Suchergebnisse

Author of the publication by the analysis of memoirs and epistolary heritage of petty officers and officers of the Army of Ukrainian People's Republic firstly in the ukrainian historiography touched problem about the influence of the religious factor on the minds, motives and actions of the rebels – the participants of the liberation struggle on the lands of the Middle Dnieper in the 1918 – 1921. The author presents, commented and analyzed a number of aspects related to the way the military personnel of of Ukrainian People's Republic evaluated the place of Christian morality in rebels everyday life; especially festive and funeral ceremonies in the insurgent environment; religious identity of rebels; religious motifs in the slogans and programs of the rebels; the details of the interaction between the servants of the clergy and the rebels, etc. The results of research will enable more thoroughly reconstructing of the religious life of the rebels of Middle Dnieper in the times of the First liberation struggle, the influence of Christian ethics on the minds of the insurgent peasantry, to find out the vision of these processes by petty officers and officers of the Army of Ukrainian People's Republic, to understand the rationale of some conflicts, that are arisen historically in relations between the guerrillas and the professional military. The challenges facing Ukraine and its people over the past years, requires high interest to the historical significance of the religious factor in the Ukrainian liberation movement, especially during the National Revolution 1917 – 1921, as well as the issue of conflict between various rebel forces personnel and professional military. The latter is particularly important because of estimates, that were declared by the experts of General Staff of Ukrainian Armed Forces during 2014 – 2016 for diverse volunteer formation. Methods of researching are represented by: analysis of sources; comparative method; comparative and systematization; generalization. The author analyzed the content of the memoirs of petty officers and officers of the Ukrainian People's Republic, including memoirs of Chief Otaman S. Petliura, generals O. Grekov, M. Omelianovych-Pavlenko and Y. Tyutyunnik, colonel O. Vyshnivsky, lieutenant colonel Y. Gorodyanin-Lisovski (Gorlis-Gorsky) and O. Dotsenko, captains H. Avramenko, Y. Galchevsky and I. Lutiy- Lyutenko, black Cossacks – P. Dyachenko and M. Doroshenko. There are a lot of stories, that reveal different aspects of the insurgency in the Middle Dnieper during 1918 – 1921's., as well as their own professional military comment on the matter. Author of the publication by the analysis of memoirs and epistolary heritage of petty officers and officers of the Army of Ukrainian People's Republic firstly in the ukrainian historiography touched problem about the influence of the religious factor on the minds, motives and actions of the rebels – the participants of the liberation struggle on the lands of the Middle Dnieper in the 1918 – 1921. Memoirs of petty officers and officers of Ukrainian People's Republic are valuable, perspective and not enough studied group of sources on the history of insurgency in the Middle Dnieper during 1918 – 1921. Different authors showed various aspects of guerrilla life: political-military, economic, daily, organizational, spiritual etc. The latter, in our opinion, is the least illuminated today, despite the fact that the place and role of the religious factor in the rebel struggle in the pages of the memoirs of military personnel of Ukrainian People's Republic a lot of space was given. ; Авторка публікації шляхом аналізу мемуарної та епістолярної спадщи- ни старшин та офіцерів армії УНР вперше у вітчизняній історіографії торкається питання про вплив релігійного фактору на свідомість, мо- тиви та дії повстанців – учасників визвольної боротьби на землях Сере- днього Подніпров'я у 1918 – 1921 рр. У статті наводяться, коменту- ються та аналізуються ряд сюжетів, пов'язаних з тим як кадрові війсь- кові УНР оцінювали місце християнської моралі у побуті повстанців; осо- бливості святкової та поховальної обрядовості у повстанському сере- довищі; релігійну самоідентифікацію повстанців; релігійні мотиви у гас- лах і програмах повстанців; подробиці взаємодії між служителями кліру та повстанцями тощо. Отримані результати дозволять більш ґрунто- вно реконструювати релігійний побут повстанців Середнього Подніп- ров'я у часи Перших визвольних змагань, вплив християнської етики на свідомість повсталого селянства, з'ясувати бачення цих процесів ста- ршинами та офіцерами армії УНР, зрозуміти підстави деяких колізій, що історично виникали у стосунках між партизанами та професійними вій- ськовими.

This paper describes the stages of formation and development of the historical and law school at the Law Faculties of the University. Special attention is paid to the analysis of historical and scientific law school, reveals research activities most prominent historians of law and state law faculty in the history of law.The article shows that the Department of History of State and Law Lviv National University was founded as part of the Faculty of Law, according to the diploma Austrian Emperor Joseph II in 1784 established that during 1784‑887 the Department was entitled «Department of History of the German and Austrian law». From 1874 to 1887 the department was headed by K. Liska, who gave a history of Austrian law. In addition to his work at the Department G. Roszkowska who read the philosophy of law and international law, F. Hryzetskyy ‑ Church and state law, A. Fanahor ‑ Polish private law, F. Zrodlovskyy ‑ Roman law. Determined that in 1887 a joint decision of administration and the Senate (Academic Council) at the Faculty was established also chair of the history of Polish law. Argued that it was the second such department in the territory and province of Galicia Lodomeria. The first was established in 1877 in Krakow Jagiellonian University. Since the head of the department for prof. A. Baltsera who headed the department for more than forty years, using well-deserved authority and respect among the Lviv intelligentsia, teachers and students. While the department has intensified study of the history of Poland early-feudal, caste government in the Kingdom of Poland, the period of gentry Commonwealth (1505–1788 gg.) And more. Since 1887/1888 academic year Professor. A. Baltser launched at the Department a statement of the subject «History of Polish procedural law». Read course for two semesters, 5 hours each week. In 1894 due to changes in curriculum, the department decided to also read a course on «History of government of Austria.» For him responsible professor. A. Baltser.It is shown that the history of Polish law department was reorganized into the Department of German law. P. Dombkovskyy was appointed its head January 1, 1916 after the First World War, when the independent Polish state revived, Ministry of Education and religions Poland 1 April 1919 P. Dombkovskomu assigned the title of Professor of course, but at Lviv University Senate elected him to head the department reorganized old Polish Private Law Faculty of Lviv University.Outlined in Lviv in the early twentieth century. faces a complicated political situation. Continued Ukrainian-Polish War for East Galicia, which began November 1, 1918 ‑ between the West Ukrainian National Republic and Poland. Classes at the University of L'viv longer actually not performed, department and faculty did not act. After the death of professor of history right Lviv University Halbana A. P. Dombkovskyy further (temporary) also headed the Department of Western European law, and the death of prof. Baltsera A. (1933) was the leading teacher full course of history of law in Poland. According to the decision of the Council of Ministers of Poland on February 26, 1920 transferred to the University of Lvov use Galician regional house of the Diet, which effectively ceased operations in 1914, and legally in 1918Deals that during the Second World War Department and the University as a whole has not acted. After the restoration in 1944 of the university, created the department of theory and history of law. Under this name department functioned until 2008 Over the years the department was headed by prof. P. Dombkovskyy (1925‑1934 рр. And 1944–1946 gg.), Prof. P. Nedbaylo (1946–1954 gg.), Assistant professor. B. Kalinovych (1954–1960 gg.), Prof. B. Sokurenko (1960–1990 gg.). Since 1990 the department is headed by B. Tischikov Distinguished Professor of Lviv National University, Honored Lawyer of Ukraine, which is one of the leading scientists of Ukraine in the history of law, a sort of «patriarch» of science, his name as reputable and experienced scientist teacher widely known in Ukraine and abroad. ; Охарактеризовано етапи становлення та розвитку історико-правової школи на юридичному факультеті Львівського університету. Значну увагу зосереджено на аналізі розвитку наукової історико-правової школи, розкрито наукову діяльність найбільш видатних істориків права і держави юридичного факультету в галузі історії держави і права.

This paper describes the stages of formation and development of the historical and law school at the Law Faculties of the University. Special attention is paid to the analysis of historical and scientific law school, reveals research activities most prominent historians of law and state law faculty in the history of law.The article shows that the Department of History of State and Law Lviv National University was founded as part of the Faculty of Law, according to the diploma Austrian Emperor Joseph II in 1784 established that during 1784‑887 the Department was entitled «Department of History of the German and Austrian law». From 1874 to 1887 the department was headed by K. Liska, who gave a history of Austrian law. In addition to his work at the Department G. Roszkowska who read the philosophy of law and international law, F. Hryzetskyy ‑ Church and state law, A. Fanahor ‑ Polish private law, F. Zrodlovskyy ‑ Roman law. Determined that in 1887 a joint decision of administration and the Senate (Academic Council) at the Faculty was established also chair of the history of Polish law. Argued that it was the second such department in the territory and province of Galicia Lodomeria. The first was established in 1877 in Krakow Jagiellonian University. Since the head of the department for prof. A. Baltsera who headed the department for more than forty years, using well-deserved authority and respect among the Lviv intelligentsia, teachers and students. While the department has intensified study of the history of Poland early-feudal, caste government in the Kingdom of Poland, the period of gentry Commonwealth (1505–1788 gg.) And more. Since 1887/1888 academic year Professor. A. Baltser launched at the Department a statement of the subject «History of Polish procedural law». Read course for two semesters, 5 hours each week. In 1894 due to changes in curriculum, the department decided to also read a course on «History of government of Austria.» For him responsible professor. A. Baltser.It is shown that the history of Polish law department was reorganized into the Department of German law. P. Dombkovskyy was appointed its head January 1, 1916 after the First World War, when the independent Polish state revived, Ministry of Education and religions Poland 1 April 1919 P. Dombkovskomu assigned the title of Professor of course, but at Lviv University Senate elected him to head the department reorganized old Polish Private Law Faculty of Lviv University.Outlined in Lviv in the early twentieth century. faces a complicated political situation. Continued Ukrainian-Polish War for East Galicia, which began November 1, 1918 ‑ between the West Ukrainian National Republic and Poland. Classes at the University of L'viv longer actually not performed, department and faculty did not act. After the death of professor of history right Lviv University Halbana A. P. Dombkovskyy further (temporary) also headed the Department of Western European law, and the death of prof. Baltsera A. (1933) was the leading teacher full course of history of law in Poland. According to the decision of the Council of Ministers of Poland on February 26, 1920 transferred to the University of Lvov use Galician regional house of the Diet, which effectively ceased operations in 1914, and legally in 1918Deals that during the Second World War Department and the University as a whole has not acted. After the restoration in 1944 of the university, created the department of theory and history of law. Under this name department functioned until 2008 Over the years the department was headed by prof. P. Dombkovskyy (1925‑1934 рр. And 1944–1946 gg.), Prof. P. Nedbaylo (1946–1954 gg.), Assistant professor. B. Kalinovych (1954–1960 gg.), Prof. B. Sokurenko (1960–1990 gg.). Since 1990 the department is headed by B. Tischikov Distinguished Professor of Lviv National University, Honored Lawyer of Ukraine, which is one of the leading scientists of Ukraine in the history of law, a sort of «patriarch» of science, his name as reputable and experienced scientist teacher widely known in Ukraine and abroad. ; Охарактеризовано етапи становлення та розвитку історико-правової школи на юридичному факультеті Львівського університету. Значну увагу зосереджено на аналізі розвитку наукової історико-правової школи, розкрито наукову діяльність найбільш видатних істориків права і держави юридичного факультету в галузі історії держави і права.

The use of the Internet in everyday life has transformed the nature of service provision in Australia. Increasingly, web-based interaction is used to deliver information and perform transactional functions with citizens. It is within this context that the debate for using the Internet to facilitate political elections has emerged. Some observers of the electoral process in Australia have called for Internet voting to be adopted so as to improve the accessibility and efficiency of the voting process. Others have argued against online voting as it is a difficult system to implement in a safe, secure and transparent way. These arguments continue to be waged in policy arenas as electoral stakeholders attempt to balance demands for voter-centric services with the democratic principles that underpin the electoral system. Notably absent in the policy discussions on Internet voting has been the views of the Australian public. This is problematic to the electoral process as the public is also a stakeholder to the , and their satisfaction with elections is an important and necessary mechanism for producing government accountability and responsiveness. As such, this report examines the public's perception of Internet voting through the frames of convenience, trust and secrecy. Drawing information from the experience the Australian public has had with Internet voting and other evoting systems, and triangulating data from citizen experiences with comparable online transactional services, several conclusions can be made about the support that exists for online voting, and the likelihood of the public use an Internet-based electoral system. A Technology Acceptance Model was drawn upon to assess the extent to which the public perceives Internet voting as convenient. It was found that the convenience of Internet voting polarises the Australian public. While over 50% believe that the ability to vote online would make the electoral process easier, a sizeable proportion of the population (28%) think that using the Internet to facilitate elections would make voting more difficult. Through examining contextual factors that influence the decisions and actions of voters in the electoral process, the report reasons that older Australians (those aged over 65) would be the least likely to perceive Internet voting as convenient, and therefore use the service. Meanwhile, persons under 45 would be more willing to use the technology. In particular, citizens aged 24-35 perceive Internet based services, like online voting, as most easy to use. Public trust of an Internet-based electoral system was adjudicated on two fronts. Firstly, whether the public trusted the reliability of the Internet to deliver services. And secondly, whether they trust the Australian Electoral Commission (AEC) to provide an online voting system. The report found that Australian citizens typically perceive online transactional services as reliable, even in the face of known technical complications. As well, the public has a high degree of confidence in the AEC to deliver fair and reliable electoral services. Based on these two pieces of knowledge, it is likely that the Australian public would trust, and therefore use an Internet voting system that was administered by the AEC. The report also considered the public's value of secrecy in the voting process and if Australians believe it is the job of public administrators to manage the right to secrecy when casting a ballot. It was found that a strong democratic ethic exists in Australian society, and that citizens are in favour of maintaining the principle of a secret ballot. However, many Australians do not believe electoral management bodies need to administer this standard, and are increasingly turning to alternative forms of voting, such as postal voting, which places the onus of ensuring secrecy on the voter. As such, it is likely that a number of Australians would positively receive an Internet voting system that provides a convenient alternative to paper-based voting, and allows citizens to take responsibility for the secrecy of their own vote. The generally positive perceptions citizens hold in the areas of convenience, trust and secrecy, suggest that a significant proportion of public would be likely to use an Internet voting system at federal elections. With this conclusion in mind, and with knowledge of the AEC's role to provide elector-centric services, the report recommends that further research be conducted which directly consults the public on the subject of Internet voting, and that a trial process of Internet voting should be undertaken that gradually increases the dimensions of the voters and the stakes of the votes for the public.

The research aims mainly to study food gap and food security of sugar in Egypt through studying of several sub-goals represented in: estimating models of general trends function for some economic indicators of sugar in Egypt during the period (1995- 2012), studying of the most important indicators of food security of sugar, estimating the size of the food gap of sugar and knowledge of the most important factors responsible for, and studying the policies and means to achieve food security of sugar in Egypt. Descriptive and quantitative analysis were used. The study depends on secondary data, which collected from local and foreign sources during the period (1995-2012).A study models of the general trend function for economic indicators showed that each of the total domestic production of sugar, domestic consumption, and the average per capita consumption, the amount of sugar imports, food gap of sugar, the price of Egyptian imports of sugar and periods of coverage of domestic production and the quantity of imports for consumption daily from sugar, and found that all of these variables has taken a general trend upward morally statistically significant at the level of probability (0.01) with the exception of a variable of coverage period of local production for daily consumption which took a general trend decreasing, and also did not identify the statistical significance of the variables of self-sufficiency rate and the period of coverage of imports for daily consumption , while the annual growth rates differed according to each variable.The conduct study show that the most important variables specific to the food gap of sugar are all from the local production of sugar, the average real price of Egyptian imports of sugar where it was found that the impact of each of these two variables on sugar gap be negative.The study showed that the strategic stock for sugar is estimated at 1.45 million tons and the average local consumption of sugar is estimated at about 2.17 million tons during the study period (1995-2012), thus estimated food security of about 0.84 is therefore required to take various actions which lead to increase the size of the strategic stock of sugar enough for half of it needs for domestic consumption even come close to the value of suitable coefficient of sugar food securityThe study showed that the policies and means to achieve sugar food security include horizontal agricultural development policy, vertical agricultural development policy, the policy of rationalizing the consumption of sugar, policy of consumer subsidy of sugar, and the policy of diversifying sources of imported sugar.In the light of the results of the study illustrated by research it has been possible to reach some ofthe following recommendations:1- It is necessary to intensify efforts to agricultural extension and agricultural research centers incollaboration with factories engineers and agriculture departments and supervisors agricultural awareness ofthe importance of agriculture resistance to pests and diseases that affect the crop, and help them get onpesticides is harmful to the environment to do so.2- Increasing of sugar production through the expansion of sugar crops, particularly sugar beet to the lack ofwater needs compared to sugar cane harvest in the new land.3- Increasing of sugar productivity crops through dissemination of sugar varieties of high productivity and tosuit every center of administrative centers in Egypt.4- Rationalizing the consumption of sugar during dismiss the size of the loss of sugar.5- to achieve food security has to be the need to develop awareness programs for the application of planningpolicy breeds where it is one of the most important determinants of the demand for i Egyptian imports ofsugar.6- it is important to put a national strategy to increase the self-sufficiency ratio of sugar with the need toimport and distribute the amounts of diversification between different sources in order to avoid what mighthappen from political pressure in favor of the Egyptian economy is in the case of international politicalconditions change.7- It is necessary to study the reduction commitments of support granted to the production and export in the sugar-exporting countries in order to reduce the negative effects on the Egyptian Savin.

The situation of conflict of interest may appear in activity of every professional irre­spective of affiliation to public, private or nongovernmental sector. The consequences of conflict of interests is biased, subjective and nontransparent decision, improper fulfillment of prescribed duties, falling standards and decreased public trust not just in politicians or civil servants but in public institutions and government. The notion of conflict of interests varies but in this paper the following definition is used. Conflict of interest is a situation in which a person (in this paper politician or public official) has a private or other interest which is such as to influence, or appear to influence, the impartial and objective performance of his / her official duties. Research of this problem can be described as moving from legalistic towards more general understanding. The topic is interdisciplinary and can be analyzed from the political science, public administration, ethics or management perspective. Analy­ses of the practice allowed researchers to distinguish the third type of such conflict of interest – the apparent conflict-to the existing or potential conflict of interests. De­velopment of society and changed surrounding of government activity increased the potential risk areas (gift giving, hospitality, bribery, contracts, trading information, etc.) for such situation to appear. In the past few decades increasing perceptions of falling ethical standards in legislatures, executive or ordinary public officials activity (scandals, misbehavior) have led in many advanced democracies to the introduction of ethics frameworks for elected or appointed officials. In order to give priority to public interest and properly perform public duties some regulation can be applied. 1) Prohibitions on the perform­ance of certain functions, and/or the holding of certain positions or certain interests by public officials. 2) The establishment of duties of public officials to declare inter­ests they have, either generally or in specific cases. 3) Exclusion or self-exclusion of public officials from participation in decision-making processes or matters where they are subject to a conflict of interest. These regulations are generally established and implemented through three main instruments: civil service legislation, conflict of interest legislation and codes of ethics / codes of conduct. The historical development of Lithuanian society in XIX and XX century was not in favor to develop clear sense of drawing the line between public and private interest but during the interwar Lithuanian Republic period few attempts to prohibit such conflict of interest were taken. The legislation prohibited holding a few offices and to employ relatives. Some current Lithuanian legislation directly some indirectly (Public Service Act, Seimas' Statute, etc.) try to control similar situation which may turn into corrupt acti-vity or misuse of public office for private or other interests. The first special legisla­tion prohibiting conflict of interests was issued in 1997. The Law on the Compatibil­ity of Public and Private Interests in the Public Service underwent three main correc­tions. The analysis of this legislation allows concluding that the main weakness was not corrected. The usage of the term "adjust" instead of "separation" might be under­stood as a compromise instead of taking the stricter position dealing with the issue. The Law seeks "to adjust private and public interests, to ensure that priority is given to public interests, to strengthen impartiality of decisions and to prevent corruption in public service" and applies to both public servants and politicians. Meanwhile in other countries legislative has more ambitious goal to ensue public interest priority. The analyses of seventeen codes of ethics and codes of conduct existing in vari­ous Lithuanian public institutions showed that their authors paid some attention to this issue. Some codes refer to existing legislation; some describe general principles for conduct or try to explain how to behave in such uneasy situations. There are fundamental differences between elected officials and civil servants which have major implications for conflict of interest regulation first of all due to their different roles, term of service. Some Lithuanian legislation regulating conflict of interests apply to politicians and civil servants, some differ. As in other democra­cies activity of civil servants are more regulated (Public service act, law on Pub­lic administration, Ethical rules of conduct, etc.). But existing legislation does not change the situation and can not increase public trust if is not understood and properly implemented.

The international significance of St. John Paul II's social teaching
The teaching of John Paul II undoubtedly became a great provocation for the contemporary thinking of man due to its skillful and innovative treatment of a unique event which has been at the centre of the life of the Church for more than two thousand years and which presents a specific opportunity for any man who wants to cope with his own fate. The Pope offered as the essence of his evangelizational message Christianity presented in its completeness, as a phenomenon which cannot be reduced and compared to any form of ideology. Moreover, such Christianity is capable of exerting a creative influence upon man and providing him with a new form of culture. (We may venture an opinion that the entire magisterium of John Paul II is suffused with two kinds of wonder: the wonder of humanization and the results of humanization i.e. the transformation of man). The magisterium of John Paul II should be viewed as a pursuit to renovate the original identity of the Christian faith, a pursuit to promote the Church in it missionary function, a pursuit of a versatile development of the feeling of responsibility for the defense and promotion of human rights and collaboration to maintain peace. Not only did the Polish Pope supplement the output of the social teaching developed by his great predecessors, but he also enhanced it by the idea that the defense of the missionary freedom of the Church and of the Church itself was also associated with an unconditional defense of freedom and the rights of people and nations. This defense entailed the pursuit of such a social order on all levels, from the national level up to the global level, in which the human person would occupy the central position and would constitute a definitive value, irreplaceable by any other value. In one of his most famous social encyclicals entitled Centesimus annus, the Pope clearly emphasized the idea that by defending its own freedom, the Church defends man who should be more obedient to God than to other men, the family or various social and national organizations which enjoy their own sphere of autonomy and sovereignty. Today, more than anytime else, this line of thought finds justification not so much in the confrontation with overtly totalitarian ideologies, but in the struggle with ideologies which seem less bloody in comparison with past ideologies. However, according to such ideologies the human person and the rights of people and nations are systematically rejected in the name of the realization of a project of economic and scientific-technocratic globalization. By continuing the tradition of his predecessors on St. Peter's throne in the sphere of social teaching, John Paul II introduced one fundamental innovation. When the great ideologies saw their end, he realized that the social teaching of the Church should above all increase its interest in man in his religious and secular therefore natural dimension. This increased interest should be associated with the care about his fundamental rights. The teaching and the activity of John Paul II made the social doctrine of the Church more authentic and even more engaged in the cause of evangelization today than ever before. The Church "practises" or suggests a social doctrine because it desires to fulfil its evangelizational mission completely. At the same time, it meets man in various historical contexts which are objectively difficult to cope with. The Church was engaged in the consideration of all political problems of the world with a freedom which no other institution enjoys. John Paul II spoke to individual people and to nations who lived in various conditions and various situations, to friends and enemies, without a preemptive estimation of possible reactions, including the reactions of the greatest powers on Earth. He did so for the good of mankind, to help mankind maintain its complete humanity. Man is the fundamental value which is subject to no negotiations. God is another value which is subject to no negotiatons because he reveals the true nature of man. We may surmise that with the long course of John Paul II's pontificate we witnessed a new phase of the development of the social doctrine of the Church. Above all with the arrival of the third millennium the Church is more and more engaged in the problems of the modern word.

Die Einzelhandelsbranche war in jüngster Vergangenheit häufig Gegenstand der öffentlichen und politischen Diskussion. In vorliegendem Forschungsbericht werden zum einen die Grundstruktur der Einzelhandelsbetriebe und zum anderen deren betriebliche Charakteristika im Vergleich zu Betrieben des Dienstleistungssektors und der Privatwirtschaft analysiert. Hierbei wird ein besonderer Fokus auf die Verbreitung atypischer Beschäftigungsformen, die Tarifbindung, die betriebliche Aus- und Weiterbildung, erwartete Personalprobleme, den Fachkräftebedarf und die Beschäftigung älterer Mitarbeiter gelegt. Basierend auf den Auswertungen des IAB-Betriebspanels der Jahre 2010 und 2011 zeigt sich in der Einzelhandelsbranche sowohl eine starke betriebliche Verbreitung als auch eine hohe Nutzungsintensität der Teilzeitarbeit sowie der geringfügigen Beschäftigung. 82 Prozent der Betriebe nutzen Teilzeitarbeit und 64 Prozent der Einzelhandelsbetriebe beschäftigen mindestens einen Mini-Jobber. 44 Prozent der Beschäftigten des Einzelhandels arbeiten in Teilzeit und 23 Prozent sind geringfügig beschäftigt. In den Betrieben des Einzelhandels ist, trotz der Aufhebung der Allgemeinverbindlichkeitserklärung im Jahr 2000, eine geringfügig höhere Tarifbindung als im Dienstleistungssektor festzustellen. 27 Prozent der Einzelhandelsbetriebe unterliegen einem Branchentarifvertrag, 2 Prozent der Betriebe einem Haus- oder Firmentarifvertrag, während 71 Prozent der Einzelhandelsbetriebe nicht-tarifgebunden sind. Die betriebliche Ausbildung spielt im Einzelhandel eine große Rolle. ; In the recent past, the retail trade was frequently discussed in public and political debates. This research report on the one hand investigates the basic structure of retail trade and on the other hand studies the in-plant characteristics of establishments in the retail trade compared with establishments in the service sector and the private sector. The analysis will focus on the distribution of the atypical employment, the bargaining coverage, the in-plant education and training, expected problems with human resource management, the need for skilled workers and the employment of older workers. Based on the analysis of the IAB Establishment Panel 2010 and 2011, there is a strong distribution and intensity in the use of part-time work and marginal employment in the retail sector. 82 percent of the establishments in the retail sector use part-time work and 64 percent employ at least one mini-jobber. 44 percent of the employees in the retail trade work part-time and 23 percent are marginally employed. Despite of the annulment of the collective agreement in 2000, retail trade establishments have a higher degree of collective bargaining coverage compared to establishments of the service sector. 27 percent of the establishments in the retail trade are subject to an industry-wide wage agreement, 2 percent to a company agreement concluded by the establishment and the trade union and 71 percent of all establishments in the retail sector are not bound by collective bargaining. In-plant education plays an important role in the retail sector. Compared to the service and the private sectors, more establishments in retail trade are legally authorised to educate apprentices and actively train apprentices at a higher rate. Otherwise there aren't differences concerning the participation in in-plant training. The most frequently used types of qualification are external and internal seminars and on-the-job training (instruction, initial skill adaption training). The analysis show that there aren't major differences concerning the expected problems with human resource management between the three sectors. Nearly 60 percent of all establishments in retail, the service and the private sectors predict no problems with human resource management. The problems mentioned most frequently are high financial burden on wage cost, difficulties in finding the required specialized personnel on the labor market, followed by lack of motivation in the workplace. In the first half of 2011 the need for skilled workers in the retail trade in Germany was about 106.000 persons. This is an increase of 4.000 employees compared to the previous year. Furthermore, 19 percent of the establishments in retail trade expect having to fill new vacancies or reoccupy old vacancies with qualified employees until 2013. However, the majority of establishments of the retail sector (58 %) do not agree with this. To what extent do the establishments, which need skilled workers in the near future, expect problems to find suitably qualified applicants? 35 percent of the establishments in the retail trade predict problems in filling several vacancies for skilled workers and 33 percent expect difficulties in filling all vacancies for qualified staff. The establishments of the service sector and the private sector expect to a lower extent that staffing problems will concern all vacancies, but a higher rate predict problems in filling several vacancies for qualified workers. A low supply of applicants and a difficult search for special additional qualifications are the reasons mentioned most frequently for problems in filling vacancies. Only 11 percent of the establishments in retail trade, which employ individuals aged 50 and more, offer measures for older workers. In the service sector and the private sector this rate is slightly higher. If the establishments do offer measures for older workers, then they particularly involve older employees in in-firm advanced training activities, use mixed age teams and lower job performance requirements.

Qualitative research whose objectives were to analyze relations of hegemony and counter-hegemony of health budget management; analyze differences and similarities of behavior and counter-hegemonic hegemonic groups, discussing the influence comparatively financial management in health. Method study compared dialectical approach. The scenarios were a rural municipality of Mexico (Tzurumútaro) and a rural locality, Peru (Simbal) interviewed 20 stakeholders of both sexes in each locality, intentionally selected which enabled theoretical analysis supported in Antonio Gramsci and scholars of him. Results from the analysis yielded three dimensions that are hegemonic relations groups and counter-hegemonic in health management, with sub-categories: management from explicit demands of citizens from humanism and perception of corruption, the second budget allocation mechanisms for health, with participation of hegemonic and counter-hegemonic, third, parameters for the budgetary allocation to sub-categories, justice and equity in the allocation of the budget and inequity in health, being obvious similarities in both countries under the public policy that have established it as a substantive part of governments, but final considerations are described with several questions that will further investigate this line in the guild since nursing is a scenario which should influence and participate politically and forays into the decision-making in the two countries under study. Recommendations: Addressing public policy in the budget allocation for health equitably, from needs expressed by families and generate initiatives for transparency and spending increases to then manage the budget for public health policy as a constitutional right is laid down in Article 4 in Mexico and Peru in 7, 9 and 11, and not only handled this right during political campaigns in order to maintain hegemony and social control in rural areas, where it has been revealed the dissatisfaction of the anti-hegemonic by the unequal treatment they receive and feel. Since the public health law is a prerogative of dignity that every human have and their community to demand an equitable distribution of opportunities and services for the protection of health and family welfare and social. ; Investigación cualitativa, cuyos objetivos fueron analizar relaciones de hegemonía y contra-hegemonía de gestión del presupuesto en salud; analizar diferencias y semejanzas del comportamiento de grupos hegemónicos y contra-hegemónicos; discutiendo comparativamente la influencia de gestión financiera en salud. Método estudio comparado con abordaje dialéctico. Los escenarios fueron una localidad rural del municipio México (Tzurumútaro) y una localidad rural, Perú (Simbal); fueron entrevistados 20 actores sociales de ambos sexos en cada localidad, seleccionándose de manera intencionada que permitió hacer análisis con soporte teórico de Antonio Gramsci y estudiosos de él. Resultados: a partir del análisis, emergieron tres dimensiones que son: Las relaciones entre grupos hegemónicos y contra-hegemónicos en la gestión para la salud, con las sub-categorías de: gestión a partir de las demandas expresas de ciudadanos; a partir del humanismo y percepción de corrupción; la segunda mecanismos de asignación presupuestal para la salud; con participación de hegemónicos y contra-hegemónicos; tercera, parámetros para la asignación presupuestal con sub-categorías, justicia en la asignación y equidad e inequidad del presupuesto en salud, siendo evidentes las semejanzas en ambos países en virtud de que como política pública lo tienen establecido como una parte sustantiva de los gobiernos; sin embargo se describen consideraciones finales con varias interrogantes que permitirán seguir investigando esta línea en el gremio de enfermería puesto que es un escenario en donde se debe incidir y participar políticamente y se incursione en la toma de decisiones en los dos países en estudio. Recomendaciones: Direccionar las políticas públicas en la distribución presupuestal para salud de manera equitativa, a partir de necesidades expresadas por familias; así como generar iniciativas para transparentar el gasto y poder entonces gestionar incrementos al presupuesto para la política pública de salud como un derecho constitucional que está establecido en el artículo 4º en México y en Perú 7º,9º. Y 11º. Y sólo sea manejado este derecho, durante campañas políticas con el fin de mantener la hegemonía y el control social en las zonas rurales donde ha quedado de manifiesto la inconformidad del grupo contra-hegemónico por el trato tan desigual que perciben y sienten. Ya que el derecho a la salud pública es una prerrogativa de dignidad que tiene todo ser humano y su comunidad para reclamar una equitativa distribución de oportunidades y servicios para la protección de su salud y bienestar familiar y social.

Water services systems are essential to public health, economic development and the state of the environment. In order to secure the quality of services as well as ensure reasonable customer charges and sufficient investment, water services have traditionally been taken care of by the public sector in most countries of the world. However, a major problem with the public sector provision of water services, or any other services for that matter, has always been that their demand is invariably greater than the funds available for their production. Thus, countless reforms have been implemented to improve the public sector in terms of service quality, the efficiency and effectiveness of operations, and accountability to citizens. The latest global wave of public management reforms, coined New Public Management (NPM), has advocated reducing the size of the public sector and the application of private sector management principles and practices. NPM-informed reforms have also been implemented on the local government level in Finland with the broad aim of increasing flexibility and municipal autonomy in service production while still safeguarding the foundations of the welfare society. This approach has brought along with it, amongst other things, the separation of the provision and production of public services; the adoption of accrual or business accounting; and the obligation to practice longer-term financial planning and budgeting. The reform has also involved the separation of water services within municipal accounting, as well as the implementation of full cost recovery through customer charges, including a reasonable rate of return on invested capital. The principal objective of this research was to examine the consequences of NPM–influenced financial management and accounting reforms in the context of municipal water services. The aim was to ascertain whether or not the reforms have succeeded in achieving their original objectives and whether they have resulted in any outcomes that would require increasing regulation in the public sector. The research focused mainly on Finland, where enough time had passed since the initiation of the first local government reforms to allow an analysis of the consequences. The Finnish perspective was complemented with an exploration of parallel and similar developments in Tallinn, Estonia because, despite differences in politico-administrative history, the two countries shared certain relevant characteristics such as politicians' inexperience in the commercialization of water services and the need to secure water infrastructure investment funds. With regard to methodology the research adheres mostly to the disciplines of public sector financial accounting and management. Since much attention is paid to the somewhat radical changes caused by the NPM movement in the water sector, the approach assumed in the research may therefore be called critical. The method of reasoning utilized in the research is induction, which is not based on hypotheses as drivers of the research but which proceeds from specific observations to more general conclusions. The predominant method of arranging the research material is the case study, from which it is possible to make contextual rather than statistical generalizations. The water services reforms explored in this research sought, through the application of various NPM principles and practices, to increase the transparency of municipal finances, to improve financial planning and management, and to secure sufficient investment into the rehabilitation and replacement of water services infrastructure. The positive consequence of the reforms reported in this dissertation is the accrual-accounting derived practice of infrastructure asset management. The more negative consequences are associated with the inherent difficulty of infrastructure asset accounting and the nationally devised accrual accounting terminology, which offer opportunities for investment deferral, hidden taxation, cross-subsidizing, short-sighted political decision-making, and the violation of intergenerational equity. It therefore seems that some degree of economic regulation or other type of governance would be appropriate in the case of publicly owned water utilities in which profit-making is allowed. Guidance related to the long-term management of infrastructure assets is considered especially pertinent. The options outlined in this research for the Finnish context are either a combination of formal and informal methods or an expansion of this which involves the establishment of a water sector economic regulator. An ideal arrangement would in either case involve a long-term commitment of municipal decision-makers to water services management. In practice this could mean that the boards of municipal water services enterprises would also include non-politician expert members, and that some of the board members would occupy their positions for a longer time than the municipal election period.

Autor donosi izvore o osnutku dominikanskog samostana u Trogiru s posebnim osvrtom na širenje dominikanskog reda u hrvatskim krajevima u XIII. i XIV. stoljeću. Samostan je utemeljen nakon 1260. godine na predjelu Pasike izvan gradskih zidina kod crkvice sv. Franje Asiškog. Uz detaljne opise crkve i samostana kao i pregled temeljite rekonstrukcije samostanskih zgrada tijekom XIX. i XX. stoljeća, autor navodi bogati sakralni i umjetnički inventar. Posebice naglašava ulogu dominikanskog samostana u Trogiru kao i djelatnost uglednih članova ove zajednice na širem području. ; In the 13th century, two mendicant religious orders, the Dominican and the Franciscan, spread throughout the whole of Europe, promoting the ideas of equality, justice, piety and voluntary renunciation of ties to property. No more than a decade after the establishment of the order (1216), the Dominicans started to settle in the lands of the Croats. This preaching order, which primarily operated in urban units – in the centre of political, social, cultural and religious events – founded a base in Trogir some little time before 1243, and in the 1260s this became a monastery. Under the influence of the Cistercians, the Dominicans built hall churches, which differed according to the functionality of the rite. The Dominican churches were meant primarily for the laity, the choirs for the religious. The Trogir monastery in its typology follows the rules of construction – the spaces are arranged around a cloister – the church, choir, sacristy, bell tower, capitulary hall, kitchen, refectory, locutory and garden, while on the top there was dormitory and library. The Dominicans arrived in Trogir from the Split monastery of St Catherine of Alexandria. The town magistrate, Nikola Albertinov, who had the presentation to the little church of St Francis of Assisi in the area of Pasike, gave them a little church to the west of the city walls. After conflicts with the Trogir bishop, in 1365, Pope Clement IV acknowledged the lawfulness of their possession of the church and approved a plan for the construction of the monastery. However, around 1325, the church was enlarged, and in 1372, thanks to the generosity of the Kažotić and Andreis families, was extended, when the relief of the lunette of the main portal was made by Niccolò Dente known as Cervo from Venice. In the second half of the 16th century during a visitation by A. Valiero, six altars are mentioned, with a beautiful old altarpiece on the altar of St Catherine of Alexandria. In the early 17th century, as well as the large church, the Trogir Dominicans also had the Church of St Rochus alongside the southern walls of the city and the Church of St Mary outside the walls, with three altars. At the beginning of the 15th century the community used a house south of the church that was knocked down in 1412 to make room for the construction of the city walls on the town's south side. Today's monastery building was put up in 1425, as witnessed by the inscription incorporated into the eastern wall of the cloister. Major alterations were undertaken on the building of the monastery in the 19th and 20th centuries, when military units were quartered in it; and the monastery was thoroughly renovated before World War I. During the time of the English bombing in 1944, the northern wing was completely demolished, the roof of the church was destroyed, and the eastern and western wings suffered minor damage. The most celebrated member of the Trogir Dominican monastery was the 107 Blessed Augustin Kažotić (1260-1323) from a well-regarded Trogir family. He studied at the university of Paris, wrote several theological treatises, and held the offices of bishop of Zagreb and of Lucera. Also deserving of mention is the prior of the monastery in Trogir, baccalaureate and doctor of theology Vinko Andreis, who urged both the doge and the pope to come to the aid of Croatia against the Ottomans. In 1515 he was appointed papal commissioner for Illyria. In the 15th century, calligrapher and illuminator Fra Bartul was at work in the monastery, and another prominent figure is the priest Nikola Milinović, founder of the monastery of Holy Cross on Čiovo. The particular importance of the Trogir monastery came out at the end of the 16th and in the early 17th century, when a branch of the Zadar General College was opened in Trogir, with two degrees of university studies. At the end of the 18th century, the Trogir and Čiovo Dominicans were particularly prominent for their education in the theological and humanist sciences.

During the last ten years, the internet and the World‐Wide‐Web have fundamentally changed how the world works. Few decades ago, it took a mail three weeks for it to cross the Atlantic. Nowadays with the use of e‐mail, the mail is there in a fraction of a second, traveling at the speed of light. Information exchange and communication is almost instant from all corners of the world, dramatically shrinking the boundaries and limitations of the past, to an extent that some have started to call the world a 'global village'. The internet is the main driver of globalization, the integration of economic, political, cultural, religious, and social systems reaching the across world. This movement will only gain more momentum as more use people reach the web, and generation internet users approach work, learning and play in new ways. The internet has sweep across entire industries, and radically altered the way they do business. A good example is the book printing industry. In the past, printing a book was a risky proposition. Only a certain amount of books where printed. If they sold well, they quickly where out of stoke and if they didn't sell the publisher was stuck with many copies of the same book. Nowadays the books are printed on demand, only after a customer has ordered a book via online. This reduces the fixed production cost almost to zero. As a result, far more people are able to print and sell there books than ever before, and customers have a wider pallet of products. An other good example is the entertainment business. In the past, a large budget, studios, actors among others things where required to shoot a movie. Nowadays anyone with a camcorder can film something and post it online, reaching an audience far grater that was previously possible. On the other hand, there are certain industries have not been changed dramatically by the internet revolution. One of these industries is education. "In many ways education has lagged behind some of these trends and is just beginning to feel their wake." Terms as 'e‐learning' and 'computer based training' have been around for some time now, but where not able to find enough traction to have an impact on the landscape. But recently, the technology aspect as well as new pedagogic alternatives had caught up with e‐learning that have the potential of revolutionizing not only learning via the internet but learning as a whole. Since this market is still in the early stages, it is basically untapped. Organizations that take advantage of this an invest in e‐learning have the potential of being very successful. What is e‐learning? What benefits and disadvantages does it pose for the organization that wants start using this medium as a platform? What criteria is important when selecting the technology (LMS)? How should it be implemented? These questions are the backbone of this graduation thesis. They will be explained with a practical example, by implementing a LMS for a small American Company (E‐Hazwoper University), from start to finish. This document is divided into two parts: theoretical and practical segments. The theoretical segment starts with a general definition of what both E‐Learning and Learning Management System mean. Followed by discussion of the advantage, disadvantage and common misconceptions regarding e‐learning. Followed by a discussion talks about the 2.0 Generation, and how the landscape of the internet has been dramatically changing for the last few years. The last part of the theoretical segment provides a brief description of the general pedagogic philosophies that are relevant o the subject. The practical segment first discusses the Business Context. Here a general information about the host company is provided, followed by the project proposal. Next is the Design chapter, where detailed information about both the functional and technical requirements are defined and the different software alternaives are discussed and reviewed in order determine what alternative is better suited to meet all the business needs. Now with an alternative chosen, the Development phase follows. All required installation and addition configuration in order to have a functional service are described here. The last chapter is the Rollout, where the application itself is properly configured, tested and accommodated to the business standards.

By growing of pre-industrial society into industrial practice imposed necessity of changes regarding institutional frame related to organizational form of joining of capital. It is about scope of institutional arrangements that are directly and indirectly related to rules and procedures of founding of stock company as typical organizational form of association of capital and on that form of organization of the enterprise, i.e. company. This results in new in new needs for finding and upgrading of model and process that are related to transfer of authorities, organizational structure of corporate governance, internal and external control of work regarding competent persons and organs of governing corporate structure, liability of companies to the public, etc. Following is the need of emphasizing of coordinated principles of corporate governance and upgrading of system of control. Also there is increase of requests for model and mechanisms of increase regarding level of security of key investors with proper protection of interest of small shareholders and other interested participants. Rules of game related stock company and specially activities that all under corporate governance are becoming increasingly important due to process of globalization. Process of globalization has spread especially after destruction of ideologies and practice of proclaimed socialist countries. At the same time, with need for political pluralism, universal need for change of property form - privatization of state capital in enterprises is rising. This produces brand new owners of existing enterprises companies, as well as new forms of capital joining, investing and governing, which, like a shadow, follow private property. From the aforementioned novelties complex processes and alternative modes of governing companies are rising especially with different models and mechanisms of work control of authorized persons and organs, as well as different possibilities of reporting. What directly depends on principles and models of corporate governance is the following: business result of the company, real value of nominal share of shareholders, i.e. effecting of interests of investors and other interested participants. Corporate governance is s synonym for large business system, i.e. the company with intention to grow big. Large business systems have special, unavoidable role and importance for economy and society of every state. Therefore, system of corporate governance and supervision becomes important precondition for successfulness of companies and indirectly one of pillars of economical and social development. ; Prerastanjem predindustrijskog društva u industrijsko, praksa je nametnula potrebu promjena institucionalnog okvira vezanog za organizacionu formu udruživanja kapitala. Rije? je o snopu institucionalnih aranžmana koji se direktno i indirektno odnose na pravila i procedure osnivanja akcionarskog društva kao tipi?ne organizacione forme društva kapitala i na toj formi organizovanja preduze?a, odnosno kompanije. Time nastaju nove potrebe za iznalaženjem i dogradnjom modela i procesa koji su vezani za prenos ovlaš?enja, organizacionu strukturu korporativnoog upravljanja, internu i eksternu kontrolu rada nadležnih lica i organa upravlja?ke korporativne strukture, obavezu kompanija prema javnosti i sl. Slijedi potreba isticanja usaglašenih principa korporativnog upravljanja i dogradnja sistema kontrole. Poja?avaju se zahtjevi za modelom i mehanizmima pove?anja stepena sigurnosti klju?nih ulaga?a uz primjerenu zaštitu interesa malih akcionara i drugih zainteresovanih u?esnika. Pravila igre vezana za akcionarsko društvo i posebno aktivnosti koje potpadaju pod korporativno upravljanje sve više dobijaju na zna?aju zbog procesa globalizacije. A process globalizacije se posebno razmahao nakon rušenja ideologije i prakse proklamovanih socijalisti?kih država. Pritom se uz potrebu politi?kog pluralizama uzdiže univerzalna potreba preinake svojinskog oblika – privatizacija državnog kapitala u preduze?ima. Time se produkuju sasvim novi vlasnici postoje?ih preduze?a – kompanija, kao i novi organizacioni oblici udruživanja kapitala, investiranja i upravljanja, koji poput sjenke prate privatnu svojinu. Iz navedenih noviteta posebno se izdižu složeni procesi i alternativni na?ini upravljanja kompanijama, razli?iti modeli i mehanizmi kontrole rada ovlaštenih lica i organa, kao i razli?ite mogu?nosti izvještavanja. Od modela i principa korporativnog upravljanja i nadzora direktno zavise: poslovni rezultat kompanije, realna vrijednost nominalnog udjela akcionara, odnosno ostvarivanje interesa investitora i drugih zainteresovanih u?esnika. Korporativno upravljanje sinonim je za veliki poslovni sistem, odnosno kompaniju koja ima namjeru da postane velika, a veliki poslovni sistemi imaju posebnu, nezaobilaznu ulogu i zna?aj za privredu i društvo svake države. Dakle, sistem korporativnog upravljanja i nadzora postaje bitna pretpostavka uspješnosti kompanija i indirektno jedna od poluga privrednog i društvenog razvoja.

AnnotationAccording to article 14 of the Ukrainian Constitution and article 1 of Land Code of Ukraine, land is considered as fundamental national wealth that is under special state protection. Body of State and local Authorities must provide legal, organizational, financial, economic and other problems in the implementation of subjective laws on land, in using and protection of lands and facilities located on it. Special social importance are gaining issues of efficiency increasing of legal regulation of social relations in the field of land use and protection of all categories and objects assigned to them on Ukraine territory.National cultural heritages of Ukrainian state are also an inseparable part of world cultural heritage that causes interest to them of the international community. To use this potential, it is necessary to ensure the proper preservation and maintenance of monuments.Monuments protection in developed world's countries is provided by existence of national and international protection systems of cultural heritage. The basis of state system functioning of monuments protection of the past in Ukraine is legally enforceable regulation according to which cultural heritage located in its territory, are protected by the state.Modern legislation must meet the political, economic and social needs of society. According to this is gaining special importance in international experience studying of cultural heritage conservation.In Ukrainian legislation landscapes objects are fixed mainly in two categories, as objects of nature reserve fund and the historical and cultural heritage.According to article 4 of Convention about the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, each State – part of this Convention recognizes that obligations to ensure the identification, protection, conservation, popularization and transmission to future generations of cultural and natural heritage which is situated on its territory, primarily relies on her.At 20 October, 2000 was signed the European Landscape Convention, which on Aug. 7, 2005 Ukraine ratified by relevant Law. The objectives of this Convention are to facilitate the protection, management and planning of landscapes, also organization of European cooperation according to landscape issues.According to Ukrainian Land Code regulations, land is the main national wealth that is under special state protection.In the above-mentioned document are outlined nationwide and regional programs of land use and protection, and also defined the mechanism of state control over these lands.The Law of Ukraine "About nature reserve fund of Ukraine" dated 16 June 1992 determines: the legal basis of the organization; protection; efficient use of natural reserve fund of Ukraine; reconstruction of its natural complexes and facilities.According to this Ukraine legislation, nature reserved fund is protected as national heritage in respect of which establishes a special regime of protection, reconstruction and use. Ukraine considers this fund as part of a global system of natural areas and sites under special protection.Specially authorized body of state administration in the field of organization, protection and use of natural reserve fund is a central executive body in the field of environmental protectionIn certain positions of the Law of Ukraine "About the improvement of public welfare" from 6 September 2005, which determines: economic, environmental, social and organizational principles of public welfare, determination in protection issues and maintenance of greenery.One of the main normative legal acts, that operate on Ukraine's territory and concern the creation, development, maintenance and protection of green plantings that grow on lands of different categories, is the Order of the Ministry of Construction, Architecture and Housing and Communal Services of Ukraine from 10.04.2006 "About Approving the Rules plantations maintenance in the settlements of Ukraine." The rules that are designed to protect and preserve green spaces in cities and other settlements (further the green space) and keeping them in good condition, creation and formation highly decorative, resistant to adverse conditions of the environment plantations.Carried out researches concerning legal regulation of protection historical and cultural heritage and the natural reserve fund of Ukraine allow concluding that in legislative acts the landscape regulatory recognizes as object of relations.European Landscape legislation only partially includes legal mechanism of application landscape approach to the regulation of land relations, as it involves the preservation of landscapes within the establishment of ecological network. Whereas all the basic acts of ecological and land legislation of Ukraine was adopted before the country ratified the European Landscape Convention (01.07.2006), they could not take into account the requirements of the Convention, which currently requires correction.In the current legislation of Ukraine are dominated rules that have general or blanket character and do not reflect the peculiarities of land's legal regime in terms of their management, environmental protection, and insurance of basic constitutional principle implementation of these issues.The object of state control is compliance with the legal requirements to landscape land use arising from the obligations of owners and land users as the basis for their use of landscape and other subjects to comply with restrictive rules of land law.

Rarely spoken in the same breath, the loaded terms of trauma and utopia serve as provocations to rethink how shared histories of struggle call new collectives into being. This dissertation examines the generative tension between trauma and utopia in Black and Latin@ queer performance texts from the 1960s to the present. In so doing, it offers a theoretical model I term "traumatic utopia," or the use of historical traumas as the raw material for generating concrete utopias in creative and activist spaces. By focusing on what Josefina Báez calls "that very concrete utopia," I look to how participatory performance practices do not model a utopian future but actually create the space in which transformation becomes possible. My use of utopia, then, is not unbounded or existential but about discrete settings—in the theatre, in the cultural studies classroom, in the performance workshop structure—that collaboratively enable other visions of collective sociality and healing. Traumatic utopias exist in creative spaces as a site for social transformation through the power of art to expose the root of suffering, not a spectacle of sufferers, to provoke rather than pacify audiences into enacting visions of liberation in their own lives—in ways often illegible to the demands of mainstream representation or state recognition. In the so-called post-Civil Rights era social actors often locate trauma in a static past, and reduce utopia to a fantasy informed by naïve investments in change. This dissertation intervenes in cultural and critical discourses of trauma by arguing that remembering and mourning are not incompatible with healing, hope, and transformation. Through interdisciplinary analysis of a rich performance archive, my project shifts conversations about trauma in queer and critical race theory away from a politics of (spectacularized) hopelessness and toward the everyday transformation of social realities constituted in struggle. While never losing sight of the institutional, I pay close attention to the way power operates and circulates between bodies at the level of the quotidian. This project thus bridges the divide between analyses that emphasize the institutional at the expense of the individual and those that romanticize agency at the risk of neglecting the devastating effects of power. That is to say, the critique of institutional trauma and the imagination of liberatory possibilities both provide vital optics for art and activism. Building on Black and Chicana feminist queer traditions of self-definition in the face of trauma, each chapter centralizes social life and spirituality against the grain of a ubiquitous politics of hopelessness—from plays that address Emmett Till's sonic legacy and #BlackLivesMatter, explored in Chapter 1; to Black feminist revolutionary theatre, explored in Chapters 2 and 3; to digital activism and tactical poetry along the Mexico/U.S. border, explored in Chapter 4. In addition, an epilogue reflects on the Afro Latin@ utopian imagination. The Black/Latin@ queer performance literature I close read attends equally to the very real violences and daily lived traumas of imperialism, colonialism, sexism, and racism, and the need for imagining other ways to be in the world. I define performance literature broadly as texts that exist on the page and stage (plays, ensemble pieces, choreopoems and other works that combine dance, gesture, music, and spoken word)—materializing in and between situated bodies. A genre by definition meant to be read aloud and to transform (in) provisional communities, I take seriously the work of performance literature in shaping and transforming reading publics, particularly when classroom and other communal spaces negotiate texts collectively. My reading of performance (as) literature centers the critical methodologies of literary and cultural studies more than theatre studies per se. Pedagogy also informs this approach: I have taught all of the texts assembled here so my readings reflect, sometimes explicitly, how classrooms can operate like theatre spaces. In examining performance texts that generate new social modalities, I remain attentive to each work's reception history and cultural context to assess the stakes of its political juncture. This constellation of works rethinks the discursive limits of trauma alongside abolitionist politics and utopian poetics of social upheaval. Amidst dystopian realities, Black and Latin@ performance literature contends with the structural traumas of global racial capital to forge queer networks of creative solidarity that imagine and inhabit a livable social world. Against the colonialist imposition of borders, nations, binaries, walls, and cages, utopian visions activate the abolitionist demands of cultural producers who seek the dissolution of oppressive institutions. In the face of state violence exist possibilities for speaking truth to power, for mobilizing around social issues, and for creating spaces to grieve personal and shared traumas. Performance literature can be a rich site for all three of these aims: the creation of alternative forms of knowledge production, grassroots coalitional work, and community healing. In exploring performance's unique possibilities for social transformation, this project demonstrates that understanding trauma as institutional, not exceptional, unearths cultural silences around its experience, as well as creates a more inclusive and urgent space for its articulation.