Suchergebnisse

Women entrepreneurship is gaining importance in India in the wake of economic liberalization and globalization. The policy and institutional framework for developing entrepreneurial skills providing vocation education and training has widened the horizon for economic empowerment of women. However, women constitute only one third of the economic enterprises. There exists a plethora of successful business women entrepreneurs both in social and economic fields in India. They are performing well. Government of India has also introduced National skill development policy and national skill development mission in 2009 in order to provide skill training, vocational education and entrepreneurship development to the emerging work force. In Hindu scriptures, women have been described as the embodiment of sakti. But in real life she is treated as Abla. Women are leaving the workforce in droves in favour of being at home. Not to be a homemaker, but as Job making entrepreneurs. The increasing presence of women in the business field as entrepreneurs has changed the demographic characteristics of business and economic growth of the country. This paper focuses on the problems issues and challenges faced by emerging women entrepreneurs in India.

Regional organisations are moving away from traditional market-based goals to embrace issues of welfare, yet the role they play in social policy formation, and their contribution to the embedding of alternative approaches to development, is poorly understood. This article explores whether and how the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) and the Southern African Development Community (SADC) advance pro-poor norms and policies in national and global governance. Whilst not coherent citizenship-centred projects of regionalism, SADC and UNASUR have developed institutional competences to address the health-poverty nexus, though their policy development practices and methods take quite different forms. Theoretically, the paper develops a framework addressing three key claims: (i) poverty and welfare need to be brought in to the study of regional governance; (ii) the agency of Southern regional organisations in the generation and diffusion of norms needs to be taken more seriously in the literature and in practice; (iii) context matters for whether and how regional organisations provide normative leadership; act as brokers in a (re)distributive way; or as advocacy actors in a political way, enabling claims at different levels of governance.

Difference between foreign and local investors in their respective assessments of business climate constraints has not yet been given much attention in research literature. Drawing on institutional theory and the concept of liability of foreignness (LoF), the study contributes towards filling this gap in the context of business climate variables faced by foreign firms operating in transition economies. The Mann-Whitney U Test is applied to firm-level data of 30 transition economies in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. We found that foreign investors experience less trouble with access to finance, tax rate and competition towards the informal sector compared with domestic firms. Conversely, such variables as courts, custom and trade regulations, inadequate workforce, and labor regulations disturbed foreign investors more than local companies. LoF appears as a balanced outcome of firm-specific advantages, possessed by foreign investors, and location and institutional advantages, utilized by the local companies. The results point towards important possible synergies in enhancing the business climate in transition economies by policy-makers, and to potential conflict between policy reforms accommodating the interests of foreign capital against those of domestic firms.

In the United States, individuals returning home from prison face serious obstacles securing affordable, stable housing. Without appropriate housing, applying for jobs, obtaining needed social services, and successfully reintegrating to their communities becomes nearly impossible. Furthermore, a lack of stable housing is a predictor for recidivism and homelessness, which places pressure on municipal budgets. Because no one agency or level of government sees housing for returning offenders as its responsibility, there has been little action on or attention to this problem. In this article, I first review the literature describing the barriers returning offenders face in securing housing, including legal prohibitions, limited family support, and fragmented social service delivery. Then, I examine policy models to address these problems in Washington State, New York City, and Ohio. Based on the results of these programs, I conclude with policy recommendations, including removing barriers to public housing based on past offending, search assistance programs for returning offenders, improving coordination across the criminal justice system and post-release service providers, and revitalizing neighborhoods that support high levels of returning offenders. ; https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/136592/1/Baccile_HousingForReturningOffendersInTheUnitedStates.pdf

The purpose of the Indonesian state is contained in the Constitution of 1945 paragraph IV. Achieving the goals together should be designed, formulated and agreed with all the elements of the nation in the teacher called legal politics. The establishment of legal instruments is the final activity of public policy which includes the legislation process. Applied ethics which is a branch of philosophy that discusses about human behavior, in this paper is human in the state. The purpose of this page is to know the relationship between law and how and how to find law and ethics in the Political Law in Indonesia. The legal political formulation was 15 years after independence through the TAP MPRS. 2 of 1960 on the outline of the National Development Plan of the Universe Planning was then changed to State Policy Guidelines (GBHN) which renewed for 5 (five) years. Meanwhile, the relationship between ethics and law can be seen from 3 (three) dimensions, namely the dimension of substance and container, the dimension of relationship breadth shows and the human dimension to realize or violate it.Keywords: Law and Ethics, Political Law, Pancasila

The kids had dared to do criminal acts not only as a large area of the city, but also has up to remote corners of the region. With children as perpetrators of crime adds to the problems facing especially in the overthrow of pidananya, because on one side to implement the provisions of the applicable legislation and on the other hand protect the perpetrators of the continuation of his future as the nation's next generation. On that basis, the required accuracy and the judge in taking policy consideration to the determination of the verdict that will overthrow against the perpetrators of the crime are still children. In the matter of the determination of the verdict against a rogue or a child who commits a criminal act in addition to judge received reports the results of research of civic mentors, judges are also obliged to pay attention to the types of crime that kids do, what is the motive and purpose of criminal acts, as well as the weight of the ringannya errors committed by the child.Keyword: criminal policy, the perpetrator of a criminal offence

One major mark of a strong democracy is the use of policy-based rather than clientelist campaign strategies—but in southern Africa, we still see political parties in relatively strong democracies using clientelist strategies. I aim to build on the small existing pool of literature on this topic by performing a comparative study of campaign strategies in South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Malawi, and Zambia. I then examine how political parties in those countries use clientelist and policy-based strategies in general elections and what relationship strategy has to economic development and educational quality over time and relative to other countries in the same region. The data come from news sources, party manifestos, and candidate speeches of major parties in the countries used. I find that although they are harder to observe within countries across time, clientelism rates are lowest in countries with higher levels of economic development and educational quality. This trend is most clearly seen when analyzing inter-country differences. This study will hopefully provide further explanation regarding how political and state infrastructure can affect the motivations of political parties and take another step toward understanding and strengthening democracy.

Regulations in customs and Excise have an important function in regulating legally every policy and decision making. Thus, the type of rules are made varies according to the hierarchy of the regulator. This regulation is also changing, following policy developments that occured in the higgest government. then, what if this organization has not been able to manage its regulatory archiving? even regulatory changes can not be tracked? So, we need a well-organized system that can accomodate all of the rules and the associated changes and connectedness with other type of regulations. This system will help us to provide convenience to users to search, manage and track the history of changes as well as the relationship between the rules used by the organization. This paper propose the design of an ontology-based semantic network using a graph database that use neo4j 2.3.1 as a solution. In the application that uses the sample data, we found 13 types of nodes that contains 242 child nodes and 22 type of relation that contain 548 relation that connect all the node within 3305ms.

Amid the largest refugee crisis in history, noncitizens fleeing persecution are routinely barred from applying for asylum in the United States solely because they have a reinstated order of removal. This bar to asylum access is mandated by federal regulation, and it applies indiscriminately—regardless of whether the asylum seeker was persecuted after her initial removal order was entered or whether her initial removal was based on one of the numerous, well-documented errors border patrol officers make when issuing removal orders. This Article is the first academic piece to examine this regulation's statutory basis, including its legislative history and its troubling consequences. Based on a thorough analysis of the regulatory scheme's validity under the familiar Chevron framework and numerous policy considerations, this Article argues that the reinstatement of prior orders of removal should not bar asylum seekers from applying for asylum in the United States. This Article also explores how courts, the Department of Homeland Security, and Congress can resolve the tension created between the regulatory and underlying statutory scheme and the policy concerns flowing from it.

Climate change adaptation has become a stringent issue for rural development. To tackle this issue, Latin American countries developed specific policies frameworks. However, effective implementation of these policies remains limited and is facing challenges regarding cross sector and cross scale coordination. This communication analyses the case of the policies conducive to climate smart agriculture (CSA) in Honduras which intend to address mitigation, adaptation and food security. Using on a multilevel and multi sectorial approach, we analyze the relevant policy frameworks, the interventions of public and private actors at national, regional and local level s that are supporting farmers' adoption of CSA practices. Whilst the large set of national policy frameworks show somehow limited coherency in their rational and objective, we evidence at implementation a larger diversity of actions promoted by public but also private (cooperation, civil society) actors, that differs regarding their mode of actions, and types of actions promoted. We also evidence information and coordination gaps as well as tension among actors among sectors and level regarding the actions to support CSA. We finally identify rooms for higher synergy among current actions and frameworks.

Japan agricultural cooperative known as JA in Japan is the citadel of small farmers' livelihoods. For almost 60 years, JA was the driving force behind small farmer-supportive policy in Japan. The reverse is the case in Nigeria where agricultural cooperatives are not tailored towards organized support; therefore Nigerian farmers face the brunt of the market, policy and economy. While there are emerging challenges for JA, its relevance remains undaunted in marketing, farm guidance, credit, insurance, and subsidy among others. The paper examines the need for adapting the JA agricultural cooperative model in Nigeria and the needed institutional contexts. Alleviating rural poverty in Nigeria requires building farmers capacity through cohesive farmers' organizations that will act as channels for introducing agricultural technologies for production and processing, gaining access to quality inputs, credit and technology, reduce farm gate losses and enhance harmers access to market and generally improving their capacity for negotiating better deals in the political system and gaining more control over their socioeconomic position in the Nigerian social system. The JA model of agricultural cooperatives is a relevant case study to building an organization that would meet farmers' needs and help in agricultural development.

FEUTURE EU 28 Country Report United Kingdom The British government has traditionally been an enthusiastic advocate of Turkish membership of the European Union (EU). This policy has been common to Labour and Conservative governments over the past twenty five years. Both Parties have stressed the geopolitical arguments in favour of Turkish membership of the European Union, reflecting in this the long-held American view that a Westernized Turkey firmly anchored in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the EU would be a factor for stability in the Middle East and an outpost of American and European interests in the region. An additional, if less important consideration for British policy-makers has been the hope that good relations between the EU and Turkey might facilitate a consensual solution to the continuing problems of a divided Cyprus. ; This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 692976. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein

The purpose of this study was to determine the foriegn policy of the United States againts the Islamic Republic of Iran`s nuclear program from 2003 to 2008. This study used historical Methology with documentation and literature data collection techniques literature. Data analysis techniques used Qualitative descriptive. Based on the results, that development policy was an attempt USA Political confrontation with the Islamic Republic of Iran, with sanctios, embargos, including brought to the United National Security Council and the threat of a military strike against nuclear facilities of the Islamic Republik of Iran.Tujuan dari penenlitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kebijakan politik luar negeri Amerika Serikat terhadap program nuklir Republik Islam Iran 2003-2008. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Historis dengan tekhnik pengumpulan data dokumentasi dan studi pustaka. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan deskriptif kualitiatif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, Bahwa Kebijkan Politik Amerika Serikat merupakan upaya konfrontasi dengan Republik Islam Iran, dengan menerapkan sanksi, embargo, termasuk dibawa ke Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa dan ancaman serangan militer terhadap fasilitas nuklir Republik Islam Iran.Kata kunci: kebijakan, konflik, nuklir, politik.

This work analyses the actuations that in forestry policy EEC has been carrying out since its creation. After taking into consideration the EEC forest and the characteristics of stadistic information which lies in this subject. An historic trip is made following the adoptted legislation, as well as on the consecutive attempts of the Commission in proposing to the Concil the adoption of a common forestry policy. We conclude with the analysis of the May, 1989, adoptted under the Spanish Presidency dispositions about the Forestal Action Programme. ; En el presente trabajo se hace una revisión de las actuaciones que en materia de política forestal ha realizado la Comunidad Econdrnica Europea desde su origen. Tras una breve panorámica del bosque en la C.E.E. y de las características de la información estadística existente para esta materia, se hace un recorrido histórico por la legislación aprobada, así como por los sucesivos intentos de la Comisidn para proponer al Consejo la adopcidn de una política forestal común. Se concluye con el comentario de las disposiciones adoptadas en mayo de 1989, bajo presidencia española, sobre el Programa de Acción Forestal.

Woodruff (2017) claims to have identified the neural correlates of phenomenal consciousness ("p-consciousness") in fishes, and argues that these neurological data, along with behavioral evidence, suggest that teleost fishes are in all probability sentient organisms. Woodruff's case may be strengthened by challenging key assumptions behind a common criticism of accounts such as his: that fishes cannot be p-conscious because they lack the cortical structures necessary for p-consciousness. A more serious objection to Woodruff's proposal would be that his evidence for p-consciousness establishes only that fishes are "access-conscious" ("a-conscious"), where a-conscious states are cognitive representations that are made available to cognitive processing. This criticism calls into question his inference from certain cognitive states to the presence of p-consciousness, and may have significant implications for the moral standing of fishes and their treatment in fish welfare policy, since p-consciousness, but not a-consciousness alone, is typically thought to ground moral standing. I conclude that this criticism does not raise a decisive objection to Woodruff's argument, or to its usefulness for ethics and policy.