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This book compares two successful, elite women, Empress Adelheid (931-999) and Countess Matilda (1046-1115), for their relative ability to retain their wealth and power in the midst of the profound social changes of the eleventh century. The careers of the Ottonian queen and empress Adelheid and Countess Matilda of Tuscany reveal a growth of opportunities for women to access wealth and power. These two women are analyzed under three categories: their relationships with family and friends, how they managed their property (particularly land), and how they ruled. This analysis encourages a better understanding of gender relations in both the past and the present

The new theoretical concept of the processes of creating knowledge based society and the knowledge economy in the European Union, as well as sustainable development processes is described in the article. The main idea of this concept is that the creation and development processes of the knowledge-based society and knowledge economy may be attributed to the category of global transformation and sustainable development processes, therefore, all general phenomena and characteristics of global transformations and sustainable development in general, are absolutely typical for the creation and development of the knowledge based society and knowledge economy.The processes of the creating of knowledge based society and knowledge economy and modernization are analyzed in the general context of the processes of sustainable development. The main principles of creating the knowledge based society and knowledge economy and modernization are described. Creating and modernization of the knowledge based society and knowledge economy are very complicated processes, oriented to the formation of the new quality of society and qualitatively new lifestyle. Moreover, these processes may be described as "twice" as complicated, because they win distinction by orientations to the pursuit of new quality in two aspects: - the knowledge based society and knowledge economy, compared to "traditional" society and economy, are in all cases described as qualitatively new,- creating and development of the knowledge based society and knowledge economy takes place under the conditions of the global changes, which means that qualitative changes take place in all global space, the essence of those changes is the creation and spread of the knowledge-based society and knowledge economy.A special attention is given to the conclusion that in the environment of the knowledge based society creation and generating knowledge economy and development, the provisions for sustainable development should be attained. The following general conclusions were made: - ...

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- WAYS IN TO THE TEXT -- Who Was Albert Hourani? -- What Does A History of the Arab Peoples Say? -- Why Does A History of the Arab Peoples Matter? -- SECTION 1: INFLUENCES -- Module 1: The Author and the Historical Context -- Module 2: Academic Context -- Module 3: The Problem -- Module 4: The Author's Contribution -- SECTION 2: IDEAS -- Module 5: Main Ideas -- Module 6: Secondary Ideas -- Module 7: Achievement -- Module 8: Place in the Author's Work -- SECTION 3: IMPACT -- Module 9: The First Responses -- Module 10: The Evolving Debate -- Module 11: Impact and Influence Today -- Module 12: Where Next? -- Glossary of Terms -- People Mentioned in the Text -- Works Cited

The present article investigates the alternative means of funding for schools in Europe. Because of the economic restrictions for several European countries in recent years, schools internationally seek alternatives in order to improve the current situation, beyond government funding. These alternatives are broadly classified in European Union and private-sector resources, including the concepts of "Virtual Enterprise" and "Open School". The relevant policies of several European countries are also presented, as an example indicating that the alternative means for the funding of schools are innovative but realistic proposals. Article visualizations:

THIS ARTICLE EXPLORES WHY COMMUNISM HAS COLLAPSED IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE. IN PARTICULAR, IT LOOKS AT THE REASONS FOR THE SPEED AND THE SUDDENNESS OF THE TRANSFORMATION AND OFFERS AN ANALYSIS IN TERMS OF THE INCREASING DECAY OF SOVIET-TYPE SYSTEMS THROUGHOUT THE 1980S UNTIL THEY FINALLY PROVED INCAPABLE OF SELF-REPRODUCTION. IT INVESTIGATES THE VARIOUS FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO THE COLLAPSE--ECONOMIC DEPRIVATION, CRITICISM FROM INTELLECTUALS, POPULAR DEMONSTRATIONS AND DIVISIONS WITHIN THE COMMUNIST PARTY LEADERSHIPS. FINALLY, THE ARTICLE RAISES QUESTIONS ABOUT THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TRANSFORMATION FOR THE FUTURE OF EUROPE AS A WHOLE.