Suchergebnisse

Stent, A.: U.S.-Russian relations since the end of the Cold War. - S. 1-6. Meier, C.: The Russian economic crisis and its effects on German-Russian economic relations. - S. 7-24. Sevcova, L.: Did the West influence the transformation process in post-communist Russia, and, if so, what were the results of this influence? - S. 25-29

"German industrial expansion in the period 1880-1913 was significantly more rapid than that of the United Kingdom, and substantially less volatile than that of the United States. A partial explanation for the relatively stable growth path of the German economy during these years may be found in the greater relative importance and volatility of the railroad construction component of net investment in the United States. By 1880 only a little over one-third of the U.S. final rail net was in place, compared with over half in the case of Germany. Compared to Germany, railroad investment in the United States between 1880 and World War I was, on average, much larger absolutely. It was also much larger in comparison to total population, total industrial output, and in comparison to expenditures on residential construction. In addition, it was more volatile. The lesser importance and volatility of this component of autonomous expenditure in the German case partially accounts for the relative nonvolatility of the German industrial Output series." (author's abstract)

Advanced education is often thought to respond to the demands of the economy. Market forces create new occupations, and then universities respond with degrees and curricula tailored to produce graduates with the required skills. Presented here is ground-breaking comparative research on an underappreciated, yet growing, concurrent alternative process: universities and their expanding research capacity create knowledge and skills, legitimated in new degrees that then become monetized and even required in private and public sectors of economies. With far reaching implications for understanding the educational transformation of capitalism and social inequality, the future of professionalization in occupations, persistent expansion of advanced education, and profound change in the culture of work in the 21st Century, the chapters explore sociological implications, possible global impacts, and critiques of the process. Detailed German and U.S. case studies of the university's origins and influence on workplace consequences of six selected occupations and degrees investigate the dimensions of the academization process. Demonstrating universal application, the cases contrast the more open and less-restrictive education and occupational credentialling system in the U.S. with the centralized and government-controlled system in Germany. This is a much-needed new perspective on the worn-out notions of overeducation, credentialism, professionalism, and supposed unresponsiveness of systems of higher education.

Presented here is ground-breaking comparative research on an underappreciated, yet growing, concurrent alternative process: universities and their expanding research capacity create knowledge and skills, legitimated in new degrees that then become monetized and even required in private and public sectors of economies

This paper explains the different trajectories of German and American competition policy and its permissiveness towards economic concentration in the last few decades. While the German political economy had moved to a stronger antitrust regime after 1945 and stuck to it even after the economic governance shifts of the 1980s, the traditional antitrust champion, the United States, has shed considerable parts of its basic governance toolkit against anticompetitive conduct since the 1960s. Drawing on theories of institutional change driven by bureaucratic and professional elites, the paper claims that different pathways of professional ideas in competition policy can account for the cross-country differences. In the 1960s and early 1970s, movements to strengthen competition policy in the direction of an active deconcentration of industry emerged in both countries. While German as well as American professionals reacted to the impending encroachment of societal concerns into antitrust with economized notions of the policies' goals, they did so in fundamentally different ways. Whereas US professionals proposed an effect-based approach in which consumer welfare and gains in efficiency may justify less competition, the more strongly law-based profession in Germany to a degree strengthened a form-based approach aiming at the preservation of competitive market structures. Such extrapolitical pathways of ideas, we argue, provide important guidelines for the implementation of competition policy by administrations and courts, whose decisions can have a far-reaching impact on industries and political economies as a whole. ; Der Artikel erklärt die unterschiedlichen Pfade des deutschen und amerikanischen Wettbewerbsrechts und dessen Einstellung zu wirtschaftlicher Konzentration in den letzten Jahrzehnten. Während die deutsche politische Ökonomie nach 1945 zu einem konservativeren Wettbewerbsregime überging und dies auch nach dem Wandel in den 1980er-Jahren aufrechterhielt, veränderten die USA, das klassische Land der Wettbewerbskontrolle, ihr Interventionsverhalten seit den 1960er-Jahren. Dieser Artikel argumentiert mit Bezug auf Theorien institutionellen Wandels durch bürokratische Eliten, dass die verschiedenartigen Wettbewerbsideen von Professionen die Länderunterschiede miterklären können. In den 1960er- und 1970er-Jahren entstanden in beiden Ländern Bewegungen, die das Ziel verfolgten, Wettbewerbspolitik zu erweitern. Wenngleich sowohl deutsche als auch amerikanische professionelle Gruppen auf das drohende Vordringen gesamtgesellschaftlicher Erwägungen mit ökonomisierten Auffassungen der Wettbewerbspolitik reagierten, taten sie das in unterschiedlicher Weise. Während amerikanische professionelle Gruppen einen effektbasierten Ansatz entwickelten, in dem Konsumentenwohlfahrts- und Effizienzgewinne Abstriche beim Wettbewerb erlauben, stärkten die eher juristisch geprägten Wettbewerbshüter in Deutschland einen marktformbasierten Ansatz. Wir behaupten, dass diese verschiedenen Ideen wichtige Leitlinien in der Implementierung des Wettbewerbsrechts für Verwaltungen und Gerichte vorgaben, deren Entscheidungen wiederum weitreichende Effekte für Wirtschaftssektoren und die politische Ökonomie insgesamt haben können.