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Research Highlights This paper aims to assess the current progress of RE in this country and identify the impact of business sustainability idea towards RE policy development. The extensive review presented in this work offers a useful reference for policy makers, corporate managers and researchers who have vested interest in business sustainability and renewable energy related studies. ___________________________________________________________________________ Research Objectives The objectives of this study is to explore the evolving concept of business sustainability towards environmental concern and to identify the impact of business sustainability idea towards Malaysia's policy development on RE deployment. Methodology This is conceptual paper where the authors tend to make the analysis by exploring particular theories on business sustainability, renewable energy (RE), and the engagement of RE activities on Malaysia policy development. Results All energy sources have some impact and benefit on our environment. For instance, renewable energy (RE) is energy resource that naturally replenished over time and always can be generated such as solar, wind and hydro energy. However, if the rate of use exceeds the rate of renewal, gradually it will become unsustainable. Thus, to have a sustainable energy which defined as energy production that can last for the foreseeable future is crucial and become main focus of recent national policies, strategies and development plan as of many countries. Malaysia energy consumption still heavily depended on the non- renewable energies (RE) such as fossil fuel and natural gases. Unfortunately, the use of the non-RE is unsustainable and can contribute adversely towards the environment and economic performance of a country. Renewable energy is brought to play as it is believed sustainable and has the potential to thrive in infinitely competitive market of contemporary business nowadays. Therefore, in 2009, the government of Malaysia has announced a National Renewable Energy Policy and Action Plan (NREPAP) as part of their commitment to accelerate the growth of RE as an alternatives energy sources for the coming years. Moving onwards, a strong policy is needed to tackle the challenges in meeting the demand, energy security and also the affordability of energy pricing. Thus, in energy security dimension, perhaps the government should put attention on renewable energy by engaging more on the alternative mechanism to deploy RE capacity through program such as Large-Scale Solar PV, Net Metering as at current practices and also other new initiative like green certificates. The exploration on new RE resource such as wind, geothermal, ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) also could assist in build up a new opportunity to enlarge the share of renewable energy mix percentage and ensure the future energy security (UNDP, 2007) Findings The energy industry is changing fast and in multiple directions. It is also regularly known as the catalyst for development in a country. Realizing the importance of energy as a vital dimension in economic and social development, the government of Malaysia has been continuously reviewing its energy policy and practices to ensure long-term sustainability, reliability and security of energy supply (Mohamed & Lee, 2006). The private sector even the communities should also be more corporate in social responsibilities and make compromises for instance by participating in green programs and accepting longer payback periods in RE projects. Nevertheless, continuous efforts and strong support from the societies are vital to ensure RE development can reach its maximum potential. This effort is also supported by (Dincer, 2000) and (Wutenhagen, Wolsink, & Buer, 2007) where they are stressed that increases the public awareness and acceptance on RE, it is as the initial step to make the sustainable energy program successful. This is done through the media, professional organizations, public and government channels. In conclusion, since there is still insufficient insight to critically reasoning the RE development in aspect of business and sustainability, the paper insists to contributes more to the research on energy policies enhancement in Malaysia particularly. This could be a challenge on governing agenda that involves a series of tradeoffs, market players, organizations and companies (Oliveira, 2018) and these efforts are important to ensure the future success of the RE development in Malaysia. Acknowledgement The authors would like to acknowledge Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN) for the fund granted through the Internal Grant (UNIIG2019), Project code: J510050852. References Dincer, I. (2000). Renewable energy and sustainable development: a crucial review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 4(2), 157–175. Mohamed, A. R., & Lee, K. T. (2006). Energy for sustainable development in Malaysia: Energy policy and alternative energy. Energy Policy, 34(15), 2388–2397. Oliveira, R. L. De. (2018). Powering the future : Malaysia ' s energy policy challenges. Kuala Lumpur: IDEAS Policy Research Berhad. UNDP, United Nations Development Programme. (2007). Energy and Poverty in Malaysia: Challenges and the Way Forward. UNDP. Wutenhagen, R., Wolsink, M., & Buer, M. J. (2007). Social acceptance of renewable energy innovation: An introduction to the concept. Energy Policy, 35, 2683–2691.

This article is the final result of a research project which main objective was to identify the world view of the indigenous peoples in the towns of Izalco, Nahuizalco and Santo Domingo de Guzmán in relation to the human rights of the Native peoples in El Salvador and their historic development. In like manner, it depicts the application of said rights at present in contrast to their life conditions in the towns aforementioned based on the exercise of their rights. The qualitative method was used in this research; visits were made to collect information from key informers; focus groups were also organized; the non-structured interview and in situ observations were used by participating in some of the cultural activities with the leaders and the indigenous people from the different villages in the studied municipalities. In summary, the main thesis is that El Salvadorean activities are not complying with the human rights of the indigenous peoples in terms of the lands where they live, their identity, their language, and the quality of their political, cultural and economic life. This fact has been and still is, a constant element in the ongoing struggle of the indigenous peoples.Based on their testimonies, the native peoples have been wronged in several manners: from the unlawful appropriation of their lands and the lack of adequate social conditions of life, to the appropriation of their tangible inherited identity.One of the main reasons for the violation of the human rights of the indigenous peoples is the lack of knowledge they have on what both national and international laws establish. The sociostructural violence is yet another relevant factor; the Salvadorean State has failed to comply with these laws and, as a consequence, the rights of this population have been disrespected; therefore, they have been subjugated to a critical life condition, economically, politically, socially and even culturally speaking.Hence, a series of training has been suggested in relation to the human rights of the Native peoples and the rights established in the Constitution of the Republic of El Salvador. Another recommendation has been to create agreements with the mass media for the dissemination of the lifestyle of the indigenous people and to manage projects to rescue and value their human rights.Entorno, octubre 2017, número 64: 112-123 ; El presente artículo es el resultado final de un proyecto de investigación cuyo objetivo fue identificar la cosmovisión indígena de los pueblos de Izalco, Nahuizalco y Santo Domingo de Guzmán respecto de los derechos humanos de los pueblos originarios de El Salvador, su construcción histórica, así como la aplicación de sus derechos humanos en la actualidad, contrastando con la condición de vida de los indígenas de los pueblos de Izalco, Nahuizalco y Santo Domingo de Guzmán a partir del cumplimiento de sus derechos. La metodología en la cual se apoyó el estudio es la cualitativa, realizando visitas para obtener información por parte de informantes claves, desarrollando grupos focales, entrevistas no estructuradas y observación in situ, participando en algunas manifestaciones culturales con los indígenas de los diferentes caseríos de los municipios investigados y de los representantes de los pueblos indígenas. En síntesis, la tesis principal es que las autoridades de El Salvador no están cumpliendo con los derechos humanos de los pueblos originarios en torno a la propiedad de los territorios donde habitan, a su identidad y su lengua, y en definitiva en torno a los derechos humanos relativos a la calidad de vida económica, política y cultural. Se logró identificar que este hecho ha sido, por parte de los pueblos originarios, un mal y una causa de lucha constante hasta la actualidad. De acuerdo con los testimonios, estos permiten claramente apreciar cómo esta población de los pueblos originarios ha sido perjudicada de muchas formas, desde arrebatarle sus tierras, sus vidas, el no contar con las condiciones sociales de vida más apropiadas hasta el simple hecho de apropiarse de su identidad patrimonial tangible. Entre las principales causas que provocan la violación de los derechos humanos de la población indígena está el poco conocimiento que han adquirido los pueblos originarios sobre los derechos humanos que las leyes internacionales y nacionales establecen. También, la violencia socioestructural es un factor de gran relevancia, pues a partir de esta falta de cumplimiento del Estado de El Salvador se irrespetan los derechos de esta población y, por ende, se les ha sometido a una condición de vida critica, desde lo económico, político, social hasta lo cultural. Por lo tanto, se propone realizar capacitaciones en relación con los derechos humanos de los pueblos originarios y de los derechos establecidos en la Constitución de la República de El Salvador, y hacer convenios con medios de comunicación para que presenten la forma de vida de la población indígena y, a partir de esto, gestionar proyectos de rescate y valoración de los derechos humanos de los pueblos originarios.Entorno, octubre 2017, número 64: 112-123

En l'actual situació de crisi econòmica, social i política, s'ha plantejat la corrupció econòmica com a un dels problemes principals. Com a mesura extraordinària contra aquest tipus de corrupció, s'ha presentat l'última reforma de la Llei general tributària, que possibilita, en el seu article 95 bis, la publicació anual d'una llista de determinats deutors davant la hisenda pública, accessible per a qualsevol persona a través d'internet. Juntament amb aquesta mesura, que també es recollirà en els territoris històrics del País Basc, s'han plantejat altres instruments, com la publicació d'una determinada informació sobre aquells que han estat condemnats per sentència ferma per haver comès certs delictes, com el fiscal. Aquest tipus de mesures han estat assumides i rebudes per la ciutadania en general i pels mitjans de comunicació en particular sense grans debats, i fa l'efecte que no admeten discussió. Tanmateix, caldria preguntar-se si des de la perspectiva jurídica pot qüestionar-se la mesura disposada a la Llei general tributària. Mesura que pot afectar negativament diversos drets fonamentals, principalment la intimitat, l'honor i l'autodeterminació informativa. Aquest fet ha donat lloc a què s'hagin emès nombrosos informes de diferents administracions i òrgans públics on es qüestionen alguns aspectes de l'instrument que es preveu en la Llei. La possibilitat de publicar una llista de deutors presenta múltiples interrogants que avui dia encara segueixen sense haver estat objecte d'un profund estudi: quina és la finalitat que justifica la publicació?, pot apel·lar-se a la transparència com a objectiu a perseguir amb aquesta llista?, afecta de forma desproporcionada a drets fonamentals, com el dret a la protecció de dades de caràcter personal? ; One of the main problems in the current economic; social and political crisis has been financial corruption. The most recent reform of the General Tax Law has been presented as a flagship measure against this type of corruption since its Article 95.bis allows the publication of an annual list of certain taxpayers with outstanding debts to the Public Treasury which can be viewed by anyone online. Along with this measure; which will also be included in the Basque Country; other instruments have been proposed such as the publication of certain information about people who have been convicted by a final ruling of the commission of certain offences such as tax offences. These measures have been received and accepted by the general public and the media in particular without further discussion, giving the impression that they are not up for debate. However, whether the measure provided for in the General Tax Law can be questioned from the legal standpoint needs to be addressed. Such a measure may adversely affect a number of fundamental rights, notably privacy, reputation and informational self-determination. This has led to the issue of numerous reports by a number of administrations and public bodies questioning some aspects of the instrument envisaged in the Law. The possibility of publishing a list of debtors poses numerous questions that have yet to be thoroughly investigated. What is the purpose of publication? Can transparency be cited as an objective to pursue with this list? Does it disproportionately affect fundamental rights such as the right to the protection of personal data? ; En la actual situación de crisis económica, social y política, la corrupción económica se ha planteado como uno de los problemas principales. Contra este tipo de corrupción, se ha presentado como medida estelar la última reforma de la Ley general tributaria, que posibilita, en su artículo 95 bis, la publicación anual de una lista de determinados deudores de la Hacienda pública, accesible para cualquier persona a través de Internet. Junto a esta medida, que también se va a recoger en los territorios históricos del País Vasco, se han planteado otros instrumentos, como la publicación de determinada información sobre los sujetos condenados por sentencia firme por la comisión de determinados delitos, como el delito fiscal. Este tipo de medidas han sido asumidas y recibidas por la ciudadanía en general y por los medios de comunicación en particular sin mayor debate, dando la impresión de que no admiten discusión. Sin embargo, cabe preguntarse si, desde la perspectiva jurídica, puede cuestionarse esta medida dispuesta en la Ley general tributaria. Dicha medida puede afectar negativamente a varios derechos fundamentales, principalmente a la intimidad, el honor y la autodeterminación informativa. Este hecho ha provocado que se hayan emitido numerosos informes de diferentes administraciones y órganos públicos cuestionando algunos aspectos del instrumento que se prevé en la ley. La posibilidad de publicar una lista de deudores presenta múltiples interrogantes, que todavía hoy siguen sin haber sido objeto de un profundo estudio: ¿cuál es la finalidad que justifica la publicación?, ¿puede apelarse a la transparencia como objetivo a perseguir con esta lista?, ¿afecta de manera desproporcionada a derechos fundamentales, como el derecho a la protección de datos de carácter personal?

The accelerating pace of growth of aquaculture in sub-Saharan Africa has received much positive appraisal because of the potential of the industry to contribute to economic development and food security by providing jobs and animal protein. Adoption of best management practices (BMPs) holds the potential to ameliorate the related environmental impacts of aquaculture, such as in the amounts of nutrients and sediment that will enter natural water bodies from earthen pond effluents. The goals of this study were to characterize adoption of aquaculture BMPs on small-scale, pond-based farms in Ghana, and to assess selected economic, social, and environmental outcomes of BMP adoption. Two BMPs: 1) water reuse, and 2) commercial floating feeds, were investigated for adoption by pond-based fish farmers in Ghana. I conducted my study in Ghana using on-farm experiments involving intensive monitoring of water quality and growth of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) over two production cycles. Additionally, I administered a baseline survey to 393 (and a follow-up survey to 160) fish farmers. I determined the best model for modelling farmed Nile tilapia growth with multi-model inference based on Akaike information criterion (AIC), the profitability of adopting BMPs with stochastic enterprise budgets and, social welfare impact with the Economic-Surplus model. I used a Markov model to predict the equilibrium rate of adoption of the two BMPs and determined the impact of BMP adoption on the reduction of pollutant loading with the Minimum-Data method of the Tradeoffs Analysis (TOA-MD). My results showed that the logistic model is a better alternative to the von Bertalanffy model for modelling the growth of Oreochromis niloticus under pond aquaculture conditions. There were no significant differences in fish weight between the water re-use BMP and the use of new water. Adoption of the commercial floating feed BMP resulted in a 100% increase in fish final weight and yield, and in higher profitability, compared to the sinking feed type. Probability of making a profit was highest (72%) in the scenario with commercial feed and self-financing. Net present values (NPV) of about US$ 11 million and US$ 375 million could be obtained from the adoption of commercial floating feed and Genetically-Improved Farm Tilapia (GIFT) strain, respectively, in Ghana. Hence, any innovation that has a significant impact on fish yield also will have a significant impact on mean NPV and social welfare. However, I identified a number of potential negative ecological and genetic impacts exist from introducing the GIFT strain into Africa from Asia. Although considered low-intensity production systems, nutrients and solids in study ponds were found to be higher than levels expected in intensive culture ponds by wide margins. Pond water quality was significantly higher with commercial floating feed. The water-reuse BMP also prevented pollutants from leaving ponds altogether for the number of cycles for which pond water was reused, especially if associated BMPs such as rainfall capture and avoidance of water exchange are observed. Significant reductions in the loading of all water quality variables (nitrogen, phosphorus, solids, and BOD5) could be achieved with the adoption of the recommended feed type in Ghana. Adoption of the water reuse BMP has the potential to cause pollution reductions of 200% - 3,200% above that from the floating feed BMP. The strongest influence on the combined adoption of these BMPs were from : farmer's awareness of the feed BMP, perceived necessity and relative profitability of the water reuse BMP, and farmer's years of experience. A combination of central media (workshops), demonstrations, and lateral diffusion was found to be the most effective channel for disseminating these BMPs. Maximum adoption rate of the feed BMPs was estimated to be 38% - 58%. Also, US$ 6,000/year and US$12,000/year need to be paid per 0.6 ha pond surface area to push adoption of the feed BMP to 50% and 70%, respectively. Hence, to ensure the successful adoption of aquaculture BMPs, I recommend that regular well-planned workshops be organized to create awareness and a conducive atmosphere to target farmers at multiple stages of the innovation decision process. Incentives and effective dissemination will encourage the adoption of these and other environmental BMPs. Feed costs need to be lowered in order to encourage the adoption of commercial floating feed in Ghana. Future analyses could quantify the differences in production costs between using the two water types, to reveal the possible higher relative profitability of pond water reuse over draining ponds after each production cycle. Also, African governments are advised to commission rigorous baseline and ecological risk analyses before adoption of the GIFT strain. Improvements in management practices and infrastructure could increase the yield and profitability of the local strains even if genetically-improved strains are not introduced. ; Ph. D.

LGBT/Q film festivals are an integral part of the social practice of queer film culture. They are places where social, political and economic discourses intersect and where LGBT/Q identities, representation through film, definitions of queer cinema, community and global queer politics are negotiated. The festivals themselves are constantly responding to the changing surroundings and demands from stakeholders such as their audience base, the communities they want to serve, and economic and political stakeholders. The versatile, ever evolving form of the festival speaks to its performative formation. Therefore, the concepts of performativity, the performative and performance lend themselves to the analysis of the mechanisms and processes at play there. This study, situated at the intersection of film and media studies, sociology and queer theory, builds its arguments on the interdisciplinary field of film festival studies, and sets out to argue for the value of applying the concepts of the performative, performativity and performance to the study of film festivals in general, and LGBT/Q film festivals in particular. As the discussion of the concepts in chapter 1 show, the performative as developed by Austin in language philosophy and its further transposition to performativity in the theorizations of philosophy and literature by Derrida, for gender/queer theory by Butler, and performance for ethnography by Turner, and in theater/performance studies by Fischer-Lichte and McKenzie provides a versatile analytical arsenal for the analysis of film festivals. At the same time it is highly compatible with other existing concepts and theorizations such as event, public sphere, and networks and flows that have already been canonically applied to festival studies. In chapter 2, I mobilize the historical dimension of the performative to discuss the formation of LGBT/Q film festivals and their circuit. There, I sketch out the historical development of the LGBT/Q film festival while paying attention also to the larger social, political, geographic, and economic contexts. The discursive historiography is accompanied by an empirical one, where I analyze the growth pattern and global spread of the LGBT/Q film festival circuit. Along with the global perspective, a discussion of US-American (Frameline, NewFest, MIX NYC), German (Lesbisch Schwule Filmtage Hamburg, Verzaubert, Berlinale Teddy Award) and Austrian (identities) case studies provides further depth in understanding the evolution of the festivals and the circuit. Having drawn a broad picture of the circuit in chapter 3, I zoom in to look at a number of specific incidents of disruption and boycotts as case studies to unravel the different layers in which LGBT/Q film festivals as instances of queer film culture are performed (or failed). In this chapter I mobilize mainly perspectives of performativity and performance from ethnography and performance studies. These are put in synch with concepts such as public spheres, audience address, and event culture in three steps: selection, exhibition, and reception. Under the heading of selection, I discuss the performance of queer cinema as it becomes visible in the practices of selection of films and their programming at LGBT/Q film festivals. There I discuss various processes involved in programming, ranging from pre-selection, to screening committees, to programming strategies. Two historical incidents from the history of Frameline, the "Lesbian Riot" and the "Genderator" incident, serve as examples of how programming directly interrelates with identity negotiations. In the section on exhibition, I turn to the performative architecture of an LGBT/Q film festival by shedding light on the event itself, which follows specific scripts and rituals. In the last section on reception, I look at the corresponding side of these processes and look at the audience. Here, I discuss the formation of a counterpublic sphere, audience address, and the specific reception context of a festival. Two further festival boycotts are presented to analyze how LGBT/Q film festivals operate as queer counterpublic spheres that activists utilize for political intervention. The last section discusses the communal experience of collective viewing and the impact on the formation of a festival community. With this take on audiences, community and reception contexts, the chapter returns to the question of how LGBT/Q film festivals are an integral part of the practices of queer film culture, which was raised in the introduction. In the concluding outlook to the study I propose three further research trajectories. While the study mostly relied on conceptions of performativity and performance in the sense developed in ethnography, gender/queer theory and performance studies, another aspect of performance can be productively brought to bear on the subject of (LGBT/Q) film festivals: performance in the economic sense of efficiency and achievement.

El trabajo se titula Obligaciones emergentes de los contratos de crédito: Una visión unificadora. Consiste en una investigación multidisciplinaria sobre la fragmentación y superposición de mecanismos contractuales que instrumentan la circulación del crédito en la economía, con regulaciones muchas veces divergentes y una propuesta de superación de dicho estado de cosas mediante la utilización del concepto de "obligaciones financieras". La superación que se propone no se refiere al plano de la reforma legislativa, sino al plano de una interpretación y aplicación de las reglas existentes: se parte de la base que la acuñación de figuras contractuales es un proceso espontáneo de las sociedades, motivado por razones circunstanciales que aunque luego de un cierto tiempo lleguen a desaparecer, no por eso son abandonadas inmediatamente por dicha sociedad. El trabajo se desarrolla en cinco partes. La primera, de orden metodológico, precisa el alcance y función de las clasificaciones y los conceptos en la ciencia jurídica (como consecuencia de la postulación del uso de tales conceptos y clasificaciones para superar la dispersión de tratamientos señalada), en razón de la función de síntesis y generadora de nuevos puntos de vista, que cumple una determinada agrupación de un material de estudio, sobre otra u otras. La segunda parte se ocupa de la indagación de las causas que pudieron provocar la mencionada fragmentación y superposición de figuras: el trabajo individualiza como principal responsable el disfavor más bien generalizado de la antigüedad respecto de la justificación de los intereses como retribución a la concesión de crédito, la extensión de su prohibición a partir de la edad media hasta casi la época de la codificación, y los in-tentos de eludir tal prohibición mediante argucias y disimulos. A tal efecto se desarrolla un análisis histórico de la evolución del problema de la usura, con particular referencia a las fuentes poco conocidas de este proceso (muchas provenientes del derecho canónico entre otras, la mayoría de las cuales, por tal falta de difusión, se incorporan como apén-dices del trabajo). La tercera parte analiza el mecanismo de fragmentación de las diversas formas jurídicas de circulación del crédito, a través de diversas figuras contractuales, algunas de particular complejidad. Se parte de la evolución de las figuras básicas tales como el mutuo, la sociedad y la compraventa a crédito. En la cuarta parte, se plantea la delimitación del instrumento que se postula como superador del actual estado de cosas (el concepto de "obligación financiera"). Para ello, se efectúa un análisis crítico del sustrato lógico del sistema de los contratos de crédito, considerando a las definiciones de cada uno de dichos contratos como "casos normativos", para concluir que dicho "sistema" no cumple con los requisitos propios de todo sistema normativo, esto es la coherencia (una sola solución para cada caso) y la comple-titud (todos los casos deben tener una solución). En este punto se siguieron los desarrollos de Alchourrón y Bulygin (Introducción a la metodología de las ciencias jurídicas y sociales). Para superar dicha dificultad se postula el desplazamiento del punto del análi-sis, desde plano de los contratos, para colocarlo en el plano de las obligaciones o prestaciones que satisfacen igual función económica. La quinta y última parte plantea el análisis a partir de la visión obtenida del enfoque propuesto: las obligaciones que resultan de contratos de crédito, entendidos como aque-llos en los que se intercambia una prestación presente por una prestación futura. La entrega de la prestación presente (el capital), puede obedecer a una necesidad de usos reproductivos (crédito comercial) o de consumo (a particulares). El análisis de los aspectos relativos a la entrega de capitales para las actividades reproductivas es objeto del desarrollo más rico, por ser el que presenta también, un campo de estudio más complejo: todos los problemas de la financiación de la empresa, tales como el concepto de capital social, el problema de la llamada infracapitalización, otras formas de entrega de recursos económicos y la consideración de todos ellos a la luz de los criterios de las finanzas corporativas. El otro aspecto de esta última parte está constituido por el análisis de la otra prestación de los contratos de crédito: la restitución del capital con más la renta o interés. Aquí se analizan los distintos criterios matemático-financieros para determinar y calcular los intereses, la noción de interés puro y los criterios judiciales (agrupados y clasificados según diversos criterios, luego de una exhaustiva revista de la jurisprudencia) con que son tratados los problemas de los intereses. Este último aspecto es objeto de una crítica a la luz de los criterios de la economía y de la moral, frecuentemente considerados como opuestos irreconciliables. ; Tesis publicada como libro con el título Contratos de crédito . Buenos Aires: Astrea, 2014. ISBN: 978-987-706-019-5. ; Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales (JURSOC)

The paper describes the emergence of a new hybrid cultural and entrepreneurial agent in the context of the local cultural industries of Frankfurt on Main (Germany). The thesis of the paper is, that the culturepreneur is responsible for new place-making strategies apart the most visible and dominant one, such as the skyline in Frankfurt/M. The understandings of his place-making strategies offer insights in new forms of negotiation of an urban renewal process. Despite this it provides a new and important evaluation of the yet underestimated spatial category place in the process and formation of scenes, recently brought into discussion by sociologist R. Hitzler (2001). Places are the terrain of the post-industrial city where different and heterogeneous scenes are struggling. The analysis of the use and significance - out of the perspective of culturepreneurs - provides a new, yet in the field of social sciences unclear, reading of the existing urban condition. The context of the emergence of the type culturepreneur is framed by neoliberal governmental and political approaches, urban marketing campaigns such as the self-promotion as being a young and a cool city like Frankfurt/M. (or Berlin) are practicing it, in order to encourage individuals to launch ones own enterprise: The first results can best be seen in the field of the growing numbers of workers in the socalled creative (service-industry-related) sector. Besides that, the growing numbers of creatives, such as web-, fashion-, music and arts and crafts designers as well as club organizers are - viewed from an institutional perspective - an expression of complex changes of the role of the arts and media sector as growing mediator between the subsectors of culture and economy. Based on comparable results of A. McRobbie's studies (1999) in the creative sector of London (GB), this research shows that the agents of creative work are - especially since 1998 - on the one hand considered to be a symbolic forerunner and a pioneer of the politics of the new middle in Germany ('Politik der Neuen Mitte'). Thereby on a micro level we can observe agents, who reflect increasing values such as individual entrepreneuralism, bringing to light un-embedded as well as flexible labour situations. Besides their escalating sharp existential situation, they show a rising dependency of subsidies of different sponsors. Thereby creative work is squeezed and brokered by growing influences of venture capitalists using trendy popular culture products of the culturepreneurs as signs and symbols of their holistic idea serving the society. On the other hand, the growing numbers of relatively young and creative workers struggle to regain social and institutional embedding by setting up and creating new temporary and flexible alliances with different agents in the urban context, such as city governments as well as corporate firms. In sociological terms we cannot consider these actors as members of a completely individualized society anymore (Beck 2000), but as members of post-traditional communities or, like Hitzler proposed, new scenes (Hitzler 2001) amongst the culturepreneur plays a key and ma-jor formatting role, which is yet from the scientific perspective so far undefined. The paper argues that the analysis of the local cultural industry as a key factor in the creation of new labour forces in the metropolitan regions such as the Rhine-Main as well as stimulating atmospheres for service-related industries has to be connected to micro-spatial analysis of the emergence of new scenes. Sociological analysis provides valuable insights in the formation of new communities, but micro-geographical analysis can conceptually and methodologically provide a spatial understanding of complex place-making strategies of new post-traditional communities. Space is a yet an underestimated variable in the analysis of the emergence of new agents - such as the culturepreneurs - in the field of the local cultural industries. The conducted field research shows not only the fact that - from the perspective of individual agents (culturepreneurs) - place matters, but that the processes of professional socialisation is closely linked to a complex creative and necessarily practice with place in order to create a spatial network, that means a new socially-defined space. This process can first be seen as a necessary attempt in order to regain a professional place in the labour market, but second as a practice to get economic, social, and network-related attention by acting, staging and using (with) the variable place. Culturepreneurs develop - with new forms in the field of the economy of attention - these new geographies that can be read as a post-modern counterstrategy to the dominant place-making strategies, applied most visible with the geography of centrality in the case of Mainhatten (sic!), Frankfurt on Main.

Besides being confronted with fierce competition, today's corporations face macroeconomic driving forces that change the configuration of existing and future markets that are also called "global economic trends" (GET) or "megatrends". Currently, research does not provide a coherent view or theory for the assessment of these trends, which often leads to misinterpretation in business and academics. Literature such as publications provided by governmental institutions, multinational corporations, or consulting companies provide numerous examples where economic trends like globalization or the over-aging of western societies are depicted as global megatrends in the context of strategic management and economic research. The rather arbitrary use of the terms in literature leads to the idea that trend terms are vehicles to transport subjective assumptions about future developments that stem from foresight and innovation activities. Authors like Groddeck and Schwarz (2013) or Rust (2008) criticize the vague definition of these types of trends and question the information value and validity of "global economic trends" and "megatrends". A growing body of literature points out that web search data is an ideal foundation for econometrical analysis and forecasting, because behavioral data of online user activity allow researchers to make inferences about the current state of economic decision-making of users, which is also called nowcasting (cf. e.g. Askitas and Zimmermann, 2009; Choi and Varian, 2012; Vosen and Schmidt, 2011; Dimche and Davcev, 2014). So far, there has been little to no work on trends that implements the tool Google Trends, which is the breading ground for the empirical research of this thesis. To get an insight view into the utilization of trends, a pilot study revealed that (1) corporation use of the terms "global economic trend" and "megatrend" in annual reports from 2008 to 2012, and (2) web search data from Google Trends correlates with the geographical location of multinational enterprises and economic wealthy regions measured in GDP. In the empirical part of the thesis, a long-term study from 2004 to 2014 explores how German stock market listed corporations (DAX) adopt trends in their business strategy, and how these trends are represented in web searches. Based upon a mixed-methods research approach, the thesis examines in detail what trends are utilized in annual reports and investigates these trends based on qualitative methods from the field of foresight. Then the results are analyzed with the use of web search data quantitatively. The qualitative analysis of annual reports revealed that: • In total, 5,920 passages that contained the term "trends" were identified in the population (n=330) of annual reports from 2004 to 2014. Included in the empirical research were 2,012 trend passages, whereof 392 trends were categorized as direct trend passages (TP), and whereof 1,620 were classified as indirect TPs. • The use of terms like "global economic trends" and "megatrends" grows from 2004 (117) to 2014 (273). However, only a few corporations used this term directly, but describe the effects indirectly with the use of other terminology. In 2005, Siemens AG firstly introduced the term "megatrends". • The analysis revealed that directly mentioned TPs are more likely to be depicted as an opportunity, rather than a risk in annual reports with an odds ratio of 6.63. The 2,012 trend passages found in annual reports were categorized with an existing system that provides the attributes social, technological, economic, environment, political, and value (STEEPV). In addition, an individual categorization system (ICS) was developed as a tailor-fitted solution for the analysis of trends used in annual reports. The following outcomes were produced when both systems were applied to the data: • The STEEPV categorization system is capable of categorizing trend passages from an ex-post perspective. The final distribution of categories has a strong qualitative appeal and the application of a STEEPV category is ambiguous. The category "Economic" (74%) dominates in the overall population. • The implementation of the newly developed system reduced the overall use of the category "economic" was reduced to 45%. For quantitative analysis, (1) an indicator called Regional Index (RI) was created to analyze geographical information of web search data and (2) an indicator called confidence ranking index (CRI) was developed that measures the reported confidence of a corporation towards each trend mentioned in the annual report that is used for further examination. First, the regional index was used for correlation analysis between geographical information of web search data and GDP data, and for creating a visualization module developed with the statistical software R that provides geographical maps of web trend searches. It could be shown that: • Google Trends data is not provided globally. Scarce data from countries like China and Russia shows that the use of Google is restricted in these countries. • The regional index correlates well GDP with .591 (p < .001) on a global level, which indicates a linear relationship. A regression analysis reveals that the global RI index is able to explain 35% of the total variance. • The regional index has an even higher correlation for Germany with .841 (p < .001) on a local level. In the regression model, the local RI is able to explain 70% of the total variance. This undermines the results of the pilot study. Assuming that financial KPIs might have an influence on the CRI index, two regression models were developed that incorporate operational income and shareholders' equity as explanatory variables. One model interprets the overall population as cross-sectional data and uses regression analysis, and the other model uses a generalized estimated equations (GEE) approach. The results indicate that: • The cross-sectional model has an R2 of .103 and adjusted R2 of .097. Approximately only 10 % of the total variation is explainable by the model, which is considered as interim results in the exploratory research. • The GEE model only contains operating income as an independent variable. With an R2 of 0.174 and an adjusted R2 of .143, the model showed little improvement in comparison to the cross-sectional model. The rather weak influence indicates that financial KPIs have a rather low influence to the CRI index, which motivated further steps of inquiry. At this phase, web search data from Google Trends was implemented and tested for its explanatory capacity. An automated correlation analysis based on the qualitative assessment of annual reports was developed to identify those Google Trend time series with the best model fit. It could be demonstrated that, • Nine hundred forty-one trend terms were found in the annual reports that were the foundation for extracting Google Trends data from 2004 to 2014 with the regional setting global and local for Germany. Globally 315 trends were returned, of which 87 trend series had a high significance (p < .01) to the CRI index. One hundred twenty- two (39%) series correlated significantly with CRI (p <0.05), and 106 (34%) showed no correlation. Thirty-six trends were returned on the local level, whereof six were highly significant (17%), 19 were significant (53%), and 11 (31%) had no significance. • Each dataset was used as a foundation for regression analysis with the confidence ranking index (CRI) as the dependent variable. The individual qualities of the ordinary least square (OLS) models measured by the coefficient of determination (R2) range from .36 to .85 on a global level and from .37 to .75 on a local level. • To optimize the previously developed OLS model with CRI as the dependent variable, the annual mean of the obtained global and local web search data was added. Google Trend data could optimize the regression measured in R2 to .151 for global data based on search terms like "Innovation trends" or "Corporate responsibility, and to .149 for local data based on search terms like "Social media" or "RFID". • On the contrary to OLS, an optimization of the developed GEE model required the creation of an index per annual report that sums up the local and global Google web search results individually per for each trend used per annual report. A comparison of different working structures based on the Akaike's information criterion reveals that an one-period autoregressive correlation or AR(1) has the best model fit. The thesis contributes to the theoretical discussion about the information value of GETs and shows empirically that trend terms like "GETs" and "megatrends" are rather artificial and have a strong subjective character. This was also confirmed by the longitudinal trend analysis that was based on the methodologies of mixed-method research, which combined and extended qualitative and quantitative methods. In addition, the thesis takes a unique approach optimizing the quality of multivariate models. By implementing web search data into linear regression and generalized estimation equation models, the overall performance of the models could be improved. ; Administración y Dirección de Empresas

higher education is designed as an element of local development, which has prompted the regions to take action over the past 15 years. Faced with the standards issued by the national authorities, on the one hand, and the prerogatives of the institutions on the other, they are thus unevenly committed, and in any event remain at the margin in terms of defining the provision of training, which is the prerogative of academics. CatherineAGULHON At the time of the start of Act III of decentralisation and the reorganisation of the French regions, it is not invaluable to assess their involvement in defining the d22520/4500 year training offer in higher education. Local and regional authorities have been involved in education for 30 years now, and even more so now, at a time when education is recognised as playing a central role in the integration of individuals and economic and social development. Their first area of investment has historically been in infrastructure (creation and renovation of establishments) rather than in operation, as they believe that they give them greater visibility. It is the State that gradually transfers powers to them — thus, in some way, remains in control of the game. This division of competences is already in itself a problem in developing coherent policies. The fact that three local authorities are involved, each at their level, but sometimes on the same ground and without coordination, is a second significant problem. In secondary education, arrangements are organised between three institutions. Firstly, the rectorate and the region, which, as their prerogatives, promote policies and launch projects; the third, the establishment, is evolving and adapts in a subtle interaction with the first two, sometimes finding in this tripartite operation an element of autonomy and pressure on its interlocutors (Agulhon, 2005; AGULHON, Palma, 2013; Dalbart, 2008). ; International audience ; higher education is designed as an element of local development, which has prompted the regions to take action ...

Esta Tesis estudia la decoración de interiores doméstica de la burguesía de fin de siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX en Argentina, fuertemente influenciada por las aspiraciones arquitectónicas de la época. En términos arquitectónicos, el método Beaux Arts proveniente del academicismo de la Escuela de Bellas Artes de París fue adoptado en la Argentina por la burguesía nacional de 1880, a la que prefirieron por su valor de signo estético-simbólico (inspirado en el neoclasicismo, reproduciendo modelo griegos o romanos). El retour à l´ordre (greco-romano) fue la clave de su cultura arquitectónica neoclásica. Previo al arribo de la arquitectura Beaux Arts a Buenos Aires, ya se evidenciaba el historicismo-eclecticista en residencias como la de Justo José de Urquiza (1801-1870) y su Palacio San José de 1860 (la residencia mas moderna y «civilizada», paradójicamente, dentro del campo –y no de la ciudad- en Argentina). Por lo general todos estos palacios edificados en la Argentina por la burguesía respondían a un esquema clásico del academicismo francés, todo dentro de un lenguaje neoclasicista. Así lo arquitectos como René Sergent (1865-1927), Alejandro Christophersen (1866-1946) y Alejandro Bustillo (1889-1982) dando rienda suelta a su imaginación inspirada en la tradición del historicismo clásico (y otro poco fruto del talento personal), cristalizaron sus proyectos en una suerte de apoteosis del pastiche (un osado ejercicio de reciclaje y reinterpretación del pasado en lo que podríamos definir como: ¿un Versalles nacional?). Por lo que debemos reconocer la originalidad de estos arquitectos en el suelo Argentino de la época, que hacían re-interpretaciones de la tradición arquitectónica del siglo XVIII francés de un modo realmente creativo y original (poniendo el sello propio a su obra); con lo cual podemos afirmar que se desarrolló de este modo un estilo "criollo-francés" -inspirado en el "espíritu francés", para parafrasear a Siegfried Giedion en La mecanización toma el mando (1978)-, que exploraba los hallazgos de otras culturas y los incorporaba, no como citas textuales sino traduciéndolas a la propia manera de expresión nacional. En Argentina de 1860-1936, el estilo Beaux Arts -como el Palacio de José C. Paz (1842-1912) de estilo neoclasicista- fue una de las manifestaciones –quizás la más importantes- dentro de la arquitectura eclecticista-historicista que también produjo trajo otros estilos (como el casco de la "Estancia San Jacinto", de Saturnino Unzúe, una recreación del neobarroco inglés o el Palacio San José de J. J. Urquiza de estilo neorenacimiento). El château por excelencia, que resume las características del clasicismo francés del Grand Siècle, con su ingrediente de potencia escenográfica barroca, fue Versalles (y todo lo contenido en su interior: muebles y obras de arte). Por lo que, si la arquitectura como el Palacio de Versalles influenció sobre el diseño de muebles, y hemos definido a las residencia buguesas en Argentina como un "Versalles nacional"; la decoración de interiores se basó en el mobiliario de estilos cortesanos-monárquicos (como el Luis XIV, de Charles Le Brun (1619-1690) y la Manufactura de los Gobelinos, que nada tenía justamente de burgués). Adicionalmente, dentro de la decoración de interiores también hubo un rey de los muebles, en efecto, el mueble rey –del Rey Luis XIV- fue el: armario. En la decoración de interiores de la Argentina de 1860-1936, el retorno al «Orden Absolutista-monárquico» (solo en la estética y no en lo político-económico) en el diseño de muebles fue la clave de su cultura material doméstica en una época dominada por el capitalismo imperialista. Aquí, en reiteradas oportunidades, se utiliza el concepto de "espíritu Belle Époque Argentino (1860-1936)" para parafrasear a Sigfried Giedion. En efecto, el "espíritu de la época", experimental y contradictorio en los estilos de decoración de interiores que utilizó dicha burguesía nacional de 1860-1936, poseía algo del "espíritu de la nueva sociedad burguesa positivista" (luego de la Revolución Francesa, con la ilustración y el Siglo de las Luces). Pero también poseía algo del "espíritu de la antigua sociedad cortesana, noble y aristocrática" (del mundo anterior a la Revolución Francesa), que remitía a un contenido simbólico preciso que intentaba representar el carisma de la nobleza (en el Luis XIII, el barroco del Luis XIV, el rococó del Luis XV y el neoclásico del Luis XVI, expresando los ideales y valores de la aristocracia, por intermedio del mobiliario). Dado que el mobiliario usado como decoración de interiores, en los ambientes de la ecléctica arquitectura privada, brindó además de su clara utilidad práctica (valor-de-uso, ejemplo: una silla sirve para entarse), una función mas allá de la función misma. Así, expresado en términos semiológicos: actuando como signo estético-económico (valor-de-cambio-signo), los muebles –junto con la arquitectura- fueron útiles para definir el rango social del dueño de casa; y sus estilos definieron el gusto (burgués) de la época por el consumo de ciertos productos costosos y difíciles de adquirir (por la distancia geográfica de Argentina respecto de Europa) que se transformaron en signos de status social y del poderío económico (capitalista) del Señor Burgués. El mobiliario adoptado por la burguesía nacional se convirtió en la fiel expresión de un "espíritu nuevo" (un esprit iluminista) que el burgués-ilustrado (inspirado en el Siglo de las Luces y la Razón) utilizó para expresar su cultura material privada en una forma de «sincretismo coleccionista» doméstico de los mas diversos estilos artísticos. Brindando una identidad criolla-francesa en suelo Argentino, que la clase media buscó imitar antes del arribo del Movimiento Moderno en Arquitectura y diseño; de este modo la burguesía nacional impuso un patrón en la decoración de interiores, traído de la «civilizada» Europa, que perdura hasta hoy en día como el máximo logro estético previo al Movimiento Moderno en Arquitectura y diseño de mobiliario. Aunque el diseño de muebles del Movimiento Moderno heredó de esta parte del campo de la cultura humana algunos rasgos importantes. De este modo, fuertemente influenciados por el "modernismo" (no confundir con Art Nouveau en España) del Mundo Moderno –de lo que filosóficamente se ha dado en llamar: la Modernidad- de la doble revolución burguesa europea francesa (tomando los valores, ideas y visiones de la democracia, libertad, razón y progreso) e industrial inglesa (tomando los valores, ideas y visiones de la era de las máquinas tecnológicas); el liberalismo económico (capitalista) y político (democrático) de la moderna burguesía no pudo evitar adoptar los viejos símbolos (estéticos) premodernos del Ancien Régime derrocado en la Revolución Francesa. En efecto, la moderna burguesía Argentina, utilizó una decoración de interiores premoderna, cuyo diseño artesanal en el mobiliario de ebanistería estaba influenciado principalmente por Francia de la época de Luis XIV, XV y XVI. Dichos muebles, que oportunamente fueron útiles para demostrar el rango social del Rey y la nobleza en Europa, usados a fin del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX en Argentina también posibilitó la demostración del rango social del Señor Burgués. Entonces, si en todos los casos estudiados, las clases sociales altas de Argentina de fin del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX prefirieron para la decoración de interiores de sus residencias burguesas un mobiliario no-burgués (anterior a la Revolución Francesa); parece sorprendente deducir que la burguesía nacional, heredera de la burguesía europea (que había realizado la Revolución Francesa derrocando al sistema de las Monarquías Absolutistas), haya preferido para sus residencias en la Argentina el mobiliario que representaba a dichas cortes monárquicas. Esto se debió a que el mueble monárquico de las cortes en Europa era aristocrático y propicio para exhibir el rango social del Rey y la nobleza (frente al plebeyo); del mismo modo la burguesía oligárquica de fin del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX en Argentina también era aristocrática y necesitaba exhibir su rango social adinerado. En términos marxistas, este nuevo «amo» [burgués] del mundo capitalista, buscó diferenciarse del «esclavo» [proletariado], como históricamente los reyes lo hicieron de los plebeyos. En efecto, si todo se reduce a un problema de clases sociales, esto nos habilita a un análisis sociológico sobre esta parte de la Historia del Arte y la Arquitectura. En esta línea teórica sociológica (marxista) la Historia del Arte y la Arquitectura tienen claramente un marco histórico y cultural determinado política y económicamente por los tipos de sociedades y los modos de producción. Así el Arte como una manifestación del campo de la cultura humana, queda inscripto dentro del modo –productivo- en que se organiza una sociedad (al que denominaremos «Orden Social»). Este tipo de enfoque teórico no es radicalmente nuevo, podemos encontrar antecedentes en el análisis histórico del arquitecto Viollet-le-Duc. Efectiamente, fue el arquitecto Viollet-le-Duc quien de algún modo ha brindado una de las líneas de trabajo que se debía seguir en esta investigación, ya que en los diez volúmenes que componen el Dictionaire raisonné dé l´architecture française du XIè au XVIè siècle (1854-1869); es donde realiza una interpretación racionalista sobre la arquitectura gótica y la apoya en una base sociológica, al identificar la obra medieval como resultado de un determinado «Orden Social». Con esta pista, esta Tesis Doctoral buscó dicho «Orden Social» (con mayúscula) y lo encontró en la historia como soporte de la teoría. Lo que sumado a la obra de otros historiadores de la arquitectura como Giedion, Jesús Vicente Patiño Puente en Historia del mueble hasta el siglo XIX (2010) y Luis Feduchi en Historia del mueble (1946); permitió avanzar notablemente en la metodología cualitativa e interpretativa de la historia del diseño de muebles. Esto permitió re-agrupar los diferentes estilos de la Historia del Arte y de la Arquitectura en unas pocas y nuevas categoría teóricas de análisis e interpretación de la historia del diseño de muebles que simplifico la complejidad. Este es el fruto central de esta tesis doctoral, producir pocas "categorías teóricas" para interpretar la complejidad estilística en la historia del diseño de muebles, bajo un telón de fondo materialista [marxista] que arrojó como resultado tres categorías analíticas de «Orden Social» que determinaron –influenciaron- sobre cuatro tipos de estéticas: • Un «Orden Social Feudal» del cual se derivó la estética feudal-monacal. • Un «Orden Social Absolutista-monárquico» del cual se derivó una estética cortesana-monárquica. • Un «Orden Social Liberal» del cual se derivó una doble estética burguesa (no-moderna y moderna). Este tipo de análisis, al permitir re-agrupar los diferentes estilos de la Historia del Arte, que son muchos y diversos, en pocos modelos analíticos de la historia; finalmente posibilitó reflexionar sobre un pequeño momento de la Historia del Arte y la Arquitectura en Argentina de 1860-1936 (lo que conforma un recorte de espacio y tiempo de la historia para esta investigación). Asimismo, permitió pensar su decoración de interiores, sus muebles y los estilos de vida que son parte de la Historia de la Cultura de la burguesía nacional. Este desafío implicó múltiples abordajes de la historia (no solo del arte y la arquitectura), sino de la literatura nacional de la Argentina, en lo que se conoce como Generación de intelectuales de 1837, lo cual derivó en las transformaciones culturales de la Generación burguesa de 1880. Para lo cual se debió construir un triple Marco Teórico, dado que la bibliografía existente es muy amplia y variada. Lo que sumado a la riqueza metodológica de varios autores e historiadores principalmente del mueble permitió un procesamiento cualitativo muy rico y complejo -en seis partes- que arrojaron las conclusiones centrales; que están cruzadas por: la historia, la política, la economía, la sociología, la cultura, la literatura, el arte, la arquitectura. Para finalmente entender una sola cosa: el diseño de muebles. ; Facultad de Bellas Artes

The aim of this report is to describe and analyze the embodiment of acceptance and recognition in discourses and practices which address cultural diversity in the Swedish educational system. In order to fulfil this general aim, we study how different categories of practitioners in the Swedish school system, such as teachers, headmasters and union representatives, and other stakeholders, such as civil servants, and representatives of political parties and the civil society, discuss and relate to the claims of recognition put forth by Muslim practitioners and/or policy measures designed to reach the fulfilment of those claims. Two cases are studied: the establishment of Muslim independent schools and the claims to dress veiled in public schools, out forth by Muslim youth. The cases are selected with consideration to a number of circumstances. First, the faith and belief practices of Muslim migrants have been debated on a large scale in Swedish media during the last decade, as in many other West European and North American countries. It is quite common that these practices has been put under scrutiny, and subjected to extensive critique. The attention paid to Muslim belief practices and institutions has also reached Muslim denominational schools and the practice of Burqa and Niqab. The establishment of denominational schools during the last two decades, whether Islamic or not, has also received a lot of attention, in mainstream media as well as in debates on education policy. For instance, a number of political parties have voiced demands to keep down the number of Islamic denominational schools. Second, Muslim migrants has, according to a number of studies, been subjected to direct and indirect discrimination. Whether this discrimination primarily is religious to its nature, or ethnic, and hence targeting their ethnic identity, is not always concluded, but the extensive negative attention mentioned above suggests that the scope of religiously motivated discrimination is either predominant or on the rise. The enactment of Muslim belief practices is not infrequently obstructed. For example, the construction of Mosques does seldom take place in silence; frequent and high-pitched voices of rejection and disapproval are common, and when the buildings once are completed, the congregations receive numerous threats and insults. The opposition is evident, and two mosques have been burned down. Moreover, women wearing burqa or niqab report being harassed in public. Apart from the lack of recognition and acceptance in religious matters, the prevalence of discriminatory mechanisms might also obstruct the access to welfare services and the entry to the labour market. This report consists of two cases studies, which relies solely on qualitative data. The main part of the empirical material consists of interviews with 13 persons – three teachers, three headmasters, two union representatives, two civil servants, one jurist, one imam and one representative of a political party. The interviews are used as a source for both cases. As additions to interviews, we have collected newspaper articles, memos from public authorities, bills introduced to the parliament, debates on commentary fields in web-edition of newspapers, et cetera. Being a minor study, it is necessary to make some reservations concerning the reliability of our material. Thus, it is difficult to determine whether or not it is possible to make generalizations from our material, thus asserting that the viewpoints found in our material are overlapping with or similar to the attitudes of other teachers, headmasters et cetera. In sum, a number of disadvantages with the establishment of Islamic denominational schools are expressed. They are allegedly divisive, both culturally and socially, and the quality of their instructions is supposed to be inadequate, in relation to the standards explicated in the national curriculum and syllabi. If the attitudes found in this study is spread all over Sweden, it could reasonable be said that Muslim schools are met by suspicion. Still, few calls for shutting down of these schools are voiced. It seems that the Muslim denominational schools are tolerated in a literal sense: it is accepted, sometimes pragmatically, but not liked. On the other hand, it could be said that the provision of a juridical and institutional space for religious minorities to establish denominational schools is part of politics of recognition; i.e. an educational policy which, under auspicious circumstances might provide the means for religious minorities to receive respect as equal and gain admission as normal. It must also be noted that the some of the objections to the existence of denominational schools implicitly and explicitly related to some central notions in Swedish educational policy. The notion of equivalence is a keyword in this context, and signifies on the one hand a demand for abidance by the national curriculum and syllabi, and on the other a priority of equalizing measures over freedom of choice. The equalizing and integrative objectives of the compulsory school project seem to be vital, but the quest for recognition of minority beliefs systems is circumscribed. Thus, the reproduction of "demos" is given priority over the recognition of "ethnos". As such, the notion of "equivalence" [likvärdighet] has been a keyword in Swedish educational policy since the 1980's, denoting equalizing ambitions as well as educational uniformity and compliance to steering documents. A number of objections to the practice of wearing Burqa or Niqab are put forth by our interviewees. In contrast to the media debate, the argument of gender equality was relatively downgraded. Rather, the interviewees focused on assumed problems with identification and communication. It was said that the abovementioned veiling practices obstructed the possibility of identifying the students at school, and also rendered the communication – and hence the instructions – at school more difficult. In comparison with the question of Islamic denominational schools, the non-tolerant stance was more manifest, although few explicit calls for a prohibition were made. Moreover, a specific discursive framing of the veiling practices could be discerned. The wearing of Burqa or Niqab was associated with phenomena such as mischief and the hidden, thus casting suspicion over the practice in question. As an instance of the everyday life, rather than an institutional arrangement, veiling practices could arguably be considered to be of less concern for educational policy than the establishment and maintenance of Islamic denominational schools. Still, the question of prohibition has gained a lot media attention during the last years, and brought the regulating dimension to the fore. And though our material contains few explicit calls for prohibition, several interviewees claimed that a teacher must see the face of the student in order to instruct and educate. And although the goal of equivalence was less relevant in this matter, the practice of veiling was questioned with reference to universal human rights, as the rights of the child. The right of the parent to exert influence in religious matter was questioned, since it could be regarded as a limitation of the freedom to choose direction to the walk of life. Thus, it seems like that the right to wear Burqa and Niqab in public schools are among the non-tolerable, although few explicit calls for prohibition can be discerned. So far, the material in our report, consisting of relatively limited set of qualitative data resonates with the broader tendency discerned by Orlando Mella, Irving Palm and Kristin Bromark (2011): the resistance in Sweden against the Burqa and the Niqab is compact; almost nine Swedes out of ten find it (totally or partly) unacceptable to wear Burqa and Niqab, respectively, at school or at work (Mella et al 2011:30), whereas seven out of ten find it (totally or partly) unacceptable to wear Burqa and Niqab at other public places. As noted above, the stress on equivalence consists of two distinct although related arguments. On the one hand, there is a demand for abidance by the law (here: steering documents such as national curriculum and syllabi), which among other things are paid attention to because Islamic schools are suspected not to follow these steering documents accordingly. This interpretation of "equivalence" is related to an understanding of the term which has become more and more frequent since the introduction of freedom of choice and independent schools in Swedish educational policy, and the decentralized system of governance of education in Sweden (Lindensjö & Lundgren 2002). In this context, where regulation is obtained through management by objective and evaluation, and responsibilities are spread between numerous responsible organizations, the goal of equivalence is equivalent (!) to abiding by the law. On the other hand, there is wish to maintain socially integrated educational environments, in which students from different ethnicities, classes and gender meets and interacts. Thus, it seems like the equalizing and integrative objectives which were central to the compulsory school project implemented during the heyday of the Scandinavian welfare regime (Esping-Andersen 1990) seem to be "alive and kicking". But the quest for recognition of minority beliefs systems, central to the policy of multiculturalism, is circumscribed. In so far, the arguments employed here gives priority to the reproduction of "demos" over the reproduction of "ethnos". It must also be noted that the freedom of choice, an important feature in the neoliberal turn of educational policy, does not seems to be so important for the interviewees in this particular matter. If we focus on the most elaborated objections in the report, we find arguments which 1) was presented as a response to the presumably universalist claims of freedom of religion, thus setting the professional considerations which are presented above in a more general, ethical context, and 2) focused on an ethical value of overriding importance, viz. the rights of the child. Emphasis is laid on the right of the child to "choose his own path", a wording which is used by several interviewees, which most of all seems to refer to the first paragraph in article 14 in the United Nations convention on the Rights of the Child, which aims at protecting "the right of the child to freedom of thought, conscience and religion". In the arguments of the teachers, the headmasters and the union representatives, this ethical principle makes it to possible to assert that children possess the freedom from the religion (as well as from other loyalties, or sets of ideas and beliefs) of their parents. Although not explicitly questioning the parents rights' to raise and guide their own children, they distinctly emphasize the autonomy of the child, and it's potential to choose something else than that which is given within the family. The emphasis on the rights of the child is regularly explicated in a specific discursive context. The right to "choose one's own path" is contrasted to the restrictions inherent in the religiosity of the parents. Religion is regularly depicted as the repressive force, and the secular mind-set as the entity in need of protection. The possibility of secular parents putting down religious inclinations among their children is never represented. Evidently, a discursive coupling of religion with repression and secularism with liberation may be discerned in the claims for freedom from religion. It may also be noted, that the impact from parental (Islamic) faith is the only aspect of upbringing which is questioned in this context. The arguments against tolerance or recognition of Islamic belief practices in this report are not primarily based on islamophobic or orientalistic discourses, but with reference to notions of equality. The interviewees stress the professional aspect of their opposition against veiling practices. They dissociate themselves from standpoints put forth in media, above all those who solely focus on the gender aspect of complete veiling practices. Instead, their emphasis on the professional educator dimension entails a focus on communication and identification. These acts of discursive positioning might be seen as an effort to "maximize the intertextual gap" between their own argument and the discourse in media, which to a fair-sized extent was articulated by radical right-wing populists. This dilemma is solved by the rhetoric of equivalence, which offers a way to reject claims of recognition in tandem with the defence of values as diverse and important as social justice, the rule of law and the freedom of the individual (child). Thus, the non-tolerance of religiously motivated veiling practices could be motivated with values which is central to diverse but culturally dominant ideological universes, such as socialism and (neo-)liberalism. ; Accept Pluralism

Foreword /Peter H. Koehn --A Public Policy Approach to Governance in Africa: An Introduction /Gedion Onyango --Part I: Research, Theory and Teaching African Public Policy --The Social Science Foundations of Public Policy in Africa /Liisa Laakso --Researching and Teaching Public Policy and Governance in Africa /Chris Tapscott --Theorising Public Policy in Africa /Goran Hyden --Public Authority in Africa /Tom Kirk and Tim Allen --The Institutional Logics Perspective and Policymaking in Africa /James Hathaway --Pockets Of Effectiveness (POE) in Africa: A Solution to the Policy Paradox? /Anne Mette Kjær --Part II: Understanding Policy Framing in Africa --Policy Images in Africa /Eric E. Otenyo --Reflections on the Political Economy of Public Policy Analysis in Africa /Michael Kpessa-Whyte and Kafui Tsekpo --The Role and Impact of International Bureaucrats in Policymaking in Africa /Rosina Foli and Frank L.K. Ohemeng --Traditional Chiefs as Institutional Entrepreneurs in Policymaking and Implementation in Africa /Salomey K.G. Afrifa and Frank L.K. Ohemeng --Public Participation and Policymaking in Local Governance in Africa /Emmanuel Botlhale --Framing Political Policy Communications in Africa /Kobby Mensah, Joyce Manyo and Nnamdi O. Madichie --Policy Evaluation in Africa /E. Remi Aiyede and Maryam O. Quadri --Part III: Understanding Policymaking in Africa --Public Policymaking in Africa /Lukamba Muhiya Tshombe and Thekiso Molokwane --Historical Perspectives of Policymaking and Administration in Africa /Felix Kumah-Abiwu, James Korku Agbodzakey and Samuel Kofi Darkwa --The Media and Policymaking in Africa: A Comparative Study of Economic Development Policies in South Africa and Nigeria /TK Pooe and Sysman Motloung --Part IV: Understanding Policy Reforms in Africa --Public-Private Partnership and Public Policy in Africa /Joseph O. Obosi --Rationales for and Policy Implications of Implementing Semi-Autonomous Revenue Authorities in Sub-Saharan Africa /Matilde Jeppesen --Evolution and Change of Communication Policy in Postcolonial Africa: From Independence to the Present Day /Osée Kamga --Multiculturalism and Policymaking in Africa /John Sunday Ojo and Joanne Clarke --Part V: Understanding Politics And Public Policy In Africa --The Politics of Public Policy in Africa /Michael Kpessa-Whyte --Political Parties, Political Change and Public Policy in Africa: A Comparative Study of Kenya, Tanzania and Ghana /Adams Oloo --Political Transition, Policy Change and Implementation in Zambia /Musole Siachisa --Executive Policymaking During National Crisis: Policy Responses to Covid-19 Pandemic in Uganda /Roberts Kabeba Muriisa --Political Leadership and Public Policy in Africa: Thabo Mbeki, the Consummate Policy Entrepreneur /Ndangwa Noyoo --Public Policy and Election Administration in Africa: A Controlling or Innovative Environment /Michael Amoah --Part VI: Policy Implementation Outcomes in Africa: Country Studies --Democratizing Policy Implementation in Africa: Lessons from Ghana's National Health Insurance Scheme /Emmanuel Kofi Ayisi, Justice Nyigmah Bawole and Emmanuel Yeboah-Assiamah --Competing Interests and Lack of Policy Ownership of the Reform Agenda: A Barrier to Uganda's Reform Success /William Muhumuza --Public Policy in Cameroon: State-Building Programs under the Influence /Alphonse Bernard Amougou Mbarga --The Politics of Decentralisation: Policy Reform Design and Implementation in Malawi /Asiyati Lorraine Chiweza --Indigenization Policy in the Extractive Sector in Zimbabwe: A Critical Reflection /Kennedy Manduna and Davison Muchadenyika --Policy Learning and Policy Failure in Africa: The Case of Electricity Privatization in Ghana /Frank L.K. Ohemeng and Joshua J. Zaato --Part VII: Implementing Education Policies in Africa --Investing in the People? Analysis of Education Policies in Angola /Francisco Miguel Paulo --Public-Private Partnerships as Predictors of Success: Lessons from the Education Sector in Post-War Liberia /Samuel G. Toe --Policy Issues in the Harmonisation of Quality Assurance Systems for Higher Education in Africa /Ngepathimo Kadhila and Eugene Lizazi Libebe --Part VIII: Understanding Health Policies and Disease Control in Africa --Control Programmes for Africa's Parasites: Unrealistic Expectations, Ignored Evidence, and Troubling Outcomes /Tim Allen and Melissa Parker --Between Marketization and Public Interest Discourses in Health Policy Delivery: Debating Solidarity and Universal Health Care in South Africa /Lauren Ela Paremoer --Policy Responses to Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa: Experiences from Sierra Leone /Lawrence Sao Babawo, Ahmed Vandi and Tommy M. Hanson --Confronting Epidemics: The Art of not Knowing and Strategic Ignorance During Ebola Preparedness in Uganda /Grace Akello and Melissa Parker --Part IX: Understanding Food Security And Social Protection Policies --Food and Nutrition Security Policies in Africa /Anne Siebert and Julian May --Public Policy and Social Protection in Africa: The Rise of Cash Transfers /Nathanael Ojong and Logan Cochrane --A Genealogy of Policies on Poor and Vulnerable Children and Youth in Kenya /Elizabeth Ngutuku --Part X: Understanding Women, Gender and Public Policy in Africa --Women in Policymaking in Africa /Emmanuel Botlhale --Gender Mainstreaming in Africa: Local Translations and Institutional Challenges in Ghana, Malawi and South Africa /Diana Højlund Madsen, Amanda Gouws and Asiyati Lorraine Chiweza --Women and Social Policies in South Africa and Sierra Leone /Ina Conradie and Abioseh Bockarie --Women Legislators in Legislative Policymaking in Africa /Chiedo Nwankwor and Adedeji Adebayo --Part XI: Understanding Crisis Management, Migration and Regional Trade --Public Policy and Disaster Management: The Role of Law in International Disaster Assistance in Africa /María Mercedes Martínez Carrizo --Migration Frameworks in Africa: Nature, Dynamics, and Challenges /Alemu Asfaw Nigusie --Evolution of Trade Policy and Regional Integration in Africa /Stephen R. Karangizi and Haruperi R. Mumbengegwi --Part XII: Understanding Emerging Policy Issues And Challenges In Africa --Open Innovation Systems and Public Policy in Africa: Setting New Boundaries Against Wicked Problems /Yeboah-Assiamah Emmanuel, Clement Mensah Damoah and Justice Nyigmah Bawole --Africa's New Megacities: Sustainable Urbanism, Climate Urbanism or Megalopolises of Exclusionary Enclaves /John Sunday Ojo --Environmental Policies in Africa: The State of Regulating E-Waste Management /Japheth Otieno Ondiek and Gedion Onyango --Petroleum Extraction in Africa: A Review of the Local Content Policies for the Oil Industry in Selected Countries /Austin Dziwornu Ablo and William Otchere-Darko --The Unintended Industrial Policy Benefits of the Covid-19 Pandemic in Africa /Julius Kiiza.

The article focuse is on the landscape understanding from the perspective of semiotics and critical social theory in Anglo-American cultural geography and the method of landscape visual/textual analysis. The history of approaches to landscape understanding and research in Anglo-American cultural geography from the beginning of the XX century to this day is analyzed, as well as the consideration of the landscape in the European Landscape Convention. It was found that the use of the concept of landscape in human geography primarily implies the emphasis on the visual aspect of the built environment. It was found that from the perspective of semiotics, landscapes, in addition to the material (physical) dimension, carry a semantic load, convey meaning, are a system of signs and can be read as text. The axioms for reading the landscape of American geographers P. Lewis and D. Mitchell, and ideas of structuralist semiotics are presented. These theoretical and methodological approaches are applied to study the architectural styles of administrative, residential and commercial buildings, monuments and advertisement in public space, place names and other ways of symbolic marking of space as well as landscapes representation in the media (movies, news, advertisements, paintings, literature). The article also examines the understanding of the landscape from the perspective of critical social theory, according to which they are involved in the construction, maintenance, legitimization and resіstence of social structures (systems of relations), such as national, political, economic, class or gender. The approaches to landscape research discussed in the article are central to the analysis of visual changes of built environment in urban and rural settings, including the process of "decommunization" in Ukraine, landscape involvement in capitalist relations and consumption practices, it commodification and commercialization. It was found that landscapes visual/textual analysis also allows to reveal the values and identities of people expressed in the architectural styles of single-family houses. The application of the considered approaches is important for the improvement of urban planning and architectural regulations in order to create a socially just environment, taking into account the historical, social and cultural context, and the needs of different residents. ; В статье рассмотрено понимание ландшафта с позиции семиотики и критической социальной теории в в англо-американской культурной географии и метод визуального / текстуального анализа ландшафта. Проанализирована история изменения подходов к пониманию и исследования ландшафтов в англо-американской культурной географии с начала ХХ в. до наших дней, а также понимание ландшафта в Европейской ландшафтной конвенции. Выявлено, что употребление понятия ландшафт в общественной географии прежде всего подразумевает подчеркивание визуального аспекта окружения человека. Было установлено, что с позиции семиотики ландшафты, кроме материального (физического) измерения, несут смысловую нагрузку, передают значение, являются системой знаков и могут читаться как текст. Представлены аксиомы чтения ландшафта американских географов П. Льюиса и Д. Митчелла и положения структуралистской семиотики. Данные теоретико-методологические подходы применяются для исследования архитектурных стилей административных, жилых усадебных и коммерческих зданий, памятников и рекламы в общественном пространстве, топонимов и других способов символического маркировки пространства, а также изображения ландшафтов в медиа (фильмах, новостях, рекламах, картинах, литературе). В статье также рассмотрено понимание ландшафта с позиции критической социальной теории, согласно которой они участвуют в конструировании, поддержке, легитимизации и противостоянии социальных структур (систем отношений), например национальных, политических, экономических, классовых или гендерных. Рассмотренные в статье подходы исследования ландшафта являются центральными для анализа визуальных изменений среды обитания людей в городской и сельской местности, в частности процесса «декоммунизации» в Украине, привлечения ландшафта в капиталистические отношения и практики потребления, его комодификации и коммерциализации. Было выяснено, что визуальный/текстуальный анализ ландшафтов также позволяет выявить ценности и идентичности людей, выраженные в архитектурных стилях новых усадебных домов. Применение рассмотренных подходов является важным для совершенствования городского планирования и архитектурных регулировок с целью создания социально справедливой среды с учетом исторического, социального и культурного контекста, и потребностей разных жителей. ; У статті розглянуто розуміння ландшафту з позиції семіотики та критичної соціальної теорії у англо-американській культурній географії та метод візуального/текстуального аналізу ландшафту. Проаналізовано історію зміни підходів до розуміння і дослідження ландшафтів в англо-американській культурній географії з початку ХХ ст. до наших днів, а також розуміння ландшафту у Європейській ландшафтній конвенції. Виявлено, що вживання поняття ландшафт у суспільній географії перш за все має на увазі підкреслення візуального аспекту оточення людини. Було встановлено, що з позиції семіотики ландшафти, крім матеріального (фізичного) виміру, несуть смислове навантаження, передають значення, є системою знаків і можуть читатися як текст. Представлено аксіоми читання ландшафту американських географів П. Льюїса і Д. Мітчела та положення структуралістської семіотики. Дані теоретико-метологічні підходи застосовуються для дослідження архітектурних стилів адміністративних, житлових садибних та комерційних будинків, пам'ятників та реклами у громадському просторі, топонімів та інших способів символічного маркування простору, а також зображення ландшафтів у медіа (фільмах, новинах, рекламах, картинах, літературі). У статті також розглянуто розуміння ландшафту з позиції критичної соціальної теорії, згідно якої вони беруть участь у конструюванні, підтримці, легітимізації та протистоянні соціальних структур (систем відносин), наприклад національних, політичних, економічних, класових чи гендерних. Розглянуті у статті підходи дослідження ландшафту є центральними для аналізу візуальних змін середовища життя людей у міській та сільській місцевості, зокрема процесу «декомунізації» в Україні, залучення ландшафту у капіталістичні відносини та практики споживання, у їх комодифікацію та комерціалізацію. Було з'ясовано, що візуальний/текстуальний аналіз ландшафтів також дає змогу виявити цінності та ідентичності людей, виражені у архітектурних стилях нових садибних будинків. Застосування розглянутих підходів є важливим для вдосконалення містопланувальних та архітектурних регулювань з метою створення соціально справедливого середовища з враховуванням історичного, соціального та культурного контексту та потреб різних жителів.

Изучаются связи между эффективностью деятельности и социальной успешностью субъектов в социальной среде современных организаций. Выдвигаются гипотезы: 1) стили делового общения субъектов подвержены влиянию условий социальной среды (микро- и мезосреды организации); 2) они сопряжены со стадиями эволюции организации. Предмет исследования – стили делового общения субъектов: успешных профессионалов-менеджеров и руководителей подразделений крупной коммерческой компании (85 человек), медицинских сестер и старших медицинских сестер (142 человека). В исследовании применялись опрос экспертов, психодиагностика, исследовательская методика «Стили делового общения» (СДО) В. А. Толочека, включенное наблюдение. Становление и закрепление типовых стилей делового общения сотрудников современных организаций сопряжены с условиями их труда (должностными обязанностями, отношениями в рабочих группах, руководством подразделений, декларируемыми и латентными особенностями корпоративной культуры организации, традициями и др.). СДО субъектов связаны со стадиями эволюции организации. Условия социальной среды (микро- и мезосреды организации) влияют на становление и закрепление отдельных СДО у отдельных субъектов, от совокупности СДО сотрудников зависит динамика эволюции организации. Более конструктивные СДО медицинских сестер сочетаются с такими жизненными циклами организации, как зрелость (стабильность), менее конструктивные стили менеджеров – со стадиями «упадок» и «смерть» организации. СДО представителей социономических профессий (менеджеров и руководителей подразделений крупной коммерческой компании) характеризуются высокой и умеренной выраженностью компонентов стиля, отражающих особенности коммуникаций субъектов и поддерживающих ее успешность. При факторном анализе выделяется шесть четко интерпретируемых факторов, характеризующих соответствующие стили делового общения сотрудников. В соответствии с составом переменных и их факторными весами выделенные факторы в качестве стилей получили названия: первый – формализация взаимодействий, минимизация сотрудничества, поощрение активности партнера; второй – мягкость и уклончивость, дистанцирование от партнера; третий – твердость и дистанцирование, упорство, силовое противостояние; четвертый – высокая активность и непоследовательность, негибкость, невидение перспективы взаимодействий; пятый – либеральный стиль; шестой – жесткость, дистанцирование, ориентация на компромиссные решения. С учетом требований, предъявляемых к деятельности менеджеров рекламной и консалтинговой компании, все шесть выделенных СДО следует признать неэффективными. СДО представителей второй социономической профессии (медицинских сестер и старших медицинских сестер) характеризуются высокой и умеренной выраженностью компонентов стиля, что отражает особенности коммуникации и поддерживает ее успешность. При факторном анализе выделяется шесть четко интерпретируемых факторов: первый фактор в соответствии с составом и весом его образующих переменных был назван рациональность, конструктивность, твердость, соблюдение регламентов, поддержка партнера; второй – демократичность, гибкость, эмоциональность, близкая психологическая дистанция; третий – авторитарность, жесткость, твердость, краткость распоряжений и взаимодействий; четвертый – конфликтность, непоследовательность поведения; пятый – дистанцирование, склонность к формализации коммуникаций; шестой – стратегия компромисса. С учетом требований, предъявляемых к деятельности медицинских сестер, первый, второй и третий стили делового общения можно считать эффективной психологической системой, один (шестой) – условно эффективной и два (четвертый и пятый) – малоэффективными психологическими системами. ; The purpose of the research: the study of relations of the effectiveness of activities and social success of subjects in the social environment of modern organizations. Hypotheses: 1) the business communication styles of the subjects are influenced by the conditions of the social environment (micro- and meso-media organizations); 2) business communication styles of subjects are associated with the stages of the evolution of the organization. The subject of the research is the business communication styles of subjects (successful professionals-managers and heads of departments of a large commercial company (85 people); nurses and senior nurses (142 people). Methods: expert survey; psychodiagnostics; research methodology «Business communication styles» by V. A. Tolochek, observation included. The formation and consolidation of typical business communication styles of modern organizations is associated with their working conditions (official duties, relationships in working groups, with the management of departments, declared and latent features of the organization's corporate culture, traditions, etc.). The styles of business communication of subjects are associated with the stages of the evolution of the organization. The conditions of the social environment (micro- and meso-environment of the organization) influence the formation and consolidation of individual styles of individual subjects; a set of styles of staff influences the dynamics of an organization's evolution. More constructive styles of nurses are combined with such «life cycles of the organization» as «maturity» («stability»); less constructive styles of managers – with the stages of «recession» and «death». The styles of representatives of socionomic professions (managers and heads of divisions of a large commercial company) are characterized by high and moderate severity of style components, reflecting the features of the subjects' communications and sup porting its success. When factor analysis identifies six well-interpreted factors that characterize the relevant styles of business communication employees. Substantially, in accordance with the composition of the variables and their factor weights, the selected factors as styles received the name: first factor – formalization of interactions, minimization of cooperation, promotion of partner's activity; second – softness and evasiveness, distancing from a partner; third – hardness and distancing, persistence, power opposition; fourth – high activity and inconsistency, inflexibility, non-vision of interaction prospects; fifth – liberal style; sixth – stiffness, distancing, orientation to compromise solutions. Taking into account the requirements to the activities of managers of an advertising and consulting company, all six allocated styles should be considered ineffective. Styles of representatives of the second socionomic professions (nurses and senior nurses) are characterized by high and mo de ra te severity of style components, reflecting the features of communications and supporting its success. In factor analysis, six well-interpretable factors are distinguished: the first factor, according to the composition and weight of its forming variables, was named rationality, constructiveness, hardness, compliance with regulations, partner support; second – democracy, flexibility, emotionality, close psychological distance; third – authoritarianism, rigidity, hardness, brevity of orders and interactions; fourth –conflict, inconsistency of behavior; fifth – distance, propensity to formalize communications; sixth – compromise strategy. Taking into account the requirements of the activities of nurses, first, second and third styles can be considered effective, one (sixth) – conditionally effective, fourth and fifth styles – ineffective psychological systems.

The challenge for rural communities to provide quality education for early childhood in Indonesia is difficult. National politics, policies, and economic and cultural conditions affect the Early Childhood Education system, and Indonesia is a large multicultural country, so, even the quality of education is difficult. This study aims to look at the quality of children's education in Pandalungan. Using qualitative methods with ethnographic design, data collection techniques using interviews, observation, and documentation. The results showed that educational institutions for children in urban areas can be categorized quite high. However, for early childhood education services in Desa Sukorambi Pandalungan, the quality is quite poor. Research suggestions are the need for follow-up related to social, economic, cultural and environmental factors at the level of Pandalungan community awareness of early childhood education. 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