Suchergebnisse

Hakim dalam menjatuhkan pidana harus memuat tujuan dari hukum yaitu, keadilan, kemanfaatan, dan kepastian hukum. Kasus kecelakaan Lalu lintas di Tol Jagorawi, Jakarta Timur dengan terdakwa M. Rasyid Amrullah Rajasa yang menimbulkan stigma di masyarakat bahwa Hakim dipandang tidak adil karena ringannya pidana yang dijatuhkan oleh hakim. Penelitian ini akan menganalisis pemidanaan putusan Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Nomor : 151/Pid.Sus/2013/PN. Jkt. Tim dengan terdakwa M. Rasyid Amrullah Rajasa. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian normatif. Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan yaitu pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan kasus, dan pendekatan konseptual. Jenis bahan hukum terdiri dari bahan hukum primer dan bahan hukum sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan bahan hukum yang digunakan adalah studi kepustakaan, yang kemudian diolah menggunakan sistem kartu dalam teknik pengolahan data. Bahan hukum dianalisis kemudian ditarik kesimpulan dan selanjutnya memberikan preskripsi tentang hasil penelitian. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah diperoleh, dapat disimpulkan bahwa Hakim terlalu menitikberatkan restorative justice, sehingga mengabaikan nilai-nilai yang hidup di masyarakat. Restorative justice belum dapat diterapkan (kecuali dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2012 Tentang Sistem Peradilan Anak), sehingga penerapan restorative justice tidak memenuhi syarat. Pemidanaan hanya bersifat formalitas semata, karena tujuan dari pemidanaan tidak dapat diterapkan yaitu tidak memberikan efek jera. Menimbulkan stigma di masyarakat, bahwa keadilan dapat dibeli dengan uang, karena berat ringannya pidana dapat ditawar dengan uang. Hakim harusnya lebih mempertimbangkan nilai-nilai keadilan yang hidup di masyarakat sehingga tujuan hukum dapat terpenuhi dan dapat dirasakan oleh semua masyarakat. Kata Kunci : Pemidanaan, Putusan Pengadilan, Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas. Abstract The judge in the convict must contain the purpose of the law , namely , fairness , usefulness , and legal certainty . The traffic accident case of Jagorawi , East Jakarta with the accused M . Rasyid Amrullah Rajasa that cause stigma in society that the judge deemed unfair because the severity of sentence imposed by the judge . This study will analyze punishment the Jakarta District Court Number : 151 / Pid . Sus / 2013 / PN . Jkt Tim. with the accused M . Rasyid Amrullah Rajasa. This research is normative. The research approach used approach to legislation, case approach, and a conceptual approach. Type of legal material consists of primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. Legal material collection techniques used literature study, which is then processed using a card system in data processing techniques. Legal materials analyzed drawn conclusions and further provides prescription of research results. Based on research results that has been obtained, it can be concluded that the judge was too focused restorative justice, so ignore the values that live in the community. Restorative justice can not be applied (except in Law Number 11 Year 2012 on Juvenile Justice System), so that the application of restorative justice is not eligible. Punishment only was be a mere formality, since the purpose of the punishment can not be applied which do not provide a deterrent effect. Stigmatization in society, that justice can be bought with money, because of the severity of the crime can be compromised by money. Judges should first consider the values of justice that live in the community so that the goal can be met and the law can be felt by of all these of society. Keywords: Punishment, Court Decisions, Traffic Accidents.

There might be without doubt the older inner metropolitan areas in China observed a substantial increase the quantity of development activities previously two decades. Both public and private sectors were positively urged within this behavior by property booms through urban regrowth. Among the interesting issues is when and why an area could be selected like a candidate site for redevelopment. Normally, it is dependent on some social, political and economic choice where it will likely be hard to obtain general agreement. From the purpose of supply-side approach, rent gap theory gives us important experience into this problem. If, for instance, we assume, an area consists of an enormous rent gap, it will likely be more prone to be restored due to an additional land rent which may be appropriated by the flow of national even world-wide banking capital to development. This indicates that the growing rent gap can instruct local property designers and rentiers essentially using the chance to invest. Two kinds of sites therefore become popular for redevelopment, there are abandoned industrial land and land from urban villages. The large rent gap embodied in abandoned industrial land is partially produced from capital depreciation and urbanization that has been clarified by Neil Cruz, and it is partially produced from institutional alterations in a privileges regime, which remains unclear within the Chinese context. The 1990s was an extraordinarily prosperous period in China when industrial sites redevelopment took a major form. However, Firms looking for cheap industrial sites have noticed possibilities closed off as industrial sites gradually disappeared in the late period. Therefore, Property designers diverted their targets in urban villages where rent gap also elevated. Generally, urban village redevelopment involves complete deconstruction of the existing low-rise dwelling housing and new construction of new qualities throughout the refurbished land. The primary driving pressure behind the projects, including the partnership in Chinese metropolitan areas is usually local government. These projects realistically reflect a simple principle of urban renewal guidelines that whose primary purpose is to achieve urban regrowth through getting and enabling investment of property development. In my thesis, I research current reconstruction mode of urban village in Guangzhou first, and then find a problem that during the reconstruction process, nobody cares about the migrants, the most vulnerable group living in the urban villages. Based on the consideration of this group, I put forward my argument that if we could find ways for urban village to survive. I choose a typical urban village, Longdong village, in Guangzhou as research object. Longdong Village is the largest urban village in Guangzhou, China. It is situated in the middle of Tianhe District in Guangzhou, with dense multi-story dwelling houses building in and lands for collective use. The village is supported by 170 narrow alleys yet surrounded by tall buildings and busy commercial streets. There are many shopping and entertaining centers as well as several institutions of higher education. With an area of only one square kilometer, it has over 50,000 people who come from the rural areas staying at Longdong Village. I try to construct new public interaction between Longdong village and Guangzhou City, and hope use these interaction to cure the problems in Longdong village right now, like environmental problems, crime, sanitation and so on, then this village would have chance to be reserved. ; published_or_final_version ; Architecture ; Master ; Master of Landscape Architecture

Статья посвящена особенностям производства в суде присяжных по УПК Грузии от 09.10.2009 г. как разновидности европейской модели указанного производства. Эти особенности рассмотрены в сравнительно-правовом аспекте, в сопоставлении с аналогичным производством по УПК РФ. В статье отмечается, что требования к кандидатам в присяжные заседатели, закрепленные в УПК Грузии, в целом сходны с российскими требованиями, но имеют определенную специфику: присяжным лицо может стать по достижении 18 лет; присяжными не могут быть психологи, психиатры, юристы, а также лица, имеющие взгляды, исключающие участие в процессе в качестве присяжного. Особенностью грузинской модели производства в суде присяжных является то, что количество присяжных заседателей устанавливается в «рамочном» формате и варьируется в зависимости от категории преступления, совершение которого вменяется подсудимому. В отличие от положений ст. 326 УПК РФ, УПК Грузии предусматривает проведение специального судебного заседания, на котором председательствующий, выслушав мнение сторон, устанавливает шаг выборки из списка избирателей и формирует список кандидатов в присяжные заседатели из 50 человек, который вручается сторонам. В статье также рассмотрены особенности судебного разбирательства с участием присяжных заседателей по УПК Грузии. Автором выявлены следующие особенности, свидетельствующие, что грузинская модель является разновидностью англо-американской модели производства в суде присяжных: состязательная конструкция судебного допроса; инструкции председательствующего присяжным, согласованные со сторонами; две формы вердикта и т.п. В статье сделан вывод о возможности заимствования некоторых элементов грузинской модели производства в суде присяжных. ; The article is devoted to the specific features of the proceedings in the trial by jury according to the Criminal Procedural Code of Georgia of October 9, 2009 as a type of the European model of the said trial. These specificities are viewed in their comparative legal aspects in comparison with the provisions of the Criminal Procedural Code of the Russian Federation. It is noted in the article that the requirements to the candidates for jurors, as provided for in the CPC of Georgia are generally similar to those in the Russian legislation, but they do have some specificities: the juror should be at least 18 years old, psychologists, psychiatrists, lawyers, and persons, whose views exclude them as jurors, may not serve as jurors. Specific feature of the Georgian model of trial by jury is that the quantity of jurors is established in the framework format, and it varies depending on the category of crime, with which a criminal defendant is charged. Unlike the provisions of Art. 326 of the CPC of Russia, the CPC of Georgia provides for a special judicial hearing, where a presiding judge, having listened to the opinions of the parties, established the step amount for the selection, and forms the list of candidates for the jurors out of 50 persons, and the list is given to the parties. The article also concerns specificities of judicial proceedings with the trial by jury according to the CPC of Georgia. The author establishes the following specificities, showing that the Georgian model is a type of Anglo-Saxon model of trial by jury: the competitive judicial interrogation, instructions of the presiding judge to the jurors, which are previously discussed with the parties, two forms of verdict, etc. The article draws a conclusion on the possibility to uptake some models for the trial by jury proceedings.

Рассматриваются особенности формирования населения г. Железногорска (Красноярский край) как «закрытого». Большое влияние оказывал режим секретности, который в первые годы строительства города становился негативным фактором при решении о переселении в город, хотя в дальнейшем он способствовал стабилизации криминогенной обстановки. Еще одной особенностью являлась «искусственно созданная» мононациональность города, в силу того, что предпочтение при заселении отдавалось выходцам из преимущественно славянских по составу населения регионов СССР. Как и в других новых городах, население в Железногорске увеличивалось за счет механического прироста, а рождаемость долгое время превышала смертность. Автор приходит к выводу, что процессы формирования населения г. Железногорска имели как общие для всех новых городов черты, так и характерные для «закрытых» атомных городов особенности. ; In the given article the features of the population formation of Zheleznogorsk (Krasnoyarsk region) as a "closed" city are discussed. The first nuclear reactor of the Krasnoyarsk Mining and Chemical Combine was put into operation within 8 years after the beginning of its construction. This became possible thanks to the widespread use of the forced labor of prisoners, and in the future of military constructors. During 15 years of existence of the labor camp "Polyanskiy" based on the territory of Zheleznogorsk over 80 thousands of prisoners passed through it. The use of prisoners' and military constructors' labor was a natural phenomenon in the economic and political conditions of the Soviet Union in 1940-1950-s. Population formation was greatly influenced by the secrecy regulations that in the first years of the city construction became a negative factor in the decision to move to the city, although it later helped stabilize the crime situation. Nevertheless the special status of the "closed" city gave significant privileges and benefits: in that period of shortage settlements of this category had a better supply, they had a high-level education and medicine service, those cities were better planned and well-organized, their population was less worried about the living conditions. The main forms of the employable population reinforcement in new cities were public appeal to the youth, moving on one's own initiative, transfer together with the working stuff, as well as the placement after graduation from the educational institutions. During the first years of the city construction one of the main problems was the lack of necessary professional education level of the resettlers. Most of the young people aged 18 to 24 came to this city by the public appeal to the youth. Many of the resettlers had to learn demanded professions on the spot. Another feature is the "artificially created" mono-ethnic population of the city, due to the fact that the preferences were given to immigrants from the regions of the USSR with mainly Slavic population. Like in other new cities, the population of Zheleznogorsk increased due to mechanical growth, and the birth rate exceeded the death rate for a long time. However by the beginning of 1990-s the difference between these indicators decreased mainly because of the natural "ageing" of the city population (the increase of average age of citizens). The author concludes that the processes of formation of the Zheleznogorsk population had common traits as in all new cities, and also specific features of the "closed" nuclear cities.

В статье рассматривается законодательное определение незаконного проникновения в жилище, помещение либо иное хранилище как квалифицирующего признака кражи, грабежа, разбоя. Показана эволюция этого признака хищения в российском уголовном праве, обозначена проблемность определения этого признака в УК РФ, предложена авторская редакция его определения в Уголовном кодексе Российской Федерации 1996 г. ; The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (CC of the RF) is known to create enhanced liability for illegal entry into a home, premises or any other storehouse for the purpose of committing theft, burglary or robbery. Classifying the entry into a home, premises or any other storehouse as a characteristic of the above crimes, legislators took into account the fact that seizure of someone's property connected with the overcoming of some obstacle impeding the access to it (the so-called constructional balks, functional barriers, locking devices) indicates the anti-social personality of a criminal. The characteristic "entry into a home, premises or any other storehouse" is familiar to Russian legislators; it was described in the CC of the RF. However, we see that legal regulation of this characteristic could be more perfect. There is some logical and system inconsistency in the definitions of home and premises as objects for entering. The criminal legal definition of "home" does not coincide with the one given in the Housing Code of the Russian Federation (HC of the RF). It is worth noting that criminal legislation of Russia (Part1, Article 2 of the CC) is called to protect public relations, rights and legal interests of a person, society and state. Criminal law shall protect such public relations that are protected and regulated by other branches of law; it should take into account the protection of the right to inviolability of home not as any human habitat but as an object of the right to housing. Thus, it is necessary to amend the CC in the following ways: 1) to accord the content of the Explanatory note of Article 139 with the provisions of Articles 15-19 of the HC of the RF; 2) to define the object of entering as "home, non-living premises and storehouse". The CC of the RF should determine what is understood by the entry as a mode for committing theft, burglary and robbery. A legislative definition of entry should combine its interpretation both in criminal legal science and judicial practice. It is important for law enforcers to know a general definition of "entry" and concrete limits of the concept. The detailed description of the above limits should include some typical situations of encroachment upon home, non-living premises and storehouse. The situation connected with encroachment can be reflected in the CC of the RF by some generalized concepts: "breaking", "special instruments and modes", "free access", "use of violence". "Breaking" covers the elimination of barriers and locks. "Special instruments and modes" include the use of technical devices, deceit and other contrivances of the criminal to access the property. The term "free access" means that theft was committed from an open home, non-living premises or storehouse. The word combination "use of violence" suggests either psychological or physical influence on the injured person.

В статье анализируется право на объединение и возможность его ограничения по различным основаниям с точки зрения практики Европейского суда по правам человека. Выделяются три основных требования к правомерности его ограничения государствами и показано, как они применялись в конкретных делах Суда. Право на объединение по своему содержанию постоянно корректируется в отраслевом законодательстве России, а потому анализ зарубежного опыта его ограничений и защиты может стать источником для прогрессивных идей, применимых в нашей стране, указать на возможные ошибки и пути их преодоления. ; The right to association enables people to express and defend their common interests collectively. Respect for law and observance of it by all branches of public power as well as a consistent fulfillment of corresponding laws by all strata of the society are necessary for the establishment and further development of genuine democracy and its institutions. According to legal doctrine the right of everyone to association with others can be referred to the group of negative rights. This implies the duty of any state neither to violate nor to impede the legal realization of the above rights by any person. But this duty cannot be interpreted as an absolute one. It coexists with the following positive duties of the state: firstly, to ensure the effective realization of individual rights and freedoms; secondly, to guarantee such conditions under which the realization of rights and freedoms by one person will not violate their application by others. It is necessary to note that excessive abstractness of the above wordings and criteria of legal restrictions inspired their subjective, arbitrary interpretation and application in practice of the member states of the European Council and, thus, generated many complaints to the European Court of Human Rights (hereafter Court). Having used the method of interpretation, the Court formulated basic requirements to the validity of restrictions: they should be provided for in law. The term "law" gave rise to considerable disputes and an ambiguous state practice. The analysis of the Court decisions enables us to conclude that it considered law in a very general sense i.e. any regulatory act of a state body including a judicial precedent is a law. Another requirement to the validity of restriction of the right to association is the legality of purpose. It suggests that a state can realize its restrictive measures only for the purposes mentioned in the European Convention: in the interests of national security and public order, to prevent riots and crimes, for health care and protection of freedom of other people (Article 11, Item 2). One more requirement is the assessment of necessity in a democratic society. The term "necessity" should correspond to a number of conditions. Firstly, any state interference into the exercise of the right should be stipulated by the insistent social necessity. Secondly, the framework and mode of restriction should be proportional to a legitimate purpose. Thus, taking into account the practice of states in application of lawful restrictions to the right to association and the Court decisions on the complaints against state interference in the exercise of conventional rights and freedoms, we can conclude that abstractness and vagueness of the wording of such restrictions promoted the development and recognition of a discretionary power of the state.

International audience ; « Errare humanum est, sed persevare diabolicum » écrit saint Augustin. À sa suite, les hommes du Moyen Âge pensent l'erreur, l'échec, la faute. Travailler sur ces notions, c'est se plonger au cœur du monde médiéval ; c'est l'aborder par le revers de la médaille, en s'intéressant non pas à ses succès mais à leurs contraires, sans pour autant retomber dans le mythe d'un Moyen Âge obscurantiste. Trois niveaux de lecture se dégagent :- Une lecture morale et théologique, d'abord, qui insiste, dans l'ombre de la Chute, sur la nature faillible de l'homme, sa rétribution et sa rédemption. Une lecture évidemment très forte dans les traités, mais que l'on trouve aussi au cœur des chroniques historiques ou des œuvres romanesques. Les rois pèchent et les royaumes s'effondrent. Les héros cèdent à la tentation et en paient le prix. Au cœur des exempla, les fautifs et les coupables se retrouvent également sur les tympans des églises, tels ceux de Conques ou de Moissac. La réflexion sur cette faiblesse qui traverse la nature humaine se fait aussi réflexion philosophique, lorsque par exemple Thomas d'Aquin réfléchit sur la liberté et la responsabilité de l'homme.- Une lecture politique et juridique, ensuite, et cette fois la faute et l'erreur se déclinent sur le mode du crime, de la trahison, de la culpabilité. Des recherches récentes ont mis l'accent sur l'importance de la justice et de la punition – tant humaine que divine – dans les sociétés du Moyen Âge, et ces études viendront nourrir la réflexion sur ces thèmes. Faut-il punir le coupable ou pardonner au fautif ? se demandent les juges, les inquisiteurs, les confesseurs. Pour Gerson, la sentence est une mesure salvatrice pour le coupable ; ne pas rendre justice serait une « folle misericorde ». Le roi cependant se réserve le droit de grâce à mesure qu'il se définit comme père de ses sujets (Claude Gauvard). La prise en compte de l'erreur et de l'échec nourrit aussi la construction d'une certaine tolérance, comme l'illustre le proverbe médiéval « vérité en-deçà des Pyrénées, erreur au-delà ».- Une lecture plus pratique, enfin, qui se heurte souvent au silence des sources. Les erreurs de traduction sont fréquentes et attestent à la fois de la mauvaise réception des classiques et de l'intérêt que leur porte l'Occident médiéval : ainsi du « pus ignobile » de Galien, traduit sous la forme de « pus louable », et qui poussa des centaines de médecins occidentaux à en favoriser l'apparition alors même qu'elle condamnait le malade. Pour autant, la question même de l'erreur de traduction et de copie est complexe et témoigne de critères propres aux hommes du Moyen Âge et aux circonstances de la production du texte, qu'il faut également élucider et analyser. D'un autre côté, l'expérimentation scientifique et technique, des lunettes de Bacon aux machines de Léonard de Vinci, se heurte souvent à des erreurs de conception ou à des impasses qui n'enlèvent pourtant rien à l'intérêt de ces recherches. La problématique se prête donc à différentes approches, de l'histoire à la théologie, de l'histoire de l'art à la littérature. Les communications présentées dans ce volume étudient à la fois les représentations de l'erreur et de la faute dans les textes littéraires, les œuvres d'art, les réflexions politiques, juridiques ou historiques, les traités moraux et spirituels, que d'étudier ces échecs d'une façon plus concrète.

Стаття містить визначення поняття державної політики у сфері забезпечення права власності, характеристику основних засад державної політики у забезпеченні права власності. ; Статья содержит определение понятия государственной политики в сфере обеспечения права собственности, характеристика основных принципов государственной политики в обеспечении права собственности. ; Problem's setting. The economic rights and freedoms, namely the ownership have an important place in the economic system. Improvement of legal regulation concerning the state policy in the area of the ownership requires detailed regulation at the constitutional level, because of the high level of corruption and crime rate in economic relations. These negative consequences are primarily provoked by low level of democratic procedures' efficiency and the mechanism of realizing economic rights.Analysis of recent research and publications. Some aspects of this issue have been the matter of studies of a number of Ukrainian and foreign scholars. The notion of the state policy was studied in the works of: V. Tertychka, O. Kucherenko, P. Fris, etc. Issues concerning the state policy in the economic sphere were the interest of: V. Ustimenko, V. Mamutov, V. Selivanov, O. Skupinskyi, D. Zadykhailo, Yu. Bysiah, I. Kresin and others.The objective of this paper is to determine the general principles of the state policy in the area of guaranteeing the ownership, to establish their content, place and significance for the economic system and to formulate the definition of the concept of the state policy in the area of the ownership.The main part: Development and realization of the constructive state policy in the economic sphere will lead to the stabilization of economic relations; reduce violations of the economic rights granted by the Constitution; increase the trust of public to the state apparatus; increasing the public sense of security by the state. Constitutional acts become the major legal factor in social, state and legal development. The Constitution is a source of the state economic policy; it has the policy character and performs the predictive function. The scholars repeatedly note that there is the necessity to amend the constitutional provisions of the Main Law relating to the economic system, including the allocation of a separate section that has the same name.In our opinion, the main principles of the economic system of Ukraine that determine the grounds of the state policy in guaranteeing the ownership are the following: legality; equality; priority of human rights; providing the guarantees and protection of these rights by the state; protection of the national economic interests; state's non-interference in production and economic activity; realization of legal state regulation of economic relations; policy-making. These principles have their normative "embodiment" within the text of certain provisions of the Constitution, which can be related to the principles of the state policy in the area of the ownership: 1) state regulation of the economy; 2) responsibility of the state to the individual and society; 3) state protection of the economic rights; 4) social orientation of the economy.Conclusions: Thus, the necessity to improve the constitutional regulation of the economic system of Ukraine, development of the effective procedures to prevent and protect against violations of economic rights of citizens, improvement of the mechanism of realizing the economic rights, determine the need to characterize the state policy in the area of the ownership in Ukraine.

Remisi merupakan hak narapidana untuk mendapatkan pengurangan pidana apabila selama menjalani pembinaan berkelakuan baik. Remisi yang merupakan hak narapidana dapat ditambah apabila yang bersangkutan melakukan perbuatan-perbuatan antara lain: Berbuat jasa kepada negara, dan Melakukan perbuatan yang bermanfaat bagi negara atau kemanusiaan, serta Melakukan perbuatan yang membantu kegiatan Lembaga Pemasyarakatan. Pengaturan remisi ada dalam beberapa peraturan yaitu: Keputusan Presiden No. 174 Tahun 1999 tentang Remisi; Keputusan Menteri Hukum dan Perundang-undangan RI No. M.09.HN.02.01 Tahun 1999 tentang Pelaksanaan Keputusan Presiden No. 174 Tahun 1999; Keputusan Menteri Hukum dan Perundang-Undangan No. M.10.HN.02.01 Tahun 1999 tentang Pelimpahan Wewenang Pemberian Remisi Khusus; Keputusan Presiden No. 120 Tahun 1995 tentang Ampunan Istimewa; Keputusan Menteri Kehakiman RI No. 04.HN.02.01 Tahun 1988 tentang Tambahan Remisi bagi Narapidana yang Menjadi Donor Organ Tubuh dan Donor Darah; Surat Edaran No. E.PS.01-03-15 tanggal 26 Mei 2000 tentang Perubahan Pidana Penjara Seumur Hidup Menjadi Pidana Penjara Sementara; dan Peraturan Pemerintah No. 99 Tahun 2012 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas Peraturan Pemerintah No. 32 Tahun 1999 tentang Syarat dan Tata Cara Pelaksanaan Hak Warga Binaan Pemasyarakatan. Pelaksanaan remisi terhadap narapidana diawali dari permohonan Kepala Lembaga Pemasyarakatan kepada Kepala Kantor Wilayah Kementerian Hukum dan HAM terhadap narapidana yang layak mendapatkan remisi berdasarkan hasil pembinaan terhadap narapidana. Keputusan remisi yang diberikan oleh Kepala Kanwil Hukum dan HAM didasarkan atas laporan Kepala Lembaga pemasyarakatan dan Undang-Undang No. 12 Tahun 1995 tentang Pemasyarakatan dan PP No. 99 Tahun 2012.Remission is the right of inmates to get a reduction in crime when undergoing training during good behavior. Remission is the right of prisoners could be increased if the relevant deeds among others: Doing services to the state, and doing deeds that are beneficial to the country or humanity, as well as Perform the action that helps the activities Penitentiary. Remission arrangements in some of the rules are: Presidential Decree No. 174 year1999 concerning Remission; Minister of Law and Legislation Decree No. M.09.HN.02.01 year 1999 on the Implementation of Presidential Decree No. 174 of 1999; Minister of Law and Legislation Decree Number M.10.HN.02.01 year 1999 on Delegation of Authority granting Special Remission; Presidential Decree No. 120 year 1995 concerning the Special Forgiveness; Minister of Justice Decree No. 1988 on Additional 04.HN.02.01 Remission for prisoners Become Organ Donors and Blood; Circular Number E.PS.01-03-15 May 26 year 2000 on the Amendment of Criminal Life Imprisonment While Being Criminal Prison; and Government Regulation No. 99 Year 2012 regarding the Second Amendment to Government Regulation No. 32 Year1999 on Conditions and Procedures for the Implementation of the Right prisoners. Implementation of the remission of prisoners begins on the petition the Head of Penitentiary to the Head Office of the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights of prisoners are eligible for remission based on the guidance to the inmates. Decision remissions granted by the Head of Department of Law and Human Rights based on the reports of correctional and Head of the Institute of Law No. 12 Year 1995 on Penal and PP 99 Year 2012.

The aim of this article is to review the literature on the effects of social environment on the development of physical aggression. We have chosen to consider the social environment in terms of a relatively recent unifying concept, the social capital. In recent years, this concept has increasingly come to the fore. Initially formulated by Bourdieu, Coleman and Putnam to explain such phenomena as social stratification and economic and political development, it has since been utilized to interpret various aspects of life in society. From the developmental standpoint, several empirical studies have demonstrated that both familial and extra-familial social capital have an effect, even in the long term, on the adaptation of children, on academic results and socio-economic success, and on health and well-being. In general, the social capital perspective has proved useful in helping to understand aggressive behavior and violence, though much more research is needed. Not all forms of social capital act in the same way, and several studies have found that social capital seems to exert a preventive effect on aggressive behavior only in certain circumstances and only with regard to some types of persons. The various types of social capital have a differential impact according to the age of the individual. Family social capital and the relationship resources offered by the child welfare system chiefly act during early childhood and childhood, when learning to regulate physical aggression appears to be at its peak. The influence of peers has been shown mainly during late childhood and adolescence: however, it is very likely that it is present very early at home through siblings, and in day care. Violent subcultures and organized crime are more likely to exert a direct effect on adolescents and adults. Broadly speaking, it seems that social capital at the micro level plays a stronger role during childhood,while the macro level acts especially during adolescence and adult life. ; Il concetto di capitale sociale, elaborato inizialmente da Bourdieu, Coleman e Putnam per comprendere fenomeni quali la stratificazione sociale, lo sviluppo economico e l'efficienza dei governi, sta godendo di un crescente successo in sociologia. Questo concetto è stato anche utilizzato per comprendere i rapporti tra caratteristiche dell'ambiente e aggressività fisica, ed in questo articolo riportiamo una rassegna delle principali ricerche in questo campo. Non tutte le forme di capitale sociale agiscono allo stesso modo, ed in molte ricerche il capitale sociale sembra avere un impatto preventivo sul comportamento aggressivo soltanto in certe circostanze e soltanto con alcuni tipi di persone. I diversi tipi di capitale sociale hanno un impatto differenziato a seconda delle diverse età della vita: il capitale sociale famigliare e le risorse di relazioni presenti nel sistema di welfare agiscono soprattutto nell'infanzia, anche in età molto precoci, i coetanei agiscono soprattutto nell'adolescenza, mentre le sottoculture violente ed il crimine organizzato hanno un impatto sui giovani e sugli adulti. Alla luce di molte ricerche,possiamo ritenere che il processo di progressiva diminuzione dei comportamenti aggressivi, dalla prima infanzia all'età adulta possa essere facilitato dalla maggior parte delle relazioni sociali che abbiamo definito come capitale sociale,anche se ci si è resi conto di come alcune forme di capitale sociale (gang, crimine organizzato) possono rappresentare una risorsa per sopravvivere in ambienti difficili, ma finiscono per incrementare la violenza.

The Roma population is the largest minority in Europe. Their nomadic lifestyle has brought them to settle on all continents, but they are most numerous in the European continent. Nowadays, there are between 8 and 12 million Roma living in the European territory. Instead of accepting their different background and building a diverse society, they are marginalised by majority on a daily basis in several areas of their lives, such as poor access to health services and education, labour market and poor housing conditions. Despite well established (inter)national Frameworks they remain deprived and excluded, facing not only several security issues but being victims of discrimination. We reviewed the European Union's Framework, projects and networks and, considering these documents, we found the information on the EU's funds that are intended for the projects of social inclusion and that the legal Frameworks are not as implemented in Member States as they were supposed to be. Gathering and reviewing data, we discovered that the EU plays an important role in Roma inclusion. The EU very often finances and assists with several projects and networks. However, we have not found any projects in the field of Roma being the victims of discrimination or even crime. There are a few projects and organisations which aim towards Roma inclusion and include recognition of Roma discrimination. We believe that this area needs more focus in the future in order to completely follow the idea of equality in diversity. ; Socialna vključenost v družbo in varnostni izzivi romske populacije na območju Evrope – vloga Evropske unije je magistrsko delo, katerega namen je bil analizirati, primerjati in ugotoviti, ali so Romi vključeni v sodobne družbe, ter prepoznati varnostne izzive te etnične manjšine na področju Evrope, hkrati pa tudi oceniti vlogo Evropske unije pri tem. Kljub številnim raziskavam, posodobljenim aktom in dokumentom s področja socialne vključenosti Romov, njihovi življenjski pogoji ostajajo neurejeni ter jim onemogočajo vključenost in jih s tem še vedno potiskajo na rob družbe. Za potrebe raziskave smo uporabili metode demografske statistične analize, pol-strukturirane intervjuje s policisti, ugotovitve metode opazovanja z udeležbo, analizo dokumentov in funkcije Evropske unije ter se pri raziskovanju in primerjalni analizi oprli in zbirali informacije iz slovenskih in tujih virov ter študij o zgodovini Romov, statusu v modernih družbah ter stopnji vključenosti v družbo. Splošni pregled, primerjalna raziskovalna analiza držav članic in vloga Evropske unije za vključitev Romov v lokalne skupnosti nam je pomagala predstaviti Rome v sodobnih družbah. Med drugim smo ugotovili, da bi bilo potrebno dati več poudarka na kriminološki vidik – Romi kot žrtve in storilci kaznivih dejanj. Le tako lahko namreč nadaljujemo in pridobimo zaupanje s strani Romov ; zanemarjanje primerov, kjer so Romi žrtve in primerov izgona, vsekakor ne pripomore k vzpostavitvi zaupanja in odprte komunikacije. Za uspešno vključevanje in implementacijo zakonodaje Evropske unije je potrebno poostriti nadzor in cilje prilagoditi posameznim državam članicam zaradi raznolikosti med Romi. Zavedati se je potrebno, da je implementacija in izvedba projektov za vključevanje Romov zlasti v domeni posameznih držav članic, tako da je le-te potrebno ustrezno motivirati. In ne nazadnje, eden izmed uspešnih načinov bi lahko bil vzpostavljanje zaupanja in komunikacije preko neformalnih dogodkov. S spoznavanjem drug drugega ugotovimo, da smo vsi pravzaprav enaki. Raznoliki, vendar želimo enako. Ko spoznamo to, se odpre komunikacijska pot, zaupanje in sodelovanje. S tem zraste tudi motivacija oblasti in skupaj z ustrezno dokumentacijo pomagamo Romom k vključitvi v sodobno družbo.

The main objective of the paper is to present the issues of the protection of internal security and constitutional order in view of the tasks and activities of the Internal Security Agency in Poland. The author of the text seeks answers to the following questions. (1) To what extent does the lack of clear-cut frames for the ISA's activity influence the instrumental use of this agency? (2) Do over-generalised legal regulations on the ISA's activities lead to poorer efficiency of this agency's operations? (3) Does faulty regulation related to the ISA's range of activities result from inadequacies in Polish legislation, or maybe from the intention to endow the special services with greater freedom of action?In reference to the above questions, the author puts forward the following theses: (1) the selected and analysed legal instruments exert an infinitesimal influence on the scope of the application of "special measures", such as the operational control or access to telecommunications data. Art. 3 of the Bill of 2014 contains too many vague terms or expressions whose legal definitions are missing from Polish legislation; (2) it seems reasonable that the range of the ISA's activities has been restricted, e.g. as regards drug-related crime. However, other areas of the ISA's interest have witnessed few changes, and its impromptu involvement with specific threats and offences is left to the 'political decision' of the Head of the ISA and the Minister of the Interior; (3) the impractical solutions are partly a result of an inadequate 'legislative culture', in this case, at the level of the Ministry of the Interior. This shortcoming might be the result of excessive haste during work on the Bill; nevertheless, such works always carry a political load, which means that the interests of the services themselves, as well as of the state, played an enormous role in this project. ; Głównym celem artykułu jest przedstawienie problematyki ochrony bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego i porządku konstytucyjnego przez pryzmat zadań i działań Agencji Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego w Polsce. W tekście przedstawiono kilka pytań: (1)W jakim stopniu brak szczegółowego określenia zakresu działalności ABW wpływa na instrumentalne wykorzystanie tej służby specjalnej? (2) Czy dość ogólne regulacje prawne, w zakresie zadań ABW, wpływają na niższą efektywność działania tej służby specjalnej? (3) Czy niewłaściwy sposób regulacji kwestii związanych z zadaniami ABW wynika z niskiego poziomu legislacji polskiego legislatora, czy może z chęci pozostawienia służbom specjalnym dość dużej swobody działania?W związku z pytaniami przedstawiono następujące stwierdzenia: (1) wybrane i analizowane rozwiązania prawne nie zmieniają zbytnio, zakresu stosowania "specjalnych środków", takich jak kontrola operacyjna czy dostęp do danych telekomunikacyjnych. W art. 3 Projektu z 2014 r. znajduje się zbyt wiele zwrotów niedookreślonych oraz zwrotów, których definicji legalnych trudno szukać w polskim ustawodawstwie; (2) słusznie ograniczono zadania ABW w zakresie chociażby przestępczości narkotykowej, jednakowoż w innych wypadkach w zakresie działań ABW w zasadzie niewiele się zmienia, a nakierowanie na określony rodzaj zagrożeń i przestępstw będzie "decyzją polityczną" Szefa ABW, jak i Ministra Spraw Wewnętrznych; (3) część chybionych rozwiązań jest wynikiem niskiej "kultury legislacyjnej", w tym wypadku na poziomie Ministerstwa Spraw Wewnętrznych. Możliwe, że uchybienia są wynikiem pospiesznych prac nad projektami, jednakowoż prace te mają zawsze "wymiar polityczny". W tworzeniu rozwiązań na pewno dużą rolę odegrały interesy samych służb i interes państwa.

Цель. Исследование целесообразности и возможности дополнения Уголовного кодекса Российской Федерации нормой, предусматривающей ответственность за незаконное обогащение. Методы. Проанализированы нормативные акты, направленные на предупреждение коррупции и устанавливающие обязанности государственных служащих предоставлять сведения о доходах, об имуществе и обязательствах имущественного характера и сведения о расходах. Изучены статистические данные государственных органов и общественных организаций, мнение граждан, а также соотношение количества выявленных коррупционных нарушений, сумм незаконных бюджетных трат и установленных судами сумм материального ущерба от коррупционных преступлений, свидетельствующие о недостаточной эффективности существующих мер контроля над доходами и расходами должностных лиц. Исследованы конституционные основания возможности установления уголовной ответственности за незаконное обогащение. Результаты. С учетом социальной обусловленности и реальной потребности в охране правоотношений, урегулированных антикоррупционным законодательством, сформулирована не противоречащая Конституции Российской Федерации и доктрине уголовного права норма об ответственности за коррупционное обогащение. Новизна. Предложено новое решение двух основных проблем криминализации незаконного (коррупционного) обогащения в России. Авторский проект статьи исключает обязанность должностного лица доказывать законный характер своих доходов. Уголовная ответственность предусмотрена за невыполнение должностным лицом обязанности декларировать доходы или расходы в обстановке, когда его реальные активы превышают законные доходы в значительном размере. В сформулированной норме решена проблема деяния, которое в составе ст. 20 Конвенции ООН против коррупции фактически не предусмотрено. Автор предлагает установить уголовную ответственность, не «за значительное увеличение активов публичного должностного лица, превышающее его законные доходы», а за невыполнение субъектом обязанности, вытекающей из антикоррупционного законодательства в обстановке такого значительного увеличения. ; Purpose. Research of practicability and possibilities of supplementation of the RF Criminal Code with the norm providing responsibility for illegal enrichment. Methods. The author analyzed normative acts aimed at corruption prevention and establishing responsibilities of public executives to provide information on income, property and liabilities of material character and information about expenditure. The author studied statistical data of public power bodies and public organizations, citizens' opinion, correlation of quantity of the identified corruption violation, amount of illegal budgeting spending and sums of material damage from corruption crime determined by courts and proving lack of effectiveness of the existing controlling measures over income and expenditure of executives. The author also studied constitutional bases of possibility to make it an offence for illegal enrichment. Results. Taking into account social conditions and real demands in protection of legal relations regulated by the anticorruption legislation, the author formulated a legal norm about responsibility for corruption enrichment, which does not contradict to the RF Constitution and doctrine of criminal law. Novelty. The author offers a new solution for two major problems of criminalization of illegal (corrupted) enrichment in Russia. The authorial project excludes responsibility of an executive to prove legal character of his income. Criminal liability is provided for non-commitment of the executive to declare his income or expenditure in the situation when his real assets exceed legal income enormously. In the formulated norm they solve the problem of a deed which within art. 29 of the UN Convention against corruption is formally not provided. The author proposes to determine criminal responsibility not for 'enormous increase of assets of a public executive exceeding his legal assets, but for non-commitment by the subject his responsibilities resulting from anticorruption legislation in the situation of such enormous increase.

Corruption is one of the most pressing problems not only in Colombia but in the world through the power of democracy, it breaks and delegitimize the role of government to citizens. It is a threat to democracy and economic development of society. There are multiple reasons for the elimination of corruption is a priority within the business community: the mistrust among investors, customers, employees generated by ethical scandals, investigations and proceedings for corruption, among others. The business sector, of course regulated by the rules on the subject, he also committed to voluntary self-regulation, a need to avoid reputational risks, which are in addition to the economic and legal. The purpose of this document is to outline the impact of corruption in the private sector, its relation to collusion, to reach the regulatory framework established by the Anti-Corruption Statute both by the international commitments undertaken by Colombia. Finally, linking the voluntary Global Compact initiative with the active participation of citizens. ; La corrupción es uno de los problemas más apremiantes no sólo en Colombia sino en el mundo, por el poder que tiene de quebrantar la democracia y de deslegitimar el papel del Estado frente a los ciudadanos. Es una amenaza para la democracia y el desarrollo económico de la sociedad. Hay múltiples motivos por los cuales la eliminación de la corrupción es prioritaria dentro de la comunidad empresarial: la desconfianza entre inversores, clientes, empleados generada por escándalos éticos; las investigaciones y procesos adelantados por casos de corrupción, entre otros. El sector empresarial, regulado por supuesto por las normas sobre la materia, le apuesta también a mecanismos voluntarios de autorregulación, en un interés por evitar los riesgos reputacionales, que vienen a sumarse a los económicos y legales. El propósito del presente documento es plantear la incidencia de la corrupción en el sector privado, su relación con la colusión, para llegar al marco regulatorio establecido tanto por el Estatuto Anticorrupción como por los compromisos internacionales adquiridos por Colombia. Finalmente, vincula la iniciativa voluntaria de Pacto Global con la participación activa de la ciudadanía. ; Corrupção estabeleceu a si próprio como um problema premente, não só na Colômbia, mas também no mundo, por causa de seu poder de quebrar democracia e deslegitimar o papel do governo aos cidadãos. É uma ameaça para a democracia e para o desenvolvimento econômico de uma sociedade. Sua ação invalida a disposição fundamental e constitucional da igualdade e gera reações como a subversão, a desigualdade, a desconfiança e instabilidade social, econômica e política. Existem várias razões que tornam a eliminação da corrupção uma prioridade com a comunidade empresarial: desconfiança entre os investidores, clientes e funcionários criados por escândalos éticos, investigações e processos por corrupção, entre outros. Por isso, é cada vez mais necessário chamar a atenção para crimes transnacionais como o suborno, lavagem de dinheiro e enriquecimento ilícito, que foram amplamente ignorados comportamentos por empresas que estão agora mais conscientes da sua responsabilidade pelos atos de seus funcionários, as empresas associadas, parceiros e agentes. O setor empresarial, regulada pelas regras sobre o assunto, também se comprometeu a autoregulação voluntária para evitar riscos de reputação, além dos econômicos e legais.

AbstractProof is a process that is critical in driving the success of uncovering a criminal case. The proof will not be realized without the role of the witness in giving testimony. Witness testimony is theprimary evidence in Section 184 Criminal Procedure Code. Witness Whistleblower facts is awitness that reveals a scandalous crime that occurred in a government or private agency. TheWhistleblower is Komjen Pol. Susno Duadji then served as deputy chief of the Criminal andINTRAC. He is that there are irregularities in the case of Gayus and Haposan Hutagalung withindications of Corruption, which in the case of taxes and Arowana contained in DecisionNo.1390K/Pid.Sus/2011 MA. The problem is: 1). How does the strength of evidencewhistleblower fact witnesses in the case of the Corruption in the case No.1390/K/Pid.Sus/2011?2). How does the position of expressing a fact witness (Whistleblower) in the case of theCorruption in Case No.1390K/Pid.Sus/2011?. While this type of research is normative, usingdata sources primary legal materials, secondary and tertiary. Mechanical collection of legalmaterials to study the document and the data were analyzed qualitatively. Research resultsproving the fact Whistleblower witnesses in corruption cases is to have a complete and perfectstrength and Whistleblower has a very large position in the fight against Corruption.Keywords : Evidence , Witness , Whistleblower , CorruptionDAFTAR PUSTAKA A. Buku-buku Abdul Haris Semendawai. dkk, 2011,Memahami Whistleblower,cet.1, Lembaga PerlindunganSaksi dan Korban (LPSK),Jakarta 12 ___________, 2012, Buletin KesaksianMedia Informasi PerlindunganSaksi dan Korban, LembagaPerlindungan Saksi dan Korban(LPSK), Jakarta Adami Chazawi, 2006, Hukum Pembuktian Tindak PidanaKorupsi, Alumni, Bandung Afnil Guza, 2008, Pemberian Kompensasi, Restitusi danBantuan Kepada Saksi danKorban, Asa Mandiri, Jakarta Andi Hamzah, 2006, Pemberantasan Korupsi Melalui Hukum PidanaNasional dan Internasional,RajaGrafindo Persada, Jakarta Bambang Waluyo, 2012, Viktimologi Perlindungan Korban danSaksi, Sinar Grafika, Jakarta Dikdik M. Mansur dan Elisatris Gultom, 2006, UrgensiPerlindungan Saksi dan Korbanantara Norma dan Realita,Rajagrafindo Persada, Jakarta Lilik Mulyadi, 2007, Hukum Acara Pidana Normatif, Teoritis,Praktik dan Masalahnya,Alumni, Bandung ___________ , 2007, Tindak Pidana Korupsi Di Indonesia Normatif,Teoritis, Praktik danMasalahnya, Alumni, Bandung Martiman Prodjohamidjojo, 1984, Sistim Pembuktian dan Alat AlatBukti, Ghalia Press, Jakarta ___________, 2001, Penerapan Pembuktian Terbalik dalam Delik Korupsi (UU No. 31Tahun 1999), Mandar Maju,Bandung Rianto Adi, 2004, Metodologi Penelitian Sosial dan Hukum,Granit, Jakarta Soerjono Soekanto dan Sri Mamudji, 2011, Penelitian HukumNormatif suatu TinjauanSingkat, cet.13, Rajawali Press,Jakarta B. Peraturan Perundang-undangan Kitab Undang-undang Hukum AcaraPidana (KUHAP) Undang-undang Nomor 31 Tahun1999 Jo Undang-undang Nomor20 Tahun 2001 tentangPemberantasan Tindak PidanaKorupsi C. Sumber lain Putusan Mahkamah Agung RepublikIndonesia Nomor Perkara1390K/Pid.Sus/2011 USU Law Journal, 2013, PerlindunganHukum terhadap Whistleblowerdan Justice Colaborator dalamUpaya Pemberantasan Korupsi,Edisi. 5, Medan Wikipedia, Pengungkap Aib,http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/pengungkapaib diakses pada Tanggal 22November 2013 Pukul 14.00 WIB Wikipedia, Whistle Blower, http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susno_Duadji diakses pada Tanggal22 November 2013 Pukul 23:12WIB 13 http://www.academia.edu/3713009/Gayus_Tambunan_ala_Mafia_dalam_Pajak, diakses Pada Tanggal11-Februari-2014 Pukul 23:55WIB ICW, Perlindungan untuk SusnoDuadji sebagai PengungkapFaktahttp://www.antikorupsi.org/id/content/perlindungan-untuksusnodiakses pada Tanggal 20Februari 2014 Republika Online, Susno Jadi SaksiMahkota untuk Sjahril danHaposan,http://www.republika.co.id/berita/breakingnews/hukum/10/05/26/117172-susno-jadi-saksimahkota-untuk-kasus-sjahrildan-haposan,diakses Tanggal28 Februari 2014 Pukul 23.50