugikan. Modus operandi cyber crime sangat beragam dan terus berkembang sejalan dengan perkembangan teknologi, tetapi jika diperhatikan lebih saksama akan terlihat bahwa banyak di antara kegiatan-kegiatan tersebut memiliki sifat yang sama dengan kejahatan-kejahatan konvensional. Perbedaan umumnya adalah bahwa cyber crime melibatkan komputer dalam pelaksanaanya. Sistem perundang-undangan di Indonesia belum mengatur secara khusus mengenai kejahatan komputer melalui media internet. Beberapa peraturan yang ada baik yang terdapat di dalam KUHP maupun diluar KUHP untuk sementara dapat diterapkan terhadap beberapa kejahatan, tetapi ada juga kejahatan yang tidak dapat diantisipasi oleh undang-undang yang saat ini berlaku.Kata Kunci : Cyber Crime, penipuan, Investasi Online.Abstract: The purpose of this study is to find out how the role of the Head of Sub Directorate of Cyber Crime in Overcoming Fraud under the Fraudulent Online Investment in the Regional Police Bali. Besides, to know the factors that inhibit the Head of Sub Directorate of Cyber Crime in Tackling Fraud under the Fraudulent Online Investment in the Bali Regional Police. The type of this research is descriptive research using qualitative approach. Data collection techniques used are interviews and documentation. Data analysis technique used in this research is inductive data analysis, through data reduction, unitization / data categorization, and conclusion drawing. The results of the research show that 1) how the role of the Head of Sub Directorate of Cyber Crime in Tackling Fraud under the Online Investment in the Bali Regional Police is by receiving reports or complaints from the public or by conducting cyber parties to find the perpetrators by means of investigation and then investigation.2 ) Obstacles Head of Sub Directorate of Cyber Crime in Overcoming Fraud Under the False of Online Investment in Bali Regional Police is a factor of hadware or software that is inadequate to conduct investigation, budget, investigator ability, evidence, law awareness to report case to police still very low, which has not been sufficient and inadequate computer forensic facilities. Based on research and discussion about the role of Head of Sub Directorate of Cyber Crime In Overcoming Fraud Under the False Investment Online in Bali Regional Police can be concluded that cyber crime is a harmful action. The modus operandi of cyber crime varies greatly and continues to grow in line with technological developments, but if more careful attention will be observed that many of these activities have the same characteristics as conventional crimes. The general difference is that cyber crime involves a computer in its implementation. The Indonesian legislation system has not specifically regulated computer crimes through internet media. Some of the existing rules contained within the Criminal Code as well as outside the Criminal Code are temporarily applicable to some crimes, but there are also crimes that can not be anticipated by current laws. Keywords: Cyber Crime, scams, Online Investment.