Die European Values Study (EVS) und die World Values Survey (WVS) sind zwei groß angelegte, länderübergreifende und längsschnittliche Umfrage-Forschungsprogramme. Sie umfassen eine große Anzahl von Fragen zu moralischen, religiösen, gesellschaftlichen, politischen, beruflichen und familiären Werten, die seit Anfang der achtziger Jahre repliziert wurden.
Beide Organisationen vereinbarten, ab 2017 bei der gemeinsamen Datenerhebung zusammenzuarbeiten. Der EVS war verantwortlich für die Planung und Durchführung von Umfragen in europäischen Ländern unter Verwendung des EVS-Fragebogens und der methodischen Richtlinien des EVS. Der WVSA war für die Planung und Durchführung von Umfragen in Ländern außerhalb Europas verantwortlich, wobei der WVS-Fragebogen und die methodischen Richtlinien des WVS verwendet wurden. Beide Organisationen entwickelten ihre Entwürfe für Master-Fragebögen unabhängig voneinander. Die gemeinsamen Items definieren den gemeinsamen Kern beider Fragebögen.
Der Gemeinsame EVS/WVS wird aus den beiden Quellendatensätzen des EVS und des WVS erstellt: - European Values Study 2017 Integrated Dataset (EVS 2017), ZA7500 Data file Version 5.0.0, doi:10.4232/1.13897 (https://doi.org/10.4232/1.13897). Haerpfer, C., Inglehart, R., Moreno,A., Welzel,C., Kizilova,K., Diez-Medrano J., M. Lagos, P. Norris, E. Ponarin & B. Puranen et al. (eds.). 2024. World Values Survey: Round Seven–Country-Pooled Datafile. Madrid, Spain & Vienna, Austria: JD Systems Institute & WVSA Secretariat. Version. 6.0.0, doi:10.14281/18241.24.
*This series is the result of an adaptation of a paper presented as part of a seminar on "Theories and Research in International Relations" at Hebrew University, July 2012. Commentaries are welcome to daniel.wajner@mail.huji.ac.il Click here to read Part II of the series In the first article of this series we have introduced the debates on the ontology of power, while in the second one we have presented the main epistemological approaches of the different paradigms. In this third and final article we will deal with methodological schemes for Power Analysis in IR, while indicating areas for possible innovation using the "Arab Spring" cases as illustrations. Power, Outcomes, and what brings them togetherAs we have seen in the last part, the contribution made by Barnett and Duvall with his taxonomy of four dimensions of power is very helpful as theoretical framework; nevertheless, it is still weak to implement as a methodological tool - it is very difficult to distinguish in a real case what is originated through the structure or the actor, as well as to measure if the specificity is direct or diffuse.But the same could be expressed about the majority of the mentioned schemes. In fact, Dahl itself warned about the difficulties of combining variables to compare power relations and argued that it depends on the requirements of the research.1 This complexity is even larger when normative factors are included; for example, despite the proposal of Nye of measuring soft power through polls and focus groups, he also cautioned about the limits of the intangible variables.2 Hurt addresses certain ways of skipping the difficulties in measuring the power of legitimacy, such as examining: the rates of compliance, the reasons given for compliance and for non-compliance, the support given by the centers of Power and the need for legitimacy argument (akin to a counterfactual technique).3 But, once again, no combined power relations framework is presented.In addition, Lukes argues that power depends on the "significance" of the outcomes, namely, in the capacity of affecting the interests of the agents. He refers to two methods: by changing incentives structures (indoctrination) and by influencing interests (subject freedom). However, Lukes confesses that the main question remains open: how to use certain power to shape certain preferences?4In conclusion, in these approaches no power relation mechanism explains, in a measurable way, how material and normative resources are combined to shape power and influence decisions. Therefore, I would like to subsequently suggest a very simple framework that may allow us to implement the knowledge mentioned hitherto to study specific cases in IR.In line with the majority of the authors, in order to make power measurable I consider that we have to divide it in two variables: material power (or simply Power) and legitimation power (or legitimacy). In international politics, the power of an actor is expressed by its military (backed-by-economical) resources, and for the scheme it would receive "high" or "low" values. The legitimacy of the actors, which is based on their capacity to be perceived as norms-compliers and to build consensus around them5, would receive also "high" or "low" values.A power analysis based on the combination of those two variables, as it is shown below in illustration I, leads us to the taxonomy of four types of cases, each one ascribed to an "outcome". It is important to clarify that, for this paper, the outcomes would reflect the domestic situation of the main agent (the State) given an international system; it is a sort of outside-in analysis if we take into account Gourevitch´s second image reversed.6 Further work has to be done to adapt this scheme so as to explain the conduct of the State vis-à-vis other States as well as to include the domestic sphere of legitimacy.The first actor, which has high power and high legitimacy, could describe his situation as "stable"; that means, the actor would overcome the domestic and external challenges without internal changes and high international costs.The second actor, having high power but low legitimacy, is considered to be in a "changeable" situation. Although this actor is capable of overcoming internal and external challenges, due to the fact that it lacks of support from the other actors he could suffer from high international costs and possibly domestic changes.Illustration I – Taxonomy of Power-Legitimacy outcomesPOWERLEGITIMACYHigh PowerLow Power High Legitimacy "STABLE" "PROTECTABLE" Low Legitimacy "CHANGEABLE" "REVOLUTIONABLE" To the third actor, which has low power but high legitimacy, his situation is defined as "protectable". Due to his incapacity to overcome alone the internal and external challenges, this actor may count on the support of other actors to reduce the possibility of domestic changes; otherwise he will suffer from it.The fourth actor, with low power and low legitimacy, is placed in a "revolutionable" situation; that means, this actor is candidate to suffer from internal changes and high international costs at the time he would face challenges.Testing the Power Analysis framework with the "Arab Spring"The phenomenon known as the "Arab Spring", composed of dozens of countries in which massive protests were held, constitutes an outstanding test for the theory. A large quantity of those cases happened in a very short range of time, with all the variety of domestic conditions, reactions from the regime and from the world, as well as different outcomes. This makes those events ideal for the present examination; even though it is just a "sample" of a more deeply study.7Although no State of those that suffered uprisings is considered in a "stable" situation at all, Saudi Arabia and Jordan could be mentioned as good examples of Arab countries that combined high power (relatively, of course) and high legitimacy. Their regimes faced the uprisings from the beginning (mid-January 2011), but were capable of overcoming the internal challenges through a combination of repression and reforms, without suffering changes in their regime and being supported by the international community.Egypt is probably the best representation of a country whose regime kept high power at the moment of facing domestic challenges but received low legitimacy from the world; this "changeable" situation caused drastic changes at the top of the leadership (including the president, ministers, etc), albeit not of the whole regime (still leaded by the Military Council). Syria seems to be in a similar situation; while the power of the regime is still high, the legitimacy is not low enough to bring to major changes due to the sustained support of Russia, China and Iran. As a result, Syria constitutes today an excellent test for the power of legitimacy (and norms) in international politics.Between those countries that experienced a combination of low power and high legitimacy, experiencing a "protectable" situation, it is possible to mention Bahrain. Despite its regime was not capable of overcoming the internal revolts alone, it counted with the support of most of the Arab countries in the repression, and the Western approval of the "regional intervention" leaded by Gulf countries around the GCC. Yemen was in a comparable position, but at the end of 2011 the legitimacy of its regime was reduced when the region and the world understood the necessity to remove the President to maintain the remaining, in what was denominated later "the Yemenite option".Finally, Libya constitutes the case in which the regime was in a "revolutionable" situation, owing to its low Power to contain the rapid domestic rebellion and its low legitimacy after the first days of tremendous repression. The international costs were so high that included a military intervention leaded by NATO (with the endorsement of the Arab League), that led to the total collapse of the regime. It is possible to say that Tunisia was in an analogous situation while it did not need for a civil war and an external intervention to consummate finally a revolution (i.e., the complete removal of the existing regime).ConclusionsThroughout the paper we were able to observe that the ontological, epistemological and methodological discussions about the complex concept of Power maintain their relevance in the main schools of IR, and in some cases even constitute an essential part of their latest developments.At the same time, the inter-paradigmatic efforts of the last decades are demanding new power analysis approaches; that means, theoretical schemes that would embed a combination of the different factors at stake (material and non-material, resources and interactions, agents and structures) to specific cases of study.Deeper examinations of the "Arab Spring" cases need to be implemented so as to confirm the presented findings, as it was previously said. However, these small samples could possibly reveal that the implementation of a framework that combines both material and non-material resources is possible and, even more, desirable, to a better understanding of the devices of power in IR. 1 Robert A. Dahl, "The concept of Power", p.2142 Joseph S. Nye, Soft Power- The Means to Success in World Politics. p.63 Ian Hurt, "Legitimacy and Authority in International Politics". International Organization 53 No2 (Spring 1999), 390-3914 Stephen Lukes, "Power and the Battle for Hearts and Minds", p.4925 This short definition is based on concepts presented in Ian Clark, "Legitimacy in International Society" (London: Oxford University Press, 2005). It includes components both from the structure and the agent.6 Peter Gourevitch, "The second image reversed – the international sources of domestic politics" International Organization 32 No4, (Autumn 1978), 881-911.7 An investigation is "under construction", called "The Arab League and its legitimation role in the Arab Spring". It focuses on the power of the Arab League to yield legitimacy (or not) in six different cases. Bibliography Bachrach, Peter and Baratz, Morton S. "Two Faces of Power". The American Political Science Review 56 No4, (December 1962), 947-952 Baldwin, David A. Paradoxes of Power (NYC: Basil Blackwell, 1989). Barnett, Michael and Duvall, Raymond. "Power in International Politics", International Organization 59, No1 (Winter 2005), 39-75 Berenskoetter, Felix and Williams, Michael J. Power in World Politics. (NYC: Routledge, 2007) Bourdieu, Pierre. 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This study examined advertising, exhibiting multilingual structures to reach the Nigerian audience. Halliday's mood system and morphological processes served as the theoretical configurations for analyzing textual elements of advertisements. These contextual terminologies permitted quantitative and qualitative approaches to thrive in order to culminate the investigation. Thus, the analysis showed political motifs, religious spheres, royal domains, musical settings, and friendship environment, as the fascinating panaceas to motivate readers. English, Yorùbá, and Hausa languages were functional facilities to mesmerize consumers. However, the advertisements displayed textual interruptions: FEBUHARI, FELABRATION, OBIdiently, and ATIKUlating, being strong prerequisites in persuasive designs. Creativity indicates the logically-minded behavior of publicists in blending grammatical structures of different languages together, yielding a unified whole, generating novel semantic values for regurgitation. It seems indisputable that such textual constructs have the capability to influence lexicographers, increase word-stock(s) of languages, and projecting the advertising industry as possessing cerebral proficiencies in linguistics' advancement. ; tdalamu@aul.edu.ng ; Taofeek O. Dalamu earned a PhD from the University of Lagos, Nigeria, under a methodical supervision of Prof. Adeyemi Daramola, with specialization in Systemic Functional Linguistics, Discourse Analysis, and Digital Humanities in relation, mostly, to advertising communications. Currently, Dr. Dalamu is a member of International Systemic Functional Linguistics Association, and teaches English courses at Anchor University, Lagos, Nigeria. 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AMÉRICA LATINA Extraditaron al ex dictador Noriega a Panamá.Para más información: http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/12/11/9363044-noriega-returns-to-panama-a-largely-forgotten-man http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/11/world/americas/panama-noriega extradition/index.html?hpt=wo_bn8 http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/12/11/9363044-noriega-returns-to-panama-a-largely-forgotten-man http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/11/actualidad/1323622374_869378.html http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/12/13/internacional/internacional/noticias/5F8EF8AB-4C15-4B2A-85E1-196B75695E82.htm?id={5F8EF8AB-4C15-4B2A-85E1-196B75695E82} http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/noriega-llega-a-panam_10909712-4 http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-noriega-panama-20111212,0,5355654.story Críticas y presiones tras el cambio de gabinete en Perú.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/14/world/americas/panamas-bursts-of-growth-have-yet-to-banish-old-ghosts.html?ref=world&gwh=AF023A30F1B4990E0836A0102C796FFE http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/11/actualidad/1323561684_943905.html http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1432203-criticas-y-presiones-tras-el-cambio-de-gabinete-en-peru http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/primer-ministro-peruano-afirma-que-nuevo-gabinete-ser-tcnico_10910178-4Chile lidera la reacción de América Latina a la crisis de la deuda europea.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/11/actualidad/1323635144_142067.htmlEstados Unidos busca explotar nueva zona de petróleo en Golfo de México.Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2011/12/13/une-nouvelle-exploitation-de-petrole-dans-le-golfe-du-mexique_1618164_3222.html http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/815996.htmlTerremoto de 6,5 grados de magnitud deja tres muertos en México.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/temblor-en-mxico_10909092-4El candidato a la presidencia de México afirma que el PRI "confía en su fortaleza".Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/10/actualidad/1323540576_290724.htmlEscasez de alimentos preocupa al gobierno venezolano.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/13/world/americas/venezuela-food-shortages/index.html?hpt=wo_bn8México: 60.000 muertos en la lucha contra los narcos.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1432490-mexico-60000-muertos-en-la-lucha-contra-los-narcosCristina Fernández comienza su segundo mandato con el control de ambas cámaras del Parlamento.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/10/actualidad/1323516520_811577.html Detenido uno de los fundadores del cartel mexicano de Los Zetas.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/13/world/americas/mexico-trafficker-arrested/index.html?hpt=wo_bn8http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/13/actualidad/1323746142_900607.html http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1432492-cae-uno-de-los-fundadores-del-cartel-de-los-zetasPesadilla de la corrupción le quita el sueño a la presidenta Roussef.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/la-pesadilla-de-la-corrupcin-le-quita-el-sueo-a-dilma-rousseff_10909060-4Chávez lanza nuevos planes sociales.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-12/14/content_14265242.htm"El País" de Madrid entrevista al vicepresidente del Banco Mundial: "Latinoamérica está mejor preparada para la crisis".Para más información: http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/global/Latinoamerica/mejor/preparada/crisis/elpepueconeg/20111211elpnegeco_5/TesAmérica Latina debate sobre el desarrollo de la minería.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/la-minera-prende-a-amrica-latina_10909038-4ESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADÁMiles de indignados llevan su protesta a los puertos de la costa oeste de Estados Unidos.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/13/actualidad/1323762246_208474.htmlCanadá abandonó Protocolo de Kioto para no pagar multas por emisiones.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/12/world/americas/canada-climate-kyoto/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/canada/canad-abandon-protocolo-de-kioto-para-no-pagar-multas-por-emisiones_10912104-4 http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/815994.html http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-12/14/content_14265242.htmPaul Krugman analiza: "La depresión y el fantasma del autoritarismo".Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/12/opinion/krugman-depression-and-democracy.html?_r=1&ref=paulkrugmanEstados Unidos completará su retiro de Irak antes del 31 de diciembre.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/ee-uu-completar-retiro-de-irak-antes-del-31-de-diciembre_10910080-4 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1432699-el-costo-de-nueve-anos-de-guerra-en-irakObama: "El futuro de Irak quedará en manos de su pueblo".Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1432660-obama-el-futuro-de-irak-quedara-en-manos-de-su-puebloNueva ley en Estados Unidos cambiaría sistema de petición de visas de trabajo.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/nueva-ley-en-eeuu-cambiaria-sistema-de-peticion-de-visas-de-trabajo_10913030-4El número de entradas ilegales a Estados Unidos desde México roza mínimos históricos.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/13/actualidad/1323799532_169608.htmlPresidente Obama exige a Irán la devolución de avión espía. Para más información: http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/12/13/internacional/internacional/noticias/4EFB23E4-A477-4588-8733-69E2221815F0.htm?id={4EFB23E4-A477-4588-8733-69E2221815F0}Estados Unidos espera invertir en Sudan del Sur. Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-12/14/content_14261941.htmEUROPAEl multimillonario ruso Mijaíl Prójorov retará a Putin en las presidenciales.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/14/world/europe/russian-journalists-at-kommersant-vlast-axed-after-tough-election-coverage.html?ref=world&gwh=778A176A272EB2F0EA548E9B51433ECE http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/12/13/internacional/internacional/noticias/B9B15DCF-213C-4899-B7AF-C1B1E4BDE5C0.htm?id={B9B15DCF-213C-4899-B7AF-C1B1E4BDE5C0} http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/12/actualidad/1323699013_824507.html http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-russia-prokhorov-20111213,0,2354878.story http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/12/world/europe/russia-protests/index.html?hpt=wo_bn9Crisis en Rusia: renunció el presidente de la Duma aliado de Putin.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1432604-crisis-en-rusia-renuncio-el-presidente-de-la-duma-aliado-de-putinSerbia debe elegir entre Kosovo y Europa.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-12/14/content_14263132.htmSuman cinco muertos y 122 heridos tras ataque en Bélgica.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16172662 http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/12/13/9412808-man-kills-4-injures-122-in-grenade-gun-attack-in-belgium http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/14/world/europe/deadly-grenade-attack-reported-in-belgium.html?ref=world&gwh=AF8038F9380EF1DFF959B73F8929A65A http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-12/14/content_14260452.htm http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/13/world/europe/belgium-attack/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2011/12/14/fusillade-de-liege-la-police-decouvre-le-corps-d-une-femme-chez-le-tireur_1618169_3214.html http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-belgium-gunman-20111214,0,7775911.story"El Tiempo" de Colombia analiza: "Europa y el futuro del esquema de bloques económicos".Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/europa-y-el-futuro-del-esquema-de-bloques-economicos_10912006-4Los mercados dudan de la nueva Europa y la castigan.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1432247-cont-los-mercados-dudan-de-la-nueva-europa http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/reino-unido-se-queda-solo-en-rechazo-al-pacto-europeo-contra-la-crisis_10906912-4Gran Bretaña no se adhiere al nuevo pacto fiscal europeo.Para más información: http://www.economist.com/blogs/charlemagne/2011/12/britain-and-eu-summit http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/12/13/internacional/_portada/noticias/FBF039D8-EA83-4C9B-98E2-2B0680700EE8.htm?id={FBF039D8-EA83-4C9B-98E2-2B0680700EE8} http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/12/actualidad/1323675950_054837.html http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/10/actualidad/1323544802_420902.html http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/14/world/europe/european-commission-chief-assails-david-cameron-over-treaty-veto.html?ref=world&gwh=1167F9985D321BADD60B8B6E6355918B http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-euro-cameron-20111213,0,1921346.storyCameron, blanco de las críticas de la Unión Europea.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16156183 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/crisis-de-la-unin-europea_10910254-4 http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/12/13/internacional/internacional/noticias/D3D539E0-F048-45A8-8C9A-6F81D5C4B3DC.htm?id={D3D539E0-F048-45A8-8C9A-6F81D5C4B3DC} http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/13/actualidad/1323771680_642075.html http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1432528-cameron-blanco-de-las-criticas-de-la-ueMerkel busca apoyo en una dividida Alemania.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1432529-merkel-busca-apoyo-en-una-dividida-alemaniaLos socialistas franceses rechazan el triunfalismo de Sarkozy sobre la Unión Europea.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/12/actualidad/1323714608_914172.html Extremista asesina a dos inmigrantes en Italia.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/815830.htmlLos ajustes en Italia desatan la primera oleada de huelgas contra Monti.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1432310-italia-sin-la-mayoria-de-sus-diarios-por-la-primera-huelga-contra-monti http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/12/actualidad/1323720597_254400.html http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/14/world/europe/mario-monti-revises-italian-budget-measures.html?ref=world&gwh=5072BC37391FF88705D94F965380E1FCFondo Monetario Internacional insta a Grecia a implementar más medidas de austeridad.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/14/world/europe/greece-imf-official-urges-more-austerity.html?ref=world&gwh=61B9F47EAE34F52CFC7D95F34FDF734D http://www.lemonde.fr/crise-financiere/article/2011/12/13/le-fmi-exclut-un-nouveau-pret-a-la-grece-pour-le-moment_1618153_1581613.htmlASIA- PACÍFICO/ MEDIO ORIENTEVan 5.000 muertos y 14.000 presos en Siria, según la ONU.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16166616 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/nueva-jornada-de-protestas-en-siria-deja-5000-muertos_10911588-4 http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/12/13/internacional/internacional/noticias/D8BA1151-2162-40FB-81BC-789A29E975DD.htm?id={D8BA1151-2162-40FB-81BC-789A29E975DD} http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/13/world/meast/syria-unrest/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/14/world/middleeast/more-than-30-are-killed-across-syria.html?ref=world&gwh=D64953B18A55C739219C0D1070A37ABFLa oposición siria reta a El Asad con una huelga durante las municipales.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/12/actualidad/1323692072_130661.htmlYemen captura factores claves de Al Qaeda en su región.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/13/world/meast/yemen-al-qaeda-captures/index.html?hpt=wo_c2Sismo de 6,1 grados sacudió la isla de Célebes, en norte de Indonesia.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/sismo-de-61-grados-sacudi-la-isla-de-clebes-en-norte-de-indonesia_10912145-4El partido de Aung San Suu Kyi podrá participar a las elecciones de Myanmar.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/10/29/actualidad/1319901028_878586.html http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/13/world/asia/myanmar-nld-suu-kyi/index.html?hpt=wo_bn7Primer Ministro iraquí llama a las inversiones estadounidenses.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16172886India: fuerte movilización del tercer sector contra la corrupción.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-16172942Irak deja en suspenso la ejecución de Tarek Aziz, hombre clave de SadamPara más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/08/actualidad/1323346790_008893.htmlAtentado a chiitas deja decenas de muertos en Afganistán. Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-afghanistan-bombings-20111207,0,4701392.story http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/14/world/asia/us-plans-afghan-shift-to-lessen-nato-combat-role.html?ref=world&gwh=D238C2401FC31B490223BD6AF9A8DB7CFilipinas arresta a ex oficial acusado de fraude electoral.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/14/world/asia/philippines-arrests-former-official-accused-of-election-fraud.html?ref=world&gwh=2B33D15E3777B039F6868A7DF5A8EBC3Cinco galardonados lanzan una campaña por la liberación del disidente chino Liu Xiaobo.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/13/actualidad/1323795246_365163.htmlhttp://behindthewall.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/12/13/9422733-chinese-artists-portraits-of-corruptionDesempleo en Corea del Sur cayó un 2.9%.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-12/14/content_14265253.htmKuwait: un nuevo gobierno con pocas propuestas de cambios.Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2011/12/13/koweit-un-nouveau-gouvernement-sans-grand-changement_1618161_3218.html Irak quiere actuar como intermediario en crisis siria.Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2011/12/13/l-irak-veut-jouer-les-intermediaires-dans-la-crise-syrienne_1618162_3218.htmlÁFRICAViolencia en las elecciones de Congo.Para más información: http://www.economist.com/node/21541447 http://worldnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/12/10/9355085-congo-election-spurs-violence-at-home-in-londonTúnez: defensor de derechos humanos fue elegido presidente.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/12/12/actualidad/1323718658_453258.html http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/12/13/internacional/internacional/noticias/E245DC1E-56BA-402E-B4BF-A4D2AD20533F.htm?id={E245DC1E-56BA-402E-B4BF-A4D2AD20533F} http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/13/world/meast/tunisia-president/index.html?hpt=wo_c2Egipcios comienzan a votar en segunda fase de elecciones legislativas.Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2011/12/13/egypte-20-000-prisonniers-politiques-liberes-depuis-fevrier_1618146_3212.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16172151 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/segunda-fase-de-elecciones-legislativas-en-egipto_10913505-4 http://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2011/12/14/reprise-des-operations-de-vote-dans-un-tiers-de-l-egypte_1618190_3210.htmlEgipto: crece la tensión entre militares y la Hermandad Musulmana. Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/08/world/africa/egypt-elections/index.html?hpt=wo_bn10 http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/13/opinion/elgindy-egypt-elections/index.html?hpt=wo_bn10 http://sn118w.snt118.mail.live.com/default.aspx#!/mail/InboxLight.aspx?n=516954200!fid=1&fav=1&n=838886258&cv=1 Alarmantes índices de mortalidad en África central.Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2011/12/13/en-centrafrique-un-taux-de-mortalite-au-dessus-du-seuil-d-urgence_1618140_3212.htmlOTRAS NOTICIAS"El manifestante" es el personaje del año de la revista Time.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1432640-el-manifestante-es-el-personaje-del-ano-de-la-revista-timeLogran salvar la cumbre mundial de cambio climático.Para más información: http://www.economist.com/blogs/newsbook/2011/12/climate-change-0 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1431898-logran-salvar-la-cumbre-mundial-de-cambio-climatico http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/cumbre-climtica-pospone-decisin-clave-para-el-2015_10909914-477 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/cumbre-de-durban-sobre-cambio-climtico_10908365-4 http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-climate-change-20111204,0,7204452.story http://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/11/world/south-africa-climate-pact/index.html?hpt=wo_bn1 Fuerte terremoto en Papúa Nueva Guinea.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1432601-fuerte-terremoto-en-papua-nueva-guinea"El Universal" presenta su portal dedicado al cambio climático.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/coberturas/cobertura3.html"The Economist" presenta su informe semanal: "Business this week".Para más información: http://www.economist.com/node/21541465
International audience ; El Magrib apareix com un soci permanent de França i dels països del Mediterrani occidental, notablement Espanya i Catalunya. El que passa aquí des de fa segles i el que podria succeir aviat té un gran interès per a historiadors, antropòlegs, lingüistes i polítics.Quins mecanismes específics de creació de les identitats socials, culturals i lingüístiques podem identificar? Com es va establir aquesta part del món en una «francophonie» sovint apassionada però de vegades rebutjada?En aquest treball, s'esmenten regularment els espais occità, català i espanyol per tal de comprendre millor la dinàmica històrica dels contactes en un espai geo-històric situat entre el golf del Lleó i el nord d'Àfrica. De la mateixa manera, un moment d'observació de la llengua maltesa és necessari i això permet entendre com es formen i es transmeten les identitats i les pràctiques lingüístiques en aquesta part del món. ; Der Maghreb (oder Nordafrika) ist ein ständiger Partner Frankreichs und der Anrainerstaaten des westlichen Mittelmeers. Was hier seit Jahrhunderten passiert und was bald passieren könnte, ist von großem Interesse für Historiker, Anthropologen, Linguisten und Politiker.Welche spezifischen Mechanismen zur Schaffung sozialer, kultureller und sprachlicher Identitäten können wir identifizieren? Wie hat sich dieser Teil der Welt in einer «Frankophonie» etabliert, die oft leidenschaftlich, aber manchmal abgelehnt wird?Auf jeden Fall enthüllt dieser Subkontinent sehr alte Kontakte, die uns viel darüber lehren, wie Sprachidentitäten gebildet und weitergegeben werden.Aus diesem Grund werden regelmäßig die okzitanischen, katalanischen und spanischen Räume erwähnt, um die historische Dynamik der Kontakte in einem Raum zwischen dem Golf von Lion und Nordafrika besser zu verstehen. In diesem Zusammenhang erhält die maltesische Sprache auch einen strategischen und heuristischen Platz. ; Just a stone's throw from Europe, the Maghreb (or North-Africa) has been a permanent partner of France, Spain and Italy. What has been happening here for many centuries and what may soon happen is of great interest to historians, anthropologists, linguists, and politicians.What specific mechanisms for the production of social, cultural and language identities can be detected there? How did this region of the world settled down in a highly passionate "Francophonie", sometimes experienced positively, sometimes fought?Anyway, this sub-continent certainly reveals what contacting of cultures and languages may produce in a very long time, leading to a kind of identity genesis that probably await most parts of the world in this beginning of the 21st century. ; Cerca de Europa, el Magreb (o África del Norte) es un socio permanente de Francia i de España. Lo que ha estado sucediendo aquí durante muchos siglos y lo que podría suceder pronto es de gran interés para los historiadores, antropólogos, lingüistas y políticos.¿Qué mecanismos específicos pueden detectarse en la producción de identidades sociales, culturales y lingüísticas? ¿Cómo se ha instalado esta región del mundo en una «francofonía» muy apasionada, a veces vivida positivamente, a veces combatida?En cualquier caso, este subcontinente revela sin duda lo que el contacto de culturas y lenguas puede producir en un tiempo bastante largo, conduciendo a una especie de génesis identitaria, la que probablemente se promete a la mayoría de las regiones del mundo en los albores del siglo XXI. ; À quelques encablures de l'Europe, le Maghreb est un partenaire permanent de la France. Ce qui s'y passe de longue date et ce qui pourrait s'y passer bientôt doit intéresser au plus haut point historiens, anthropologues, linguistes et politiques.Quels mécanismes spécifiques de production des identités sociales, culturelles et langagières peut-on y déceler ? Comment cette région du monde s'est-elle installée dans une francophonie hautement passionnelle, tantôt structurante et vécue positivement, tantôt vécue comme déstructurante et donc repoussée ? Par ce système ancien de contacts tripolaires qui le caractérise, le Maghreb n'est-il pas finalement l'un des laboratoires exemplaires de la francophonie ? Ou, plus fondamentalement encore, un révélateur du contact, de la rencontre et de la genèse identitaire qui attendent probablement le reste du monde en ce début de XXIe siècle ?Pour répondre à la plupart des questions qui se posent, l'auteur conduit une approche systémique en même temps diachronique et synchronique, articulée autour de la théorisation tripolaire du contact des langues en Afrique du Nord, élaborée au début de la décennie 1990. C'est cette approche qui permet de comprendre une bonne partie des permanences nord-africaines en matière de langage et d'identités, alors même que le Maghreb est de longue date objet de contacts incessants et de véritables colonisations. ; Vicino al l'Europa, il Maghreb (o Africa settentrionale) è un partner permanente de Francia, Spagna e Italia. Ciò che sta accadendo qui da molti secoli e ciò che potrebbe accadere presto è di grande interesse per gli storici, gli antropologi, i linguisti e i politici.Quali meccanismi specifici si possono individuare nella produzione di identità sociali, culturali e linguistiche? Come si è stabilita questa regione del mondo in una «francofonia» molto appassionata, a volte vissuta positivamente, a volte combattuta?In ogni caso, questo subcontinente rivela certamente ciò che il contatto delle culture e delle lingue può produrre in un tempo molto lungo, portando ad una sorta di genesi identitaria, quella che probabilmente attende la maggior parte delle regioni del mondo in questo inizio del XXI secolo. ; Il-Magreb (jew l-Afrika ta 'Fuq) hija sieħba permanenti ta' Franza u l-pajjiżi li jmissu mal-punent tal-Mediterran. Dak li ilu jiġri hawn għal bosta sekli u dak li jista 'jiġri dalwaqt huwa ta' interess kbir għall-istoriċi, l-antropologi, il-lingwisti u l-politiċi.X'mekkaniżmi speċifiċi tal-produzzjoni ta 'identitajiet soċjali, kulturali u lingwistiċi nistgħu nindunaw? Dan ir-reġjun tad-dinja kif sar stabbilit f '"Francophonie" passjonat ħafna, kultant esperjenzat b'mod pożittiv, kultant iġġieled?Ikun xi jkun, dan is-subkontinent ċertament jiżvela kuntatt antik ħafna ta 'kulturi u lingwi fil-punent tal-Mediterran.L-ispazji Oċċitan u Spanjol jissemmew regolarment biex jifhmu aħjar id-dinamika storika tal-Magreb. Post strateġiku jingħata wkoll lill-lingwa Maltija.
International audience ; El Magrib apareix com un soci permanent de França i dels països del Mediterrani occidental, notablement Espanya i Catalunya. El que passa aquí des de fa segles i el que podria succeir aviat té un gran interès per a historiadors, antropòlegs, lingüistes i polítics.Quins mecanismes específics de creació de les identitats socials, culturals i lingüístiques podem identificar? Com es va establir aquesta part del món en una «francophonie» sovint apassionada però de vegades rebutjada?En aquest treball, s'esmenten regularment els espais occità, català i espanyol per tal de comprendre millor la dinàmica històrica dels contactes en un espai geo-històric situat entre el golf del Lleó i el nord d'Àfrica. De la mateixa manera, un moment d'observació de la llengua maltesa és necessari i això permet entendre com es formen i es transmeten les identitats i les pràctiques lingüístiques en aquesta part del món. ; Der Maghreb (oder Nordafrika) ist ein ständiger Partner Frankreichs und der Anrainerstaaten des westlichen Mittelmeers. Was hier seit Jahrhunderten passiert und was bald passieren könnte, ist von großem Interesse für Historiker, Anthropologen, Linguisten und Politiker.Welche spezifischen Mechanismen zur Schaffung sozialer, kultureller und sprachlicher Identitäten können wir identifizieren? Wie hat sich dieser Teil der Welt in einer «Frankophonie» etabliert, die oft leidenschaftlich, aber manchmal abgelehnt wird?Auf jeden Fall enthüllt dieser Subkontinent sehr alte Kontakte, die uns viel darüber lehren, wie Sprachidentitäten gebildet und weitergegeben werden.Aus diesem Grund werden regelmäßig die okzitanischen, katalanischen und spanischen Räume erwähnt, um die historische Dynamik der Kontakte in einem Raum zwischen dem Golf von Lion und Nordafrika besser zu verstehen. In diesem Zusammenhang erhält die maltesische Sprache auch einen strategischen und heuristischen Platz. ; Just a stone's throw from Europe, the Maghreb (or North-Africa) has been a permanent partner of France, Spain and Italy. What has been happening here for many centuries and what may soon happen is of great interest to historians, anthropologists, linguists, and politicians.What specific mechanisms for the production of social, cultural and language identities can be detected there? How did this region of the world settled down in a highly passionate "Francophonie", sometimes experienced positively, sometimes fought?Anyway, this sub-continent certainly reveals what contacting of cultures and languages may produce in a very long time, leading to a kind of identity genesis that probably await most parts of the world in this beginning of the 21st century. ; Cerca de Europa, el Magreb (o África del Norte) es un socio permanente de Francia i de España. Lo que ha estado sucediendo aquí durante muchos siglos y lo que podría suceder pronto es de gran interés para los historiadores, antropólogos, lingüistas y políticos.¿Qué mecanismos específicos pueden detectarse en la producción de identidades sociales, culturales y lingüísticas? ¿Cómo se ha instalado esta región del mundo en una «francofonía» muy apasionada, a veces vivida positivamente, a veces combatida?En cualquier caso, este subcontinente revela sin duda lo que el contacto de culturas y lenguas puede producir en un tiempo bastante largo, conduciendo a una especie de génesis identitaria, la que probablemente se promete a la mayoría de las regiones del mundo en los albores del siglo XXI. ; À quelques encablures de l'Europe, le Maghreb est un partenaire permanent de la France. Ce qui s'y passe de longue date et ce qui pourrait s'y passer bientôt doit intéresser au plus haut point historiens, anthropologues, linguistes et politiques.Quels mécanismes spécifiques de production des identités sociales, culturelles et langagières peut-on y déceler ? Comment cette région du monde s'est-elle installée dans une francophonie hautement passionnelle, tantôt structurante et vécue positivement, tantôt vécue comme déstructurante et donc repoussée ? Par ce système ancien de contacts tripolaires qui le caractérise, le Maghreb n'est-il pas finalement l'un des laboratoires exemplaires de la francophonie ? Ou, plus fondamentalement encore, un révélateur du contact, de la rencontre et de la genèse identitaire qui attendent probablement le reste du monde en ce début de XXIe siècle ?Pour répondre à la plupart des questions qui se posent, l'auteur conduit une approche systémique en même temps diachronique et synchronique, articulée autour de la théorisation tripolaire du contact des langues en Afrique du Nord, élaborée au début de la décennie 1990. C'est cette approche qui permet de comprendre une bonne partie des permanences nord-africaines en matière de langage et d'identités, alors même que le Maghreb est de longue date objet de contacts incessants et de véritables colonisations. ; Vicino al l'Europa, il Maghreb (o Africa settentrionale) è un partner permanente de Francia, Spagna e Italia. Ciò che sta accadendo qui da molti secoli e ciò che potrebbe accadere presto è di grande interesse per gli storici, gli antropologi, i linguisti e i politici.Quali meccanismi specifici si possono individuare nella produzione di identità sociali, culturali e linguistiche? Come si è stabilita questa regione del mondo in una «francofonia» molto appassionata, a volte vissuta positivamente, a volte combattuta?In ogni caso, questo subcontinente rivela certamente ciò che il contatto delle culture e delle lingue può produrre in un tempo molto lungo, portando ad una sorta di genesi identitaria, quella che probabilmente attende la maggior parte delle regioni del mondo in questo inizio del XXI secolo. ; Il-Magreb (jew l-Afrika ta 'Fuq) hija sieħba permanenti ta' Franza u l-pajjiżi li jmissu mal-punent tal-Mediterran. Dak li ilu jiġri hawn għal bosta sekli u dak li jista 'jiġri dalwaqt huwa ta' interess kbir għall-istoriċi, l-antropologi, il-lingwisti u l-politiċi.X'mekkaniżmi speċifiċi tal-produzzjoni ta 'identitajiet soċjali, kulturali u lingwistiċi nistgħu nindunaw? Dan ir-reġjun tad-dinja kif sar stabbilit f '"Francophonie" passjonat ħafna, kultant esperjenzat b'mod pożittiv, kultant iġġieled?Ikun xi jkun, dan is-subkontinent ċertament jiżvela kuntatt antik ħafna ta 'kulturi u lingwi fil-punent tal-Mediterran.L-ispazji Oċċitan u Spanjol jissemmew regolarment biex jifhmu aħjar id-dinamika storika tal-Magreb. Post strateġiku jingħata wkoll lill-lingwa Maltija.
International audience ; El Magrib apareix com un soci permanent de França i dels països del Mediterrani occidental, notablement Espanya i Catalunya. El que passa aquí des de fa segles i el que podria succeir aviat té un gran interès per a historiadors, antropòlegs, lingüistes i polítics.Quins mecanismes específics de creació de les identitats socials, culturals i lingüístiques podem identificar? Com es va establir aquesta part del món en una «francophonie» sovint apassionada però de vegades rebutjada?En aquest treball, s'esmenten regularment els espais occità, català i espanyol per tal de comprendre millor la dinàmica històrica dels contactes en un espai geo-històric situat entre el golf del Lleó i el nord d'Àfrica. De la mateixa manera, un moment d'observació de la llengua maltesa és necessari i això permet entendre com es formen i es transmeten les identitats i les pràctiques lingüístiques en aquesta part del món. ; Der Maghreb (oder Nordafrika) ist ein ständiger Partner Frankreichs und der Anrainerstaaten des westlichen Mittelmeers. Was hier seit Jahrhunderten passiert und was bald passieren könnte, ist von großem Interesse für Historiker, Anthropologen, Linguisten und Politiker.Welche spezifischen Mechanismen zur Schaffung sozialer, kultureller und sprachlicher Identitäten können wir identifizieren? Wie hat sich dieser Teil der Welt in einer «Frankophonie» etabliert, die oft leidenschaftlich, aber manchmal abgelehnt wird?Auf jeden Fall enthüllt dieser Subkontinent sehr alte Kontakte, die uns viel darüber lehren, wie Sprachidentitäten gebildet und weitergegeben werden.Aus diesem Grund werden regelmäßig die okzitanischen, katalanischen und spanischen Räume erwähnt, um die historische Dynamik der Kontakte in einem Raum zwischen dem Golf von Lion und Nordafrika besser zu verstehen. In diesem Zusammenhang erhält die maltesische Sprache auch einen strategischen und heuristischen Platz. ; Just a stone's throw from Europe, the Maghreb (or North-Africa) has been a permanent partner of France, Spain and Italy. What has been happening here for many centuries and what may soon happen is of great interest to historians, anthropologists, linguists, and politicians.What specific mechanisms for the production of social, cultural and language identities can be detected there? How did this region of the world settled down in a highly passionate "Francophonie", sometimes experienced positively, sometimes fought?Anyway, this sub-continent certainly reveals what contacting of cultures and languages may produce in a very long time, leading to a kind of identity genesis that probably await most parts of the world in this beginning of the 21st century. ; Cerca de Europa, el Magreb (o África del Norte) es un socio permanente de Francia i de España. Lo que ha estado sucediendo aquí durante muchos siglos y lo que podría suceder pronto es de gran interés para los historiadores, antropólogos, lingüistas y políticos.¿Qué mecanismos específicos pueden detectarse en la producción de identidades sociales, culturales y lingüísticas? ¿Cómo se ha instalado esta región del mundo en una «francofonía» muy apasionada, a veces vivida positivamente, a veces combatida?En cualquier caso, este subcontinente revela sin duda lo que el contacto de culturas y lenguas puede producir en un tiempo bastante largo, conduciendo a una especie de génesis identitaria, la que probablemente se promete a la mayoría de las regiones del mundo en los albores del siglo XXI. ; À quelques encablures de l'Europe, le Maghreb est un partenaire permanent de la France. Ce qui s'y passe de longue date et ce qui pourrait s'y passer bientôt doit intéresser au plus haut point historiens, anthropologues, linguistes et politiques.Quels mécanismes spécifiques de production des identités sociales, culturelles et langagières peut-on y déceler ? Comment cette région du monde s'est-elle installée dans une francophonie hautement passionnelle, tantôt structurante et vécue positivement, tantôt vécue comme déstructurante et donc repoussée ? Par ce système ancien de contacts tripolaires qui le caractérise, le Maghreb n'est-il pas finalement l'un des laboratoires exemplaires de la francophonie ? Ou, plus fondamentalement encore, un révélateur du contact, de la rencontre et de la genèse identitaire qui attendent probablement le reste du monde en ce début de XXIe siècle ?Pour répondre à la plupart des questions qui se posent, l'auteur conduit une approche systémique en même temps diachronique et synchronique, articulée autour de la théorisation tripolaire du contact des langues en Afrique du Nord, élaborée au début de la décennie 1990. C'est cette approche qui permet de comprendre une bonne partie des permanences nord-africaines en matière de langage et d'identités, alors même que le Maghreb est de longue date objet de contacts incessants et de véritables colonisations. ; Vicino al l'Europa, il Maghreb (o Africa settentrionale) è un partner permanente de Francia, Spagna e Italia. Ciò che sta accadendo qui da molti secoli e ciò che potrebbe accadere presto è di grande interesse per gli storici, gli antropologi, i linguisti e i politici.Quali meccanismi specifici si possono individuare nella produzione di identità sociali, culturali e linguistiche? Come si è stabilita questa regione del mondo in una «francofonia» molto appassionata, a volte vissuta positivamente, a volte combattuta?In ogni caso, questo subcontinente rivela certamente ciò che il contatto delle culture e delle lingue può produrre in un tempo molto lungo, portando ad una sorta di genesi identitaria, quella che probabilmente attende la maggior parte delle regioni del mondo in questo inizio del XXI secolo. ; Il-Magreb (jew l-Afrika ta 'Fuq) hija sieħba permanenti ta' Franza u l-pajjiżi li jmissu mal-punent tal-Mediterran. Dak li ilu jiġri hawn għal bosta sekli u dak li jista 'jiġri dalwaqt huwa ta' interess kbir għall-istoriċi, l-antropologi, il-lingwisti u l-politiċi.X'mekkaniżmi speċifiċi tal-produzzjoni ta 'identitajiet soċjali, kulturali u lingwistiċi nistgħu nindunaw? Dan ir-reġjun tad-dinja kif sar stabbilit f '"Francophonie" passjonat ħafna, kultant esperjenzat b'mod pożittiv, kultant iġġieled?Ikun xi jkun, dan is-subkontinent ċertament jiżvela kuntatt antik ħafna ta 'kulturi u lingwi fil-punent tal-Mediterran.L-ispazji Oċċitan u Spanjol jissemmew regolarment biex jifhmu aħjar id-dinamika storika tal-Magreb. Post strateġiku jingħata wkoll lill-lingwa Maltija.
Bei den Daten handelt es sich um Indikatoren aus den World Values Surveys (Wellen 1-6), die auf Länderebene aggregiert wurden.
Themen: Index Emanzipatorischer Werte (Emancipative Values Index, EVI); Index Emanzipatorischer Werte Kurzversion basierend auf den Komponenten reproductive choice (Reproduktionsentscheidungen) und gender equality (Gleichberechtigung); Komponente reproductive choice (Akzeptanz von Homosexualität, Scheidung und Abtreibung); Komponente Sprache (Priorität auf Redefreiheit und die Stimme der Menschen in nationalen und lokalen Angelegenheiten); Komponente gender equality (Unterstützung für die Gleichberechtigung von Frauen in den Bereichen Beruf, Bildung und Politik); Autonomiekomponente (Unabhängigkeit, Phantasie statt Gehorsam als geschätzte Eigenschaft von Kindern); Index säkularer Werte (Secular Values Index; SVI); Index säkularer Werte Kurzversion basierend auf den Komponenten disbelief (Ungläubigkeit, Zweifel) und defiance (Trotzhaltung, Renitenz); Komponente Ungläubigkeit (schwacher Glaube an Religiosität und wenig religiöse Praxis); Komponente Renitenz (geringer Nationalstolz, geringer Respekt vor Autoritäten und geringe Konformität mit elterlichen Erwartungen); Komponente Skepsis (geringes Vertrauen in die Polizei, Behörden und Gerichte); Komponente Relativismus (nur leichte Ablehnung von Bestechung, Steuerhinterziehung und Gebührenbetrug); Social movement activities (Beteiligung an Petitionen, Boykotten und Demonstrationen); Verknüpfung mit Informationsquellen (Nutzung von Internet, E-Mail und PC); wahrgenommene Stimulation: durchschnittliche Wahrnehmung der täglichen Aufgaben als kreativ, kognitiv und autonom; kognitive Mobilisierung; individuelle Befähigung (individual empowerment); Index zur Temperatur und Wasserversorgung (Cool Water Index); liberales Demokratieverständnis: freie Wahlen, Bürgerrechte und Gleichberechtigung; illiberales Demokratieverständnis: militärische Intervention; religiöse Autorität, Arbeitslosengeld; aufgeklärtes Demokratieverständnis; wahrgenommener Grad der Demokratisierung im eigenen Land; demokratisches Bestreben: Wunsch, in einem demokratisch regierten Land zu leben; Mobilisierungspotential für Demokratie; wahrgenommene Fairness anderer Menschen; Vertrauen: allgemeines Vertrauen; Vertrauen in Familie, Bekannte und Nachbarn; Vertrauen in Unbekannte und Menschen mit anderer Nationalität und Religion; unspezifisches und generalisiertes Vertrauen; Aktivitäten in zivilen Organisationen (z.B. Freizeit, Kirche, Parteien, etc.); Zufriedenheit mit der finanziellen Situation des Haushalts; Selbsteinschätzung des Gesundheitszustands; Fähigkeit zur Gestaltung des eigenen Lebens; Glück; Lebenszufriedenheit; Kampfbereitschaft für das eigene Land im Falle eines Krieges.
Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: für alle Länder: Nummer; Jahr, Name; Erhebungsjahr; Erhebungswelle; Kulturzone; Filterdummy für die letzte Welle je Land; numerischer Ländercode; 3-Buchstaben-Ländercode; Ländercode Weltbank; Index demokratische Rechte 1996 bis 2006; Index Bürgerrechte 1995 bis 2005; Index ehrliche Regierung 1996 bis 2006; Index wirksame Demokratie 1996 bis 2006; Index ehrliche Demokratie; Index Loyalitäts-Normen: Vertrauen in den öffentlichen Dienst, Polizei und Armee; Index Protest-Normen: Beteiligung an Demonstrationen, Boykotten, Petitionen.
AMÉRICA LATINA Ocupan una de las mayores favelas de Río.Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1382958-ocupan-una-de-las-mayores-favelas-de-rio http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/americas/06/19/brazil.rio.raid/index.htmlhttp://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/06/20/internacional/internacional/noticias/C1EF9604-7DCD-46FF-8517-987BAE6F1741.htm?id={C1EF9604-7DCD-46FF-8517-987BAE6F1741}Presidenta argentina Cristina Fernández lanzó candidatura a reelección.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/presidenta-argentina-cristina-fernandez-buscara-la-reeleccion_9689464-4 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1383352-cristina-kirchner-lanza-el-programa-lcd-para-todoshttp://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/774113.htmlCentroamérica: Zetas, maras y violencia.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Centroamerica/Zetas/maras/violencia/elpepuint/20110620elpepuint_13/TesPresidencia del Fondo Monetario Internacional y el candidato latinoamericano.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/candidato/latinoamericano/elpepiint/20110620elpepiint_10/Tes http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/06/15/2268484/latin-americas-candidate-to-imf.htmlFidel y Raúl Castro visitan a Chávez en el hospital donde convalece en La Habana.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Fidel/Raul/Castro/visitan/Chavez/hospital/convalece/Habana/elpepuint/20110618elpepuint_11/TesLa tormenta tropical Beatriz se acerca a costas mexicanas.Para más información:http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43462141/ns/weather/Un tribunal chileno suspende temporalmente la construcción de cinco presas en la Patagonia.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/sociedad/tribunal/chileno/suspende/temporalmente/construccion/presas/Patagonia/elpepusoc/20110620elpepusoc_19/TesUn periodista, su esposa, y su hijo son asesinados en México.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Asesinado/Mexico/periodista/esposa/hijo/elpepuint/20110620elpepuint_20/Tes http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43466780/ns/world_news-americas/ http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-mexico-journalist-killing-20110621,0,511653.storySe captura a responsable de asesinato de 72 migrantes en México.Para más información:http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-fg-mexico-arrest-20110618,0,6670881.storyDetienen a importante capo mexicano del cartel de drogas 'La Familia'.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/detenido-capo-del-cartel-la-familia_9689668-4Más de 23 mil jóvenes han sido reclutados por los carteles del narcotráfico en México.Para más información:http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/06/20/internacional/internacional/noticias/A3939B68-E019-4BF5-B12C-622F587D8B9A.htm?id={A3939B68-E019-4BF5-B12C-622F587D8B9A}El Gobierno toma el control sobre revuelta en una cárcel de Venezuela.Para más información:http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/06/20/internacional/internacional/noticias/1389CBE2-D471-4D0D-B231-3ADDC09E91CB.htm?id={1389CBE2-D471-4D0D-B231-3ADDC09E91CB}http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43457741/ns/world_news-americas/http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Gobierno/toma/control/carcel/Venezuela/elpepuint/20110618elpepuint_2/TesBrasil tendrá cárceles privadas.Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1383050-brasil-tendra-carceles-privadas50 años más tarde, en Cuba se publica diario del Ché Guevara.Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/americas/06/14/cuba.che.guevara/index.htmlMinorías que se transformaron en mayorías en Brasil.Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/americas/06/16/brazil.race/index.htmlHumala logra 70% de apoyo en primeras semanas como presidente electo.Para más información:http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/06/20/internacional/internacional/noticias/65EE5763-9142-4CF3-9CF2-690AA7E106D4.htm?id={65EE5763-9142-4CF3-9CF2-690AA7E106D4}Escándalo por el millonario fraude en Las Madres de Mayo.Para más información:http://www.economist.com/node/18836612 http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Madres/Mayo/intocables/elpepiint/20110619elpepiint_1/TesFrancia abrirá proceso de extradición a Panamá de Manuel Noriega.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/francia-abrir-proceso-de-extradicin-a-panam-de-manuel-noriega_9674645-4 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43451632/ns/world_news-americas/ http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/06/20/internacional/internacional/noticias/A55F2FBD-59FA-4A4A-B887-732D3D019035.htm?id={A55F2FBD-59FA-4A4A-B887-732D3D019035} http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/06/20/france.noriega.extradition/index.htmlChicas mexicanas son entrenadas para ser asesinas de los carteles de droga.Para más información:http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43445168/ns/world_news-americas/Cenizas del volcán chileno siguen causando inconvenientes en varias partes del globo.Para más información:http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43448061/ns/world_news-americas/ http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/06/14/2266881/volcanic-ash-from-chile-continues.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13852885ESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADÁEstados Unidos reconoce contactos preliminares con los talibanes.Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/20/world/asia/20afghanistan.html?ref=world http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Estados/Unidos/reconoce/contactos/preliminares/talibanes/elpepuint/20110619elpepuint_4/Tes http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/06/18/afghanistan.us.taliban/index.html http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/06/20/internacional/internacional/noticias/7F7354C1-77AB-456E-9022-B92F4EB7DC00.htm?id={7F7354C1-77AB-456E-9022-B92F4EB7DC00}Estados Unidos registra una de las peores temporadas de incendios.Para más información:http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/774127.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-13868191Hackers: la nueva amenaza mundial .Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1382771-cibertempestadlas-potencias-se-alistan-para-un-pearl-harbour-electronicoAmenaza de bomba retrasa vuelos en Washington.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/amenaza-de-bomba-retrasa-vuelos-en-washington_9670645-4Hillary Clinton: mujeres saudíes tienen razón al exigir derecho a conducir.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/clinton-mujeres-saudes-tienen-razn-al-exigir-derecho-a-conducir_9685927-4Estados Unidos busca acelerar la salida de Afganistán: 'probablemente' retirará 10.000 soldados .Para más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/EE/UU/busca/acelerar/salida/Afganistan/elpepiint/20110620elpepiint_1/Tes http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/773857.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/retiro-de-tropas-estadounidenses-de-afganistn_9687465-4La peligrosa ofensiva contra los indocumentados en Estados Unidos.Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1383112-la-peligrosa-ofensiva-contra-los-indocumentados-en-eeuuRepublicanos y demócratas muy cerca de un acuerdo para salvar el TLC con Colombia.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/republicanos-y-demcratas-muy-cerca-de-un-acuerdo-para-salvar-el-tlc_9676064-4Estados Unidos añade ocho áreas de alto tráfico de drogas.Para más información:http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/773788.htmlWeiner presenta renuncia formal a Congreso de los Estados Unidos.Para más información:http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/773851.html EUROPAIndignados inician marcha de 33 días por España.Para más información:http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/773690.html http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-06/19/content_12733706.htm http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1383108-siguen-las-protestas-de-los-indignados http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1382947-marcha-de-indignados-en-toda-espana http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/06/19/spain.protests/index.html http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/06/20/internacional/_portada/noticias/79CA934D-B104-4739-805E-86CD14E6FECE.htm?id={79CA934D-B104-4739-805E-86CD14E6FECE} http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/protestas-de-los-indignados-en-madrid_9668004-4Murió Elena Bonner, viuda del Nobel de la Paz Andrei Sajarov e importante disidente de la URSS.Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/20/world/europe/20bonner.html?ref=world http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-yelena-bonner-20110620,0,5167114.story http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/06/20/internacional/internacional/noticias/4B60FD93-92BA-4AFD-8784-CAEF0FAC220A.htm?id={4B60FD93-92BA-4AFD-8784-CAEF0FAC220A}Antiguo líder de ETA: "la lucha armada ya no procede".Para más información:http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/06/20/internacional/internacional/noticias/EEFC2FDE-715D-45CA-A3CF-BB22FD44A014.htm?id={EEFC2FDE-715D-45CA-A3CF-BB22FD44A014}El ex presidente francés Chirac será definitivamente juzgado en setiembre.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Chirac/sera/definitivamente/juzgado/septiembre/elpepuint/20110620elpepuint_14/Tes http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/773717.htmlPedro Passos Coelho asume el cargo de primer ministro de Portugal.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/passos-coelho-asume-el-cargo-de-primer-ministro-luso-centrado-en-la-crisis_9684424-4http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/nuevo/gobierno/centro-derecha/portugues/empieza/mal/pie/elpepuint/20110620elpepuint_18/Tes http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Liga/Norte/apremia/Berlusconi/acentuar/politicas/derechas/elpepiint/20110620elpepiint_8/TesLa ONU asegura que solo el 2% de los refugiados libios han huido hacia Europa.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/ONU/asegura/solo/refugiados/libios/han/huido/Europa/elpepuint/20110620elpepuint_4/TesDetenido el ex secretario de Estado de Sarkozy acusado de violación y agresión sexual.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Detenido/ex/secretario/Estado/Sarkozy/acusado/violacion/agresion/sexual/elpepuint/20110620elpepuint_17/TesImportante crisis económica en Grecia.Para más información:http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-06/20/content_12733714.htmCrece la alarma mundial por Grecia: el FMI advirtió sobre el riesgo de un contagio global.Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1383187-crece-la-alarma-mundial-por-grecia http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1383144-para-los-griegos-el-problema-es-de-europa http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/06/20/greece.debt/index.htmlAdvierten sobre el contagio de la crisis griega a cinco países europeos.Para más información:http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-06/20/content_12733714.htm http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1382736-advierten-sobre-el-contagio-a-cinco-paises http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/20/world/europe/20merkel.html?ref=world http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3036034/ns/world_news-europe/ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43462624/ns/business-world_business/El efecto de la crisis en Grecia podría ser peor de lo pensado.Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1383229-el-efecto-de-la-crisis-en-grecia-podria-ser-peor-que-el-causado-por-el-colapso-financiero-enGobierno griego sobrevive a voto de confianza.Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-13869428http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fgw-greece-vote-confidence-20110621,0,1671733.story http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2079240,00.htmlLa Unión Europea acordó la creación de fondo de ayuda permanente para la Eurozona.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/fondo-de-ayuda-permanente-para-la-eurozona_9674124-4Europa demora en el pago de 17 billones a Grecia.Para más información:http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-eu-greece-finances-20110621,0,792178.storyÉxodo rural en Grecia causado por la situación económica.Para más información:http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2079205,00.htmlMedvedev desea un segundo mandato.Para más información:http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43460212/ns/world_news-europe/Según ONG Save the Children el mejor país para nacer es Suecia, y el peor es Somalia.Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/los-mejores-lugares-del-mundo-para-nacer_9684425-4Choque de avión deja 40 muertos en Rusia.Para más información:http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/773874.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13851697 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/accidente-de-avin-en-rusia_9680425-4 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1383137-accidente-aereo-deja-al-menos-44-muertos-en-rusia http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2078895,00.htmlMedvedev se opone en la ONU a resolución para condenar la violencia en Siria.Para más información:http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-06/20/content_12733715.htmASIA- PACÍFICO/ MEDIO ORIENTECondena internacional el régimen sirio por violencia.Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/20/world/middleeast/20diplo.html?ref=world http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43460832/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/ http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/20/world/asia/20afghanistan-taliban.html?_r=1&ref=world"El País" de Madrid analiza: ¿Por qué el mundo no detiene la matanza en Siria?.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/mundo/detiene/matanza/Siria/elpepuint/20110620elpepuint_12/Tes175 muertos y 1.6 millones de evacuados por inundaciones en China.Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/06/20/china.floods/index.html http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43469501/ns/weather/Militares sirios frenan éxodo hacia Turquía.Para más información:http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/06/20/internacional/internacional/noticias/4E49B2CC-7133-44A7-B82C-98A250EDA60A.htm?id={4E49B2CC-7133-44A7-B82C-98A250EDA60A}Importante ataque de coches bomba en Irak.Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13853886 http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2079062,00.html http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/06/14/iraq.attack/index.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/explosin-de-dos-carros-bomba-causa-25-muertos-y-34-heridos-en-irak_9684804-4Reunión secreta entre las Coreas en China.Para más información:http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-06/15/content_12710490.htmError del ejército surcoreano no tuvo víctimas fatales.Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/06/20/south.korea.civilian.plane/index.html http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-06/19/content_12733804.htmNuevo reporte sobre los estragos de la crisis nuclear en Japón .Para más información:http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-06/19/content_12733806.htmPara presidente israelí:"La paz con los palestinos es cuestión de urgencia".Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/06/19/israel.mideast.peace/index.htmlPresidente de Siria promete reformas: miles de manifestantes lo tildaron de 'mentiroso'.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Asad/afirma/habra/reformas/medio/sabotaje/caos/elpepuint/20110620elpepuint_6/Tes http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/06/20/syria.unrest/index.html http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/773751.html http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/21/world/middleeast/21syria.html?ref=worldIndignación y protestas en Siria tras otro discurso de Al-Assad.Para más información:http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2078683,00.html http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1383110-indignacion-y-protestas-en-siria-tras-otro-discurso-de-al-assadMisterio por enfermedad que mató a 28 niños en India.Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13852963Nuevo jefe de Al Qaeda: el número dos de Bin Laden.Para más información:http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-qaeda-zawahiri-20110617,0,7986312.story http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/06/16/2269190/al-qaida-says-al-zawahri-has-succeeded.html#ixzz1PyKlPqTD http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/06/16/2269190/al-qaida-says-al-zawahri-has-succeeded.htmlDetenida una niña en Pakistán con un chaleco explosivo.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Detenida/nina/Pakistan/chaleco/explosivo/elpepuint/20110620elpepuint_21/Tes ÁFRICATensión política en Somalía.Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/20/world/africa/20somalia.html?ref=world Mueren 21 individuos tras enfrentamiento entre soldados y militares en Yemen.Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/20/world/middleeast/20yemen.html?ref=world http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/06/20/yemen.unrest/index.htmlContinúa la violencia en Libia.Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/20/world/africa/20rape.html?ref=world http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/06/19/2273908/libya-says-nato-airstrike-hits.html http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/06/20/libya.war/index.htmlhttp://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43469194/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/ http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/06/19/2273908/libya-says-nato-airstrike-hits.htmlOTAN admite haber bombardeado por error un edificio de civiles en Trípoli.Para más información:http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/06/20/internacional/internacional/noticias/831A7FFC-622C-4783-93DC-28A4ACBFC2C3.htm?id={831A7FFC-622C-4783-93DC-28A4ACBFC2C3} http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-06/20/content_12733713.htmCiviles construyen armas caseras para enfrentar a Gadhafi.Para más información:http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43460246/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/Elecciones en Egipto suponen divisiones en la Hermandad Musulmana.Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/20/world/middleeast/20egypt.html?ref=worldTúnez condena a Ben Ali a 35 años de cárcel.Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2011/06/20/world/africa/news-us-tunisia-benali.html?ref=worldhttp://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Tunez/condena/rebeldia/Ben/Ali/35/anos/carcel/elpepuint/20110620elpepuint_10/TesMichelle Obama en Sudáfrica.Para más información:http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43449828/ns/politics/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-south-africa-obama-20110621,0,6723760.story http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/06/20/michelle.obama.africa/index.html5 muertos tras ataque a estación de policía en Nigeria.Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/06/16/nigeria.blast/index.htmlComisión investigará crímenes post electorales en Costa de Marfil.Para más información:http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/06/16/ivory.coast.abuses/index.html http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/43271397/ns/today-good_news/Rey de Marruecos anuncia reforma para una monarquía constitucional.Para más informaciónhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/cambios-constitucionales-en-marrueco_9656824-4La campaña por el referéndum constitucional divide a Marruecos.Para más información:http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/campana/referendum/constitucional/divide/Marruecos/elpepuint/20110620elpepuint_3/Tes OTRAS NOTICIAS La ONU aprobó "histórica resolución" sobre derechos de homosexuales.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/resolucin-de-la-onu-sobre-los-derechos-de-los-homosexuales_9656710-4 http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/europe/06/17/un.lgbt.rights/index.htmlPaíses en desarrollo acogen a 43.7 millones de refugiados.Para más información:http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/773739.html http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/20/world/20refugee.html?ref=worldBan Ki-moon fue reelegido Secretario General de la ONU.Para más información:http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/774074.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/ban-ki-moon-reelegido-como-secretario-general-de-la-onu_9687766-4 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-13868655"El Universal" presenta su portal dedicado al cambio climático.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/coberturas/cobertura3.html"The Economist" presenta su informe semanal: "Business this week".Para más información: http://www.economist.com/node/18683179
AMÉRICA LATINAVenezuela congela precios: la administración de Chávez aplica una nueva legislación.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15850784 http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/11/23/internacional/internacional/noticias/E1CA8620-EA13-4AA7-B643-8796751DED7B.htm?id={E1CA8620-EA13-4AA7-B643-8796751DED7B} http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/venezuela-pone-en-vigor-ley-de-costos-y-congela-precios-de-varios-productos_10812706-4 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1425656-chavez-anuncia-un-polemico-congelamiento-de-precios#comentar http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/75339.htmlChina le da un crédito multimillonario a Venezuela para producir petróleo.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/ultimas_noticias/2011/11/111122_ultnot_china_venezuela_credito_petroleo_fp.shtmlPrecandidato opositor denuncia a Chávez por crímenes de lesa humanidad.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/21/actualidad/1321908448_227631.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/precandidato-opositor-denuncia-a-chvez-por-crmenes-de-lesa-humanidad_10807265-4Enrique Peña Nieto queda solo en carrera interna del PRI por la presidencia mexicana.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/23/world/americas/mexico-institutional-revolutionary-party-candidate-drops-out.html?ref=world&gwh=9FAB962EFBDA60208817D64D998BB21C http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/22/actualidad/1321994112_646778.html http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/11/23/internacional/_portada/noticias/C9E2C91C-E706-4164-898B-A95B15F51E20.htm?id={C9E2C91C-E706-4164-898B-A95B15F51E20}La izquierda mexicana elige como su candidato a López Obrador.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/15/actualidad/1321382388_500126.html El nuevo jefe de las FARC intenta movilizar a sus bases.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/15/world/americas/colombia-farc-leader/index.html?hpt=wo_bn8 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/21/actualidad/1321909000_157359.htmlEncuentran 16 cuerpos calcinados en dos camionetas en norte de México.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/encuentran-16-cuerpos-calcinados-en-dos-camionetas-en-norte-de-mexico_10817028-4Terremoto de 6.2 grados sacude a Bolivia.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/22/world/americas/bolivia-earthquake/index.html Líder guaraní es asesinado en Brasil.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15799712La indignación chilena llega a los barrios acomodados de Santiago.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/22/actualidad/1321946885_214330.htmlOposición de Nicaragua asegura fraude en las pasadas elecciones presidenciales.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/16/world/americas/nicaragua-elections/index.htmlLa Justicia francesa acepta la extradición de Noriega a Panamá.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/la-justicia-francesa-acepta-la-extradicin-de-noriega-a-panam_10815244-4Rousseff sanciona dos leyes para promover la transparencia en Brasil.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/19/actualidad/1321715470_824807.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15799705México, el proveedor de armas de Latinoamérica.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/75323.htmlLa presidenta Cristina de Kirchner abre la era del ajuste en Argentina.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/argentina-cristina-abre-era-del-ajuste_10800507-4 Se encontraron cuerpos de víctimas de guerra civil en Guatemala.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/23/world/americas/guatemala-bodies-of-civil-war-victims-found.html?ref=world&gwh=7FAEA2F7D44BBF99A2D46FAAB510BB43Aprobación de Humala cae en medio de escándalo y conflictos en Perú.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/aprobacin-de-humala-cae-en-medio-de-escndalo-y-conflictos_10801065-4Encuentran 15.3 millones de dólares en auto perteneciente al narco mexicano.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15846066 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45408974/ns/world_news-americas/#.TszDCHKwA9062 jueces de Brasil sospechosos de lucrarse con la venta de sentencias.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/21/actualidad/1321910471_413127.html "MSNBC" analiza el rol de las familias cubanas en el exilio estadounidense.Para más información: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45398215/ns/us_news-the_new_york_times/#.TszDPnKwA90 Chávez despliega tropas para combatir el crimen.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15786541 ESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADÁ Estados Unidos refuerza sus sanciones a Irán.Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-iran-sanctions-20111122,0,5739709.story http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/21/actualidad/1321904927_392915.html http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1425319-obama-aumenta-la-presion-sobre-iran-con-mas-sanciones#comentar http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/23/world/middleeast/thomas-e-donilon-obama-aide-says-iran-feels-strain-of-sanctions.html?ref=world&gwh=60F10D2A742A6A8B76432527E7771B0E Renuncia embajador de Pakistán en Estados Unidos.Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-pakistan-envoy-resigns-20111123,0,7594172.story http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/22/world/asia/pakistan-ambassador-resigns/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2011/11/23/l-ambassadeur-du-pakistan-aux-etats-unis-pousse-a-la-demission_1607838_3216.html http://openchannel.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/11/22/8956530-pakistans-memogate-triggers-us-ambassadors-resignation http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-11/23/content_14149301.htmObama presiona por un acuerdo para reducir el déficit de Estados Unidos.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/en-carreras-para-definir-recorte-en-gasto-en-estados-unidos_10805044-4 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1425436-obama-presiona-por-un-acuerdo-para-reducir-el-deficit-de-eeuu#comentar El gobernador de Oregón suspende la pena de muerte por considerarla "moralmente equivocada".Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2011/11/23/l-orgegon-renonce-a-la-peine-de-mort_1607822_3222.html http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/23/actualidad/1322024205_805318.html ]http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15851828La batalla del déficit marca el declive del liderazgo de Estados Unidos.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/22/actualidad/1321987733_364881.htmlA la justicia militar soldado que filtró información a WikiLeaks.Para más información: http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/11/23/internacional/internacional/noticias/BB9707C3-1602-4641-9D64-A035E3258DCF.htm?id={BB9707C3-1602-4641-9D64-A035E3258DCF}Según Obama su gira por Asia fue un éxito.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/19/world/asia/thailand-obama/index.html?hpt=wo_bn7 Candidatos republicanos se enfrentan en debate televisado.Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2011/11/22/newt-gingrich-nouvelle-coqueluche-des-electeurs-republicains_1607420_3222.html http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/internacional/75336.html http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-gop-debate-print-20111123,0,311678.story http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-15849057El FED pondrá a prueba fortaleza de los bancos estadounidenses.Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2011/11/22/la-fed-va-tester-la-resistance-des-grandes-banques-americaines_1607809_3234.htmlLas represalias contra Ocupa Wall Street paralizan una universidad de California.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/22/actualidad/1321994181_191477.html EUROPAVictoria de Mariano Rajoy en elecciones españolas.Para más información: http://www.economist.com/blogs/newsbook/2011/11/spains-election http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1425600-rajoy-bajo-presion-externa-para-que-anuncie-sus-planes#comentar http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/rajoy-presidente-del-gobierno-espaol-no-quiso-dar-pistas- no_10806484-4 http://resultados.elpais.com/elecciones/generales.html http://www.elpais.com/articulo/english/Pressure/builds/on/Rajoy/to/reveal/plans/elpepueng/20111122elpeng_11/Tenhttp://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/22/world/europe/falling-markets-welcome-new-spanish-leader.html?ref=world&gwh=3DDA3F0DD1C1757428F3BCFA67C404E4 http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/11/23/internacional/_portada/noticias/BE207423-B09C-4187-8F76-CE3748DC9203.htm?id={BE207423-B09C-4187-8F76-CE3748DC9203}http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2011/11/22/actualidad/1321995888_407623.html http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/20/world/europe/spain-election/index.html?hpt=wo_bn9La crisis de la economía europea incrementó la xenofobia en España.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/xenofobia-en-espaa_10813227-4España paga por su deuda el costo más alto en casi 20 años.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1425410-espana-paga-por-su-deuda-mas-que-grecia-y-portugal#comentarLos políticos italianos y griegos tratan de sobrevivir a la tecnocracia.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/19/actualidad/1321725831_851802.html http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-11/23/content_14145311.htmEuropa sigue azotada por la crisis económica.Para más información: http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2011/11/euro-crisis-16 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15840939 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/23/business/global/banks-seek-emergency-funds-from-ecb.html?ref=world&gwh=12082F92F7B01A5D929A17AE65133412Fondo Monetario Internacional expande herramientas crediticias.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-15847359La crisis sentencia la política exterior europea.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/21/actualidad/1321907864_965289.html"La Nación" publicó: "La crisis en Europa sigue arrasando. gobiernos".Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1425165-la-crisis-en-europa-continua-arrasando-gobiernos#comentar Muere ex primera dama francesa Danielle Mitterrand.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/810535.html http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45398085/ns/world_news-europe/#.TszDinKwA90 http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/11/23/internacional/_portada/noticias/FBE8C684-A60F-422E-BD06-EFD6AE470379.htm?id={FBE8C684-A60F-422E-BD06-EFD6AE470379}Rusia contempla una respuesta al escudo antimisiles de Estados Unidos.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/rusia-contempla-una-respuesta-al-escudo-antimisiles-de-ee-uu_10815487-4Financieros e intelectuales franceses no descartan el final de la moneda única.Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-france-denial-20111117,0,19630.story http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/19/actualidad/1321729116_096626.htmlStrauss Kahn demanda a consejero de Sarkozy.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/23/world/europe/dominique-strauss-kahn-files-lawsuit.html?ref=world&gwh=352C181344B8D3C3D70F6DC111426C5C http://diario.elmercurio.com/2011/11/23/internacional/internacional/noticias/B5E863C0-A3B2-49EB-84F4-C37B29A3C899.htm?id={B5E863C0-A3B2-49EB-84F4-C37B29A3C899}Agoniza el mayor lago de los Balcanes devastado por contaminación.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/agoniza-el-lago-shkodra-de-los-balcanes_10798868-4El primer ministro de Bélgica presenta su dimisión al rey.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/21/actualidad/1321905076_971841.htmlGran Bretaña impulsa sanciones contra Irán mientras que Rusia las rechaza.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/22/world/meast/iran-sanctions/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/21/world/europe/uk-iran-sanctions/index.html?hpt=wo_bn9Encuentros entre gobierno británico y oposición siria.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/21/world/europe/uk-syria-opposition/index.html?hpt=ieu_c2Berlusconi acude al Tribunal de Milán por el proceso Mediaset.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/22/actualidad/1321965890_550310.htmlPrimer ministro turco recomienda a su homologo sirio el fin de la violencia.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/23/world/middleeast/turkish-leader-says-syrian-president-should-quit.html?ref=world&gwh=520C39538BA1703CF9EA85DCF888C8A7 http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/22/world/meast/syria-unrest/index.html?hpt=wo_c2ASIA- PACÍFICO/ MEDIO ORIENTEComienza el juicio contra la cúpula del Khmer Rojo, responsable del genocidio en Camboya.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/21/world/asia/cambodia-khmer-rouge-trial/index.html?hpt=wo_bn7 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/23/world/asia/defendant-says-khmer-rouge-saved-cambodia-from-vietnam.html?ref=world&gwh=A0D22879C1730952271E66ACC55E18D6 http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/article/2011/11/23/pour-khieu-samphan-le-regime-khmer-rouge-etait-soutenu-par-la-population_1607825_3216.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15850062 http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-cambodia-khmer-tribunal-20111122,0,7925250.storySiria: una protesta al borde de la guerra.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/siria-una-protesta-al-borde-de-la-guerra_10795604-4 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/muertos-por-represin-en-siria_10813924-4 http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/20/world/meast/syria-violence/index.html?hpt=wo_bn11 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/22/actualidad/1321950162_347268.html http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2011/11/22/world/middleeast/AP-ML-Tunisia-New-Assembly.html?ref=world&gwh=3622C13B9909B78911A14D8D6F0859B3 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1425094-nuevo-ataque-en-siria#comentarNaciones Unidas condena a Siria por la represión contra civiles.Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2011/11/22/l-assemblee-generale-de-l-onu-condamne-la-repression-en-syrie_1607762_3218.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/naciones-unidas-condena-la-represin-siria-contra-los-civiles_10812866-4Presidente de Yemen firmó plan que prevé su salida del poder.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15850913 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/traspaso-de-poder-en-yemen_10813904-4 http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2011/11/23/le-president-saleh-se-rend-a-ryad-pour-signer-l-accord-de-transfert-du-pouvoir-au-yemen_1607820_3218.htmlIrán condena nuevas sanciones occidentales y las considera sin efecto.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/23/world/middleeast/in-iran-newspaper-protest-new-friction-seen.html?ref=world&gwh=65CEEEB72F52CCB1180077F7912AB5F0 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/22/actualidad/1321965125_727429.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/irn-condena-nuevas-sanciones-occidentales-y-las-considera-sin-efecto_10807924-4Al menos un muerto y cuatro heridos en ataque en noroeste de Pakistán.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/ataque-en-noroeste-de-pakistn_10813884-4Corea del Sur firma Tratado de Libre Comercio con Estados Unidos. Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/23/business/global/seoul-votes-a-chaotic-yes-to-free-trade-with-us.html?ref=world&gwh=BB739A3062162F41118E54C510844BA2Rey de Jordania visita Ramallah.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/21/world/meast/jordan-palestinians/index.html?hpt=wo_bn11 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/23/world/middleeast/hamas-gains-momentum-in-palestinian-rivalry.html?gwh=20968B04656665E3C22947475DC9AB9ALa ganadora del Nobel Suu Kyi se presenta al Parlamento de Myanmar.Para más información: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45389461/ns/world_news-asia_pacific/#.TszDhXKwA90Crece la tensión entre Tayikistán y Rusia.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/23/world/asia/tajikistan-moscow-tensions-ease.html?ref=world&gwh=56F107720E6492668796DDA4B1E14C81Filipinas: se encuentran explosivos en zona de masacre del 2009.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/23/world/asia/philippines-bombs-are-found-near-site-of-2009-massacre.html?ref=world&gwh=B2634F670E7E9A2DCC9F313DBA0B1FDFÁFRICALas protestas y la violencia aceleran la transición en Egipto.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15848602 http://printempsarabe.blog.lemonde.fr/2011/11/23/ahmad-harara-heros-tragique-de-la-revolution-egyptienne/ http://printempsarabe.blog.lemonde.fr/2011/11/22/ce-que-la-place-tahrir-veut/ http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/45398123/ns/world_news-mideast_n_africa/#.TszDBHKwA90 http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-egypt-street-cop-20111123,0,5218854.storyhttp://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-11/23/content_14149626.htm http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/23/world/middleeast/egypts-cabinet-offers-to-quit-as-activists-urge-wider-protests.html?_r=1&ref=world&gwh=FAFB4F2ED0D8667242D11DA56225420E http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/22/world/africa/egypt-protests/index.html?hpt=wo_c1 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/22/actualidad/1321991775_513676.html http://blogs.elpais.com/aguas-internacionales/2011/11/tahrir-2-ya-no-compra-promesas.html http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/22/actualidad/1321956370_052101.html http://www.lemonde.fr/tunisie/article/2011/11/22/ben-jaafar-elu-president-de-l-assemblee-constituante-tunisienne_1607747_1466522.htmlMarruecos : miles de manifestantes piden en las calles el boicot a las elecciones.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/20/actualidad/1321809192_348786.htmlLibia no entregará a Saif al Islam a La Haya.Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-libya-new-govermmnet-20111123,0,2688168.story http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15847309 http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/810537.html http://www.lemonde.fr/libye/article/2011/11/22/la-libye-devoile-son-nouveau-gouvernement_1607773_1496980.html http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2011-11/23/content_14147504.htm http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/23/world/africa/libyas-interim-premier-appoints-militia-leader-to-cabinet.html?ref=world&gwh=3F3DE5BBED98C4DD29506A54DB186626 http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/22/world/africa/libya-icc/index.html?hpt=wo_c2Azania, verdadero objetivo de Kenia en Somalia.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2011/11/22/actualidad/1321958191_945005.htmlOTRAS NOTICIASVolatilidad en los mercados ante la creciente incertidumbre.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1425675-volatilidad-en-los-mercados-ante-la-creciente-incertidumbre#comentar "El Universal" presenta su portal dedicado al cambio climático.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/coberturas/cobertura3.html"The Economist" presenta su informe semanal: "Business this week".Para más información: http://www.economist.com/node/21538805
The GSRE 1.0 dataset is based on recently released historical documents from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and improves the coverage and accuracy of state budget data for most authoritarian regimes and some democracies since the end of World War II. The GSRE dataset includes 39 unique indicators covering major aspects of state finance for 161 countries between 1946 and 2006.
Please consult the GSRE website at https://sites.google.com/a/thomaserichter.de/gsre/ for further changes and updates.
AMÉRICA LATINA Brasil admite haber espiado dependencias de la embajada de Estados Unidos. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/05/world/americas/brazil-acknowledges-spying-on-diplomats-from-us.html?ref=worldhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-24828668http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/05/world/americas/brazil-spying/index.html?hpt=wo_c2http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/11/04/actualidad/1383574787_015627.htmlhttp://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2013/impreso/brasil-tambien-ha-espiado-revela-diario-84751.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/ultimas_noticias/2013/11/131105_ultnot_brasil_espionaje_ministro_wbm.shtml Según sondeos Bachelet ganaría en primera vuelta. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1633786-bachelet-ganaria-en-primera-vuelta Incendio presuntamente intencional daña sede de Bachelet en Chile. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/incendio-presuntamente-intencional-dana-sede-de-michelle-bachelet-en-chile_13160872-4 Los Zelaya buscan volver al poder en Honduras. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1635144-los-zelaya-buscan-volver-al-poder-en-honduras Elecciones en Argentina: Kirchner derrotada en las legislativas. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/elecciones-en-argentina_13145902-4http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/perfil-del-poltico-argentino-sergio-massa_13153376-4 Gobierno argentino encuentra documentos secretos de la dictadura militar. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/05/world/americas/argentina-dictatorship-files/index.htmlhttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/11/05/actualidad/1383624001_706481.htmlhttp://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/governo-argentino-encontra-documentos-secretos-da-ditadura-militar-10686218#ixzz2joShCyyF Sismo de 6,5 grados sacude centro de Chile. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/sismo-de-65-grados-en-chile_13153716-4 Diversos medios analizan las nuevas rutas de la cocaína de America Latina. Para más información:http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2013/11/05/en-amerique-latine-les-nouvelles-routes-de-la-cocaine_3508494_3222.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-24800089 Accidente de avión en Bolivia deja ocho muertos y 10 heridos. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/accidente-de-avin-en-bolivia-deja-ocho-muertos-y-10-heridos_13159103-4 Ocho países realizan el mayor ejercicio militar aéreo conjunto en Latinoamérica. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/11/05/actualidad/1383609280_789526.html Ley de medios, un golpe a grupo argentino Clarín. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/ley-de-medios-un-golpe-a-grupo-clarn_13149960-4 Ex presidente de Perú reta a Ollanta a debate. Para más información:http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2013/reta-ex-presidente-de-peru-a-ollanta-a-debate-963273.html Cuba prohíbe cines privados y venta de artículos importados. Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-24790569http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/cuba-prohbe-cines-3d-privados-y-venta-de-artculos-importados_13157084-4 Guatemala pierde interés en integrarse a Petrocaribe. Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/ultimas_noticias/2013/11/131105_ultnot_guatemala_retira_petrocaribe_jgc.shtml México: miles de personas celebraron el Día de los Muertos. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1635005-dia-de-los-muertos Maduro decreta el "Día de la Lealtad y el Amor al Comandante Supremo". Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/venezuela-celebrara-el-dia-de-la-lealtad-y-el-amor-al-comandante-hugo-chavez_13160847-4 Venezuela introducirá nuevo tipo de cambio para turistas. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1634235-venezuela-introducira-nuevo-tipo-de-cambio-para-turistas Nicolás Maduro y la militarización de la sociedad venezolana. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/nicols-maduro-y-la-militarizacin-de-la-sociedad-venezolana_13156470-4 Diversos miedos crecen respecto a capacidad de Brasil de hospedar el próximo Mundial de Fútbol. Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24828804 16 personas han muerto por dengue en Nicaragua en este año. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/16-muertos-por-dengue-en-nicaragua_13157378-4 13 muertos deja enfrentamiento en Matamoros- México. Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-24803143 Guerrilla colombiana libera rehén estadounidense Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/27/world/americas/colombia-farc-american-hostage-released/index.html Andrés Oppenheimer analiza crecimeinto latinoamericano. Para más información:http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/11/02/3725607/andres-oppenheimer-world-ranking.html ESTADOS UNIDOS /CANADÁ Las elecciones parciales en EE UU señalan el camino a la Casa Blanca. Para más información:http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2013/11/05/a-new-york-une-revanche-sur-les-riches-avec-bill-de-blasio_3508302_3222.htmlhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1635688-nueva-york-elige-nuevo-alcalde-tras-la-era-giuliani-bloomberghttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/los-neoyorquinos-acuden-a-las-urnas-para-elegir-un-nuevo-alcalde_13160877-4http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-24813179http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/eleicoes-de-nova-york-poem-fim-era-bloomberg-10687146#ixzz2joSYWLJm http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/11/05/actualidad/1383677774_704970.htmlhttp://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21588913-young-recall-clinton-boom-not-scandals-clinton-effect El espionaje de Estados Unidos y la agencia NSA sigue generando tensión internacional. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1634977-la-espia-del-siglo-la-nsa-la-agencia-que-todo-lo-puede-y-todo-lo-vehttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/espionaje-en-estados-unidos-john-kerry-dice-que-el-pas-se-sobrepas_13154238-4 Obama continúa luchando para implementar una reforma en el sistema de salud. Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-24824653 Obama impulsa reforma migratoria ante empresarios. Para más información:http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2013/obama-impulsa-reforma-migratoria-ante-empresarios-963220.html Caos y muerte en el aeropuerto de Los Ángeles por atacante solitario. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1634906-detalles-siniestros-del-tiroteo-en-el-aeropuerto-de-los-angeleshttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/evacuan-el-aeropuerto-de-los-ngeles-tras-un-tiroteo_13154760-4 Hallan muerto al autor de disparos en centro comercial de Nueva Jersey. Para más información:http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/atirador-achado-morto-apos-disparar-em-shopping-de-nova-jersey-10687415#ixzz2joSdm0KI http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1635543-encontraron-muerto-al-tirador-de-nueva-jersey-detras-del-shopping-donde-actuohttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/atacante-se-suicida-tras-abrir-fuego-en-centro-comercial-de-nueva-jersey-eeuu_13160298-4 Guantánamo le cuesta a Estados Unidos 200 millones de dólares al año. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/11/05/actualidad/1383672584_280295.html EUROPA El nacionalismo, la xenofobia y cuestiones migratorias siguen siendo el centro de discusiones en Europa. Para más información:http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/11/04/21303956-thousands-of-russian-nationalist-marchers-raise-specter-of-anti-immigrant-violence?litehttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/11/03/actualidad/1383507169_514239.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/05/world/europe/russia-nationalists-press-anti-immigrant-agenda.html?ref=world&gwh=A1E63C4610173C0114D1DC8933FD4D60http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/25/world/europe/europe-migration-lampedusa/index.htmlhttp://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/jovens-voltam-as-ruas-da-franca-para-protestar-contra-deportacoes-10691363#ixzz2joUI5dwO Berlín convoca al embajador británico por espionaje. Para más información:http://www.lemonde.fr/technologies/article/2013/11/05/les-grandes-oreilles-britanniques-en-plein-c-ur-de-berli_3508112_651865.htmlhttp://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/embaixada-britanica-em-berlim-teria-sido-usada-para-espionagem-diz-independent-10689217#ixzz2joUDLPDN http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/11/05/actualidad/1383665180_886243.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2013/11/05/world/europe/germany-uk-spy-report/index.html?hpt=ieu_c1 Un fuerte temporal azotó el norte de Europa y dejó por lo menos diez muertos Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1633430-un-fuerte-temporal-azoto-el-norte-de-europa-y-dejo-por-lo-menos-diez-muertoshttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/temporal-al-norte-de-europa_13146984-4}http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/29/world/europe/europe-severe-weather/index.html Asesinadas a cuchilladas tres personas en el secuestro de un autobús en Noruega. Para más información:http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/11/04/21308934-three-killed-in-norway-bus-attack?litehttp://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/tres-pessoas-morrem-em-sequestro-de-onibus-na-noruega-10682646#ixzz2joUKrwMp http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24824069http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/11/05/actualidad/1383606597_727668.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/05/world/europe/norway.html?ref=world&gwh=C4E420C2A5F8E1A70185F1DDB4DDD8AB La violencia en la zona serbia aplasta el proceso de pacificación de Kosovo. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/11/04/actualidad/1383558828_534421.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/05/world/europe/violence-mars-election-in-kosovo.html?ref=world&gwh=4F5028F6061EA83EFAA63CC3341D932F La Unión Europea retoma el diálogo de adhesión con Turquía tras años de bloqueo. Para más información:http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/11/05/actualidad/1383672260_160362.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24825002 Diversos medios analizan perspectivas económicas de la Unión Europea. Para más información:http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2013-11/05/content_17083716.htmhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/06/business/eu-predicts-anemic-growth-and-high-unemployment-in-2014.html?ref=world&gwh=EEBF2AAAE54EA8AEEB44B2816F9BC94Chttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1634353-el-desempleo-en-la-eurozona-bate-un-nuevo-recordhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-24817818 En Ginebra diplomáticos trabajan, sin resultados alentadores, para lograr un acuerdo de paz en Siria. Para más información:http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2013-11/06/content_17083814.htmhttp://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/06/world/middleeast/syria.html?ref=world Miles de cuerpos son encontrados en fosa común en Bosnia. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/01/world/europe/bosnia-mass-grave/index.html Policía alemana recupera 1.500 obras de arte robadas por los nazis. Para más información:http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/11/05/21318847-nazi-art-trove-in-german-apartment-includes-previously-unknown-matisse?litehttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24818541http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1635322-hallan-arte-saqueado-por-los-nazis-valuado-en-us-1350-milloneshttp://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-germany-nazi-art-20131105,0,4039020.story#axzz2joJTEsVh Integrante de Pussy Riot es transferida a cárcel en Siberia. Para más información:http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/integrante-do-pussy-riot-transferida-para-siberia-10693915#ixzz2joU9cuSt Francia recibe cuerpos de los periodistas franceses asesinados en Mali. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/05/world/africa/france-mali-journalists-killed/index.html?hpt=wo_c2http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-24815614 "CNN" analiza nueva regulación del accionar de la prensa en Reino Unido. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/31/world/europe/uk-press-regulation-reaction/index.html Masiva protesta en Madrid por el fallo que liberó a dos etarras Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1633062-masiva-protesta-en-madrid-por-el-fallo-que-libero-a-dos-etarras Snowden trabajará en una de las principales páginas web de Rusia. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/snowden-trabajar-en-una-web-de-rusia_13152559-4 ASIA- PACÍFICO/ MEDIO ORIENTE "El Tiempo" de Colombia publica desgarrador articulo que cuenta el drama de las niñas novias de Pakistán. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/nias-de-cinco-aos-en-pakistn-que-estan-casadas_13144836-4 Según la ONU el 40% de la población siria necesita ayuda humanitaria. Para más información:http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-syria-humanitarian-crisis-20131105,0,3474610.story#axzz2joJTEsVhhttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/11/05/actualidad/1383645001_000170.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2013/10/31/world/meast/syria-chemical-weapons-opcw/index.htmlhttp://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/onu-40-da-populacao-siria-precisam-de-ajuda-humanitaria-10683911#ixzz2joVz9Zqc http://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-iran-us-20131105,0,2110637.story#axzz2joJTEsVhhttp://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/11/05/21315471-nine-million-syrians-need-humanitarian-aid-due-to-war-un?lite Al menos 40 muertos, incluidos siete niños, deja coche bomba en Siria- Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/atentado-en-mezquita-de-damasco-en-sirira_13144675-4 El hambre como arma: la nueva táctica del régimen sirio para ganar la guerra. Para más información:http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1634045-el-hambre-como-arma-la-nueva-tactica-del-regimen-sirio-para-ganar-la-guerra Diplomáticos no logran poner fecha para realizar una nueva conferencia de paz para Siria. Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-24827718http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2013/siria-sin-acuerdo-de-paz-este-anio-onu-963251.htmlhttp://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/conferencia-de-paz-sobre-siria-adiada-10692998#ixzz2joVspJ98 http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/05/world/middleeast/while-few-seem-eager-to-talk-peace-in-syria-un-mediator-wont-stop.html?ref=world Siria destruye instalaciones de producción de armas químicas. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/armas-qumicas-en-siria_13152535-4http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1634347-siria-destruyo-sus-instalaciones-de-produccion-de-armas-quimicas Muerte del jefe de talibanes dicen que no afectará el proceso de paz en Pakistán. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/01/world/asia/pakistan-violence/index.htmlhttp://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/muerte-de-talibn-afecto-proceso-de-paz-en-pakistn_13156855-4http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1634761-en-una-ofensiva-con-un-drone-muere-el-lider-taliban-en-paquistanhttp://www.cnn.com/2013/11/04/world/asia/afghanistan-karzai-pakistan-taliban/index.html?hpt=ias_c2 Condenados a muerte 152 acusados por los motines en Bangladesh en 2009. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/06/world/asia/152-soldiers-given-death-penalty-over-revolt-in-bangladesh.html?ref=worldhttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/11/05/actualidad/1383650531_119779.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2013/11/05/world/asia/bangladesh-soldiers-death-sentence/index.html?hpt=ias_c1http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24817887 India lanza su primera nave exploratoria a Marte. Para más información:http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2013-11/06/content_17083798.htmhttp://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2013/11/05/world/asia/ap-as-india-mars-mission.html?ref=worldhttp://www.cnn.com/2013/11/04/world/asia/india-mars-orbiter/index.html?hpt=wo_c2http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-24729073http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-india-launch-mars-mission-20131104,0,3566545.story#axzz2joJTEsVh No hay signos de un proceso de pacificación en Irak. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/04/world/meast/iraq-violence/index.htmlhttp://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/28/21139521-war-weary-iraqis-scared-to-leave-homes-as-violence-reaches-levels-not-seen-since-2008?lite Riad arresta a miles de inmigrantes irregulares tras el fin de la amnistía. Para más información:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24810033http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/11/05/actualidad/1383663779_618475.html Kerry visita Arabia Saudita. Para más información:http://www.latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-us-saudi-rift-kerry-visit-20131104,0,6904287.story#axzz2joJTEsVh Gobierno chino detiene a cinco individuos por ataque en la plaza Tiananmen. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/30/world/asia/china---tiananmen---arrests/index.htmlhttp://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/10/30/21246103-five-arrested-over-tiananmen-square-terrorist-attack-chinese-authorities-say?litehttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1633422-un-raro-incidente-en-la-plaza-tiananmen-dejo-5-muertos Kerry intenta promover diálogo de paz entre palestinos e israelíes. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/06/world/middleeast/kerry-in-mideast-tries-to-prod-israeli-palestinian-talks.html?ref=world Terremoto de magnitud 5.0 sacude a Tokio. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/03/world/asia/japan-earthquake/index.html Inundaciones dejan decenas de muertos al este de India. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/26/world/asia/india-floods/index.html Irán ahorca a 16 presuntos rebeldes tras la muerte de 17 policías. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/irn-ahorca-a-presuntos-rebeldes-tras-la-muerte-de-policas_13144300-4 Irán y un posible acuerdo sobre su plan nuclear. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/06/world/middleeast/iran-says-nuclear-deal-is-possible-this-week.html?ref=world ÁFRICA Morsi desafía a los militares en Egipto. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/05/world/middleeast/egypt.html?ref=worldhttp://www.economist.com/blogs/pomegranate/2013/11/muhammad-morsi-trialhttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/11/04/actualidad/1383532972_935193.htmlhttp://www.eluniversal.com.mx/el-mundo/2013/impreso/mursi-desafia-al-gobierno-egipcio-8220soy-el-presidente-legitimo-8221-dice-84753.htmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-24801882http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/presidente-deposto-do-egito-passa-noite-em-hospital-de-prisao-10691700#ixzz2joWgr6Zu http://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-egypt-morsi-trial-20131105,0,4510471.story#axzz2joJTEsVhhttp://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/11/02/21288349-two-french-journalists-kidnapped-and-killed-in-northern-mali?chromedomain=worldblog Los rebeldes del M23 anuncian el fin de su lucha armada en el Congo. Para más información:http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/06/world/africa/m23-rebels-democratic-republic-congo.html?ref=world&_r=0http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/11/05/actualidad/1383642968_110904.htmlhttp://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/11/05/en-rdc-le-gouvernement-annonce-une-victoire-totale-sur-le-m23_3508091_3212.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/2013/11/05/world/africa/congo-rebels-disarm/index.html?hpt=iaf_c1http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/derrotado-grupo-rebelde-encerra-insurgencia-no-leste-do-congo-1-10691553#ixzz2joWjLxAmhttp://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/11/05/21318777-congos-defeated-m23-rebels-announce-disarmament-seek-diplomacy?lite Asesinados a tiros dos periodistas franceses secuestrados en el norte de Mali. Para más información:http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/11/05/mali-trois-des-ravisseurs-des-journalistes-de-rfi-identifies_3508659_3212.htmlhttp://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/11/02/actualidad/1383414551_209423.htmlhttp://www.lanacion.com.ar/1634953-secuestran-y-asesinan-a-dos-periodistas-franceses-en-mali "China Daily" analiza el rol de Ruanda conectando a África Para más información:http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2013-11/04/content_17077864.htm Túnez extiende su estado de emergencia. Para más información:http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/03/world/africa/tunisia-unrest/index.html?hpt=iaf_c2 28 muertos luego de estampida en Nigeria. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/muertos-en-estampida-en-nigeria_13157615-4 OTRAS NOTICIAS Cada año más de 800.000 personas son víctimas del tráfico humano. Para más información:http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/cada-ao-ms-de-800000-personas-son-vctimas-del-trfico-humano-en-el-mundo_13132278-4 "The Economist" presenta su informe semanal: "Business this week". Para más información:http://www.economist.com/news/world-week/21588134-business-week
This is introduction, acknowledgements and dedication part from Scholarship and Teaching on Languages for Specific Purposes. Scholarship and Teaching on Languages for Specific Purposes is a collection of select peer-reviewed scholarly articles developed from concepts and positions presented and generated at the First International Symposium on Languages for Specific Purposes (ISLSP) celebrated on April 13–14, 2012 at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (United States). The symposium gathered 31 speakers and over 80 participants from all over the nation and other parts of the world. Each speaker brought a unique perspective of Languages for Specific Purposes (LSP), which was essential to pave the way to enlightening, fruitful and engaging discussions throughout the 2–day symposium. ; To cite the digital version, add its Reference URL (found by following the link in the header above the digital file). ; Scholarship and Teaching on Languages for Specific Purposes Lourdes Sánchez-López Editor UAB Digital Collections Birmingham, Alabama, March 2013 Scholarship and Teaching on Languages for Specific Purposes ISBN 978-0-9860107-0-5 UAB Digital Collections Mervyn H. Sterne Library University of Alabama at Birmingham March 2013 Editor Lourdes Sánchez-López University of Alabama at Birmingham Production Manager Jennifer Brady University of Denver Editorial Board Julia S. Austin University of Alabama at Birmingham William C. Carter University of Alabama at Birmingham Alicia Cipria University of Alabama Sheri Spaine Long United States Air Force Academy / University of Alabama at Birmingham Jesús López-Peláez Casellas University of Jaén Clara Mojica Díaz Tennessee State University Malinda Blair O'Leary University of Alabama at Birmingham Susan Spezzini University of Alabama at Birmingham Rebekah Ranew Trinh University of Alabama at Birmingham Lamia Ben Youssef Zayzafoon University of Alabama at Birmingham Table of Contents INTRODUCTION, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS & DEDICATION Lourdes Sánchez-López . x ON LSP THEORETICAL MODELS Continuing Theoretical Cartography in the LSP Era Michael S. Doyle . 2 ON THE CURRENT STATE OF LSP Language for Specific Purposes Job Announcements from the Modern Language Association Job List: A Multiyear Analysis Mary K. Long . 15 ON LSP PROGRAMS AND PRACTICES Spanish for the Professions: Program Design and Assessment Carmen King de Ramírez and Barbara A. Lafford . 31 Spanish for Professional Purposes: An Overview of the Curriculum in the Tri-state Region Leticia Barajas . 42 The Spanish for Specific Purposes Certificate (SSPC) Program: Meeting the Professional Needs of Students and Community Lourdes Sánchez López . 62 French for International Conference at The University of the West Indies, Mona: Total Simulation in the Teaching of Languages for Specific Purposes Marie-José Nzengou-Tayo and Gilles Lubeth . 73 ON THE UNEXPECTED LSP PARTICIPANT The Unexpected Spanish for Specific Purposes Professor: A Tale of Two Institutions Sheri Spaine Long . 88 A Doctoral Student's Shift from Modified AAVE to Academic English: Evidence for Establishing a Language for Specific Purposes Focus Susan Spezzini, Lisa A. La Cross, and Julia Austin . 99 ON METHODOLOGY Teaching Business Chinese: The Importance and Methodology of Building Pragmatic Competence and the Case of Buhaoyisi Yahui Anita Huang . 110 Enhancing Language for Specific Purposes through Interactive Peer-to-Peer Oral Techniques Susan Seay, Susan Spezzini, and Julia S. Austin . 121 Orchestrating a Job Search Clinic for International Scholars and Students Kristi Shaw-Saleh, Susan Olmstead-Wang, Helen Dolive, and Kent D. Hamilton . 129 iii Scholarship and Teaching on Languages for Specific Purposes (2013) Contributors Julia S. Austin, PhD is Director of Educational Services for the University of Alabama at Birmingham Graduate School and has been a university administrator and a teacher educator for 25 years. She has been continuously funded since 2000 by the US Department of Education National Professional Development grant program to prepare teachers to effectively serve English learners. Dr. Austin has published and presented on effective teaching practices, academic writing, authorship ethics, and collaborative mentoring. Leticia Barajas, MA is a doctoral student in the Second Language Studies program at the University of Cincinnati where she also teaches academic ESL. Her areas of expertise are Language for Specific Purposes, Spanish for professional purposes and Academic English. Prior to this position, she worked for the Spanish department at the University of Kentucky and developed curriculum for Business Spanish and Spanish for Law Enforcement courses in Mexico and Spain. Leticia Barajas is currently writing her dissertation on Spanish for professionals and working on teacher training for professional development. Jennifer Brady, PhD is the Assistant Managing Editor of Hispania and Lecturer of Spanish at the University of Denver where she teaches all levels of Spanish language and Iberian Culture and Civilization. Her research interests include masculinities in contemporary Spain, doubling and repetition in contemporary Spanish fiction, and modification and illness in physical bodies in Spanish fiction. William C. Carter, PhD is Distinguished Professor Emeritus at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. His biography Marcel Proust: A Life was selected as a ―Notable Book of 2000‖ by The New York Times, a ―Best Book of 2000‖ by the Los Angeles Times, and a ―Best Biography of 2000‖ by the Sunday Times of London. Harold Bloom has written that Carter's book, Proust in Love is ―a marvelous study of the comic splendor of the great novelist's of human eros and its discontents.‖ He co-produced the award-winning documentary Marcel Proust: A Writer's Life. His website is http://www.proust-ink.com. Alicia Cipria, PhD is Associate Professor of Spanish Linguistics at the University of Alabama. Her research interests include theoretical and applied issues of tense, aspect and aktionsart (Spanish and English), teaching methodology, Spanish/English contrasts, translation, and contact of Spanish with other non-indigenous languages. Helen Dolive, MA is the International Student Advisor at Birmingham-Southern College. She previously worked as an Immigration Advisor at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB). She holds Master's degrees in English from Xavier University (Cincinnati, Ohio) and in teaching English as a Second Language from UAB. A British citizen, Helen completed her undergraduate studies in English at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth, during which she lived for a year in Belgium. Her research interests include ESL for adult learners, English for Specific Purposes, intercultural communication, sociolinguistics, and orienting new international students. iv Scholarship and Teaching on Languages for Specific Purposes (2013) Michael S. Doyle, PhD is Professor of Spanish and Latin American Studies at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, where he chaired the Department of Foreign Languages from 1993–1999. He has also served as Graduate Coordinator (1999–2003 and 2005–2009), Director of the Certificate in Business Spanish (1998–) and Director of the undergraduate and graduate Certificates in Translating and Translation Studies (2000–2012). He received his PhD in Spanish from the University of Virginia in 1981. His specialties are Spanish for Business and International Trade, Business Language Studies (BLS), Translating and Translation Studies (TTS: language, discourse, and transcultural studies, literary and non-literary), and 20th-century Spanish literature. Kent D. Hamilton, MA Ed is a graduate of the University of Alabama at Birmingham Master of Education in ESL/EFL and is currently working southern Thailand at The Prince of Songkla University, Trang Campus as a lecturer in the Department of Languages. His teaching responsibilities include classes in listening, speaking, grammar, and assisting with professional and staff development classes to improve their English language proficiency. Before entering the field of education he had successful careers as a firefighter/paramedic and as an attorney Yahui Anita Huang, PhD is Assistant Professor in the Modern Foreign Languages Department at Birmingham-Southern College. Her principal academic specializations include Chinese linguistics, Semantics, Pragmatics, and language pedagogy. Her research includes the form and meaning of Chinese conditionals with a focus on quantification, presupposition, modal implications, pronoun occurrence as compared to English ―whatever‖ and ―whoever‖ sentences, and teaching Chinese for specific purposes with an emphasis on building students' pragmatic competence. She teaches Chinese language, culture, and linguistics courses and works as an interpreter and translator. Carmen King de Ramírez, PhD is Clinical Assistant Professor and coordinator for the Spanish for the Professions Program at Arizona State University. She teaches Latin American Culture for the Professions, Spanish in US Communities, Introduction to Interpretation, and Spanish for Health Care. Dr. King de Ramírez specializes in community based learning and professional internship placements for undergraduate students. Her current research interests include LSP programs, heritage learners, digital pedagogy, and service learning/community engagement. Lisa A. La Cross, MA is currently in a doctoral program in Linguistics at the University of Georgia. Her recent research has examined the sociolinguistic implications of the use of the schwa in French and the syntactical structure of African American Vernacular English (AAVE). Her future projects include investigating the role of the social variety of French and AAVE within education. Before moving to Georgia, she taught English as a Second Language (ESL) in an urban, public, high school in Birmingham, Alabama. Barbara A. Lafford, PhD is Professor of Spanish linguistics and heads the Faculty of Languages and Cultures for the School of Letters and Sciences at Arizona State University (ASU). Since arriving at ASU she has published in the areas of Spanish sociolinguistics, second language acquisition, Spanish applied linguistics, computer assisted language learning, v Scholarship and Teaching on Languages for Specific Purposes (2013) and Languages for Specific Purposes (LSP), including the 2012 focus issue on LSP that she edited for the Modern Language Journal. In her administrative role, she has overseen the creation of a Spanish for the professions minor/certificate focused on programs offered on the ASU Downtown Phoenix campus (e.g., education, healthcare, criminology, social work, journalism). Mary K. Long, PhD is Senior Instructor and Director of the International Spanish for the Professions major in the Department of Spanish and Portuguese at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Her publications in this area focus on cross-cultural communication and cultural sustainability in the global setting as well as LSP program development. She has also published about the role of artists and writers in the nation-building projects of 20th- and 21st-century Mexico and is co-editor of the volume Mexico Reading the United States (Vanderbilt UP, 2009), which explores the dialogue between the two countries from the Mexican point of view. Sheri Spaine Long, PhD is Professor of Spanish at the University of Alabama at Birmingham and is serving as Distinguished Visiting Professor at the US Air Force Academy (2011–2013). At the US Air Force Academy, she is engaged in research focused on the integration of foreign languages and leadership development. From 2006–2009, Long served as Editor-in-Chief of Foreign Language Annals, the journal of the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL). In 2010, she began serving as Editor of the American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese's (AATSP) Hispania, where she is in her second term as Editor. Long's publications include eight coauthored college textbooks as well as over 40 scholarly articles, notes and reviews on literature, culture, and language education. Jesús López-Peláez Casellas, PhD is Professor of English and Comparative literatures at the Universidad de Jaén (Spain). Currently Research Project Manager, he coordinates an international team of scholars studying the construction of English early modern identities. He has published internationally on early modern English and Spanish literature, popular culture, Joyce, and comparative literature, and he has been visiting fellow at Michigan State University, Arizona State University, and Penn State University, and at the Folger Shakespeare Library. Between 1999 and 2006 he was Vice-rector for International Relations at his university. He is a Corresponding Member of the North American Academy of the Spanish Language (ANLE). Gilles Lubeth, MA is a native of Guadeloupe and a graduate from the Université Antilles-Guyane (UAG). He worked at The University of the West Indies, Mona as Assistant Lecturer from 2005–2010 where he taught French language from beginners to advanced level. At the advanced level, he taught the Translation into French module and French for International Conferences. He was the advisor for exchange students going to the UAG and International Relations students participating in the joint-degree program with University of Bordeaux IV-IEP/UWI/UAG. He is currently based in New York. Clara Mojica-Díaz, PhD is Professor of Spanish at Tennessee State University. She has taught elementary through advanced Spanish, foreign language teaching methods, culture and civilization, and studies in linguistics. She has presented papers on discourse analysis, cultural vi Scholarship and Teaching on Languages for Specific Purposes (2013) issues, second language acquisition, and language teaching at national and international conferences. She is co-author of the Pueblos Activities Manual (Cengage) and various professional articles. Marie-José Nzengou-Tayo, PhD is Associate Professor of French at The University of the West Indies, Mona and the former Chair of the Department of Modern Languages and Literatures (2005–2011). She is specialized in the Teaching of French as a Foreign Language and a researcher in the literature and culture of the French-speaking Caribbean. In 2004, she received the French order of the Palmes académiques (Chevalier). She is a past President of the Haitian Studies Association (2005–2006), and the recipient of the 2013 Principal's Award for Research for her article ―The Haitian Short-Story: An Overview‖ (Journal of Caribbean Literatures, 6[3]). Malinda Blair O'Leary, PhD is Assistant Professor of Spanish. At UAB, Dr. O'Leary teaches introductory, intermediate and advanced courses on Spanish language and cultures as well as Spanish for the professions and business. In addition to teaching, Dr. O'Leary serves as the foreign language student teacher supervisor in the UAB School of Education. Susan Olmstead-Wang, PhD an applied linguist, focuses on teaching English as an International Language and developing curriculum for English for Specific Purposes at the School of Education, University of Alabama, Birmingham. She is also adjunct instructor at the Paul J. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, DC, where she teaches advanced graduate writing. Research interests include Mandarin-English code-switching and English for Medical Purposes especially in Chinese-speaking environments. Rebekah Ranew Trinh, MA is the Director of the English Language Institute at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, where she is responsible for development and oversight of the Intensive English Program and English for occupational purposes programs, advocacy for issues related to second language learners at the university, and management of ESOL teachers. She holds an MA-TESOL from the University of Alabama. Lourdes Sánchez-López, PhD is Associate Professor of Spanish and founding director of the Spanish for Specific Purposes Certificate program at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. She directed the First International Symposium on Languages for Specific Purposes (UAB, 2012). Her scholarship/teaching areas include: Spanish for specific purposes; second language acquisition; applied linguistics; cultural studies and foreign language pedagogy. She is co-author of a Spanish intermediate textbook and student activity manual and has published articles in various scholarly national and international journals. She is the editor of Scholarship and Teaching on Languages for Specific Purposes (2013). Susan Seay, PhD is Assistant Professor in the School of Education, Department of Curriculum and Instruction, at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Her main research interests are reading instruction and English as a Second Language. She has been a classroom teacher, a reading program director, an ESL Resource teacher, and a family literacy teacher, and she has been involved in the field of education for over 25 years. vii Scholarship and Teaching on Languages for Specific Purposes (2013) Kristi L. Shaw-Saleh, PhD is Assistant Professor in the Master's Program for Teaching English as a Second Language at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Her current research interests include identity, gender, and hybridity among distinct immigrant populations in Alabama in an effort to develop best practices for teaching English to these diverse groups of adult language learners. She is especially interested in the effectiveness of interactive teaching strategies and in addressing the need to identify and meet the goals of adult English language learners through job clinics and community-based programs. Susan Spezzini, PhD is Associate Professor of English Language Learner Education in the Department of Curriculum and Instruction at the School of Education, University of Alabama at Birmingham. She is also program director of Secondary Education and the principal investigator on two federal grants for training classroom teachers in the effective instruction of English learners. Her main research interest is promoting the scholarship of teaching and learning through collaborative mentoring, visual analogies, and oral interactive techniques. Before coming to UAB, Dr. Spezzini had been a teacher educator in Paraguay for over 20 years. Lamia Ben Youssef Zayzafoon, PhD is Assistant Professor in the Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. She holds a BA in English from L'École Normale Supérieure of Sousse in Tunisia and an MA and a PhD in English from Michigan State University. Her areas of specialization are post-coloniality, feminist theory and African literature with a specific emphasis on the Maghreb. Her current research projects are: the Holocaust in North African Literature and Tunisian women during WWII. She is author of The Production of the Muslim Woman: Negotiating Text, History and Ideology (Lexington Press, 2005). viii Scholarship and Teaching on Languages for Specific Purposes (2013) INTRODUCTION, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, AND DEDICATION ix Scholarship and Teaching on Languages for Specific Purposes (2013) Introduction Scholarship and Teaching on Languages for Specific Purposes is a collection of select peer-reviewed scholarly articles developed from concepts and positions presented and generated at the First International Symposium on Languages for Specific Purposes (ISLSP) celebrated on April 13–14, 2012 at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (United States). The symposium gathered 31 speakers and over 80 participants from all over the nation and other parts of the world. Each speaker brought a unique perspective of Languages for Specific Purposes (LSP), which was essential to pave the way to enlightening, fruitful and engaging discussions throughout the 2–day symposium. The keynote address was given by Business Language Studies and Translation Studies renowned scholar Dr. Michael S. Doyle (Theory and Method in Translation Studies (TS) and Business Language Studies (BLS): Illustrative Considerations for LSP in American Higher Education and Beyond). He accurately approached the need for a stronger research agenda in LSP studies (particularly in non-English LSP) while strengthening pedagogies and resources. Because of the discussions that occurred during and after the symposium, participants concluded the first ISLSP may have prepared a solid ground for something larger, collaborative and long-lasting, with strong national and international repercussions. To contextualize the current state of LSP it is helpful to briefly examine its history. The teaching of LSP originated in the 1960s in the United Kingdom and was established as a discipline as English for Specific Purposes (ESP). A landmark publication, The Linguistic Sciences and Language Teaching (Halliday, McIntosh & Strevens, 1964), called for linguists to carry out research based on samples of language in specific contexts to develop appropriate pedagogical materials. Moreover, the focus of the teaching of LSP has as its primary goal to fulfill the communicative needs of a specific group of people (Hutchinson & Waters, 1987). Since the 1960s, slow but steady global attention has been given to LSP in both research and the development of pedagogical materials for the classroom for the professions, such as medicine, law, sciences, social work, business, translation and interpretation, among others. However, the specificity of these types of programs does not root in the teaching of a specific language, neither it is determined by the specific professional context. The specificity of LSP depends largely on the students themselves. Courses vary depending on the students taking them, that is, a needs assessment analysis prior to the course development is paramount. Generally, these courses were—and today still are—geared towards adult learners (both traditional or regular/degree seeking and non-traditional or non-regular/non-degree seeking learners) preferably with a basic language background, who clearly necessitate the language in specific professional or academic contexts. Courses are usually developed according to: 1) the student level of communicative competence, 2) the urgency to use the language in a professional context, 3) the specific characteristics of such context, and 4) the design of a program that promotes the learning process (Hutchinson & Waters, 1987). For all these reasons, LSP represents the teaching of languages according to learners' characteristics, and its teaching is closely determined by these elements. Typically, the offering of LSP programs is mostly limited to adult or college students for two reasons: 1) the students must have a basic general target language background, and 2) the university system allows for more flexibility or experimentation in course offerings than elementary and secondary education (Almagro, 1997). Therefore, LSP is not considered a discipline separate from the teaching and learning of languages for general purposes, but x Scholarship and Teaching on Languages for Specific Purposes (2013) rather, it is as an extension (Sánchez-López, 2006). Most researchers agree that LSP pedagogy has been consistently learner-centered, long before the term became main-streamed in pedagogy. By definition, LSP ―attempts to give learners access to the language they want and need to accomplish their own academic or occupational goals.‖ (Belcher, 2004, p. 166) Overall, LSP has a number of weaknesses in terms of institutional recognition and teacher training (Swales, 2000). There are still few professorial positions worldwide in LSP. The majority of the instruction is delivered by adjunct instructors. However, this situation is slowly changing, and, most likely, will continue to change, as the demand for languages for the professions increases in light of recent data (―Foreign Languages and Higher Education: New Structures for a Changed World,‖ 2007; ―Report to the Teagle Foundation on the Undergraduate Major in Language and Literature,‖ 2009). Scholarship and Teaching on Languages for Specific Purposes is divided into five sections. In the first section, On LSP Theoretical Models, Michael S. Doyle expands on his previous work of constructing a theoretical framework in Translation Studies (TS) and Business Language Studies (BLS). He calls for the development of non-English LSP theory development working groups to further develop theoretical cartographies and narratives, which the gathering era of global LSP will require in American higher education. He urges non-English LSP scholars and educators to expand on their work in theory and methodology to devise a general non-English Language for Specific Purposes theoretical model, essential to the maturation of the field. The second section, On the Current State of LSP, Mary K. Long presents findings on a recent study of the LSP job announcements posted in the MLA Foreign Language Job Information List. Her study seeks to find answers to the new state of the foreign language profession in light of above mentioned MLA report ―Foreign Languages and Higher Education: New Structures for a Changed World‖ (2007), which recommended that the language disciplines decenter away from literature and design programs that are more directly related to everyday life and applied contexts. Long's article sheds new light on foreign language professions by presenting a multiyear analysis of LSP MLA job announcements. The third section, On LSP Programs and Practices, includes four chapters, each depicting an LSP program or curriculum currently offered in higher education. Carmen King de Ramírez and Barbara Lafford provide an overview of the Spanish for the Professions minor/certificate (SPMC) program at Arizona State University (ASU) and discuss student-learning outcomes. Leticia Barajas's study investigates whether the field of LSP has been influential in conceptualizing the design of the college-level Spanish curriculum in her region of Kentucky, Indiana and Ohio. Her findings shed light on the principal factors that affect the development of Spanish for Specific Purposes in the overall Spanish curriculum. Lourdes Sánchez-López describes the history, design, implementation and outcomes of the Spanish for Specific Purposes Certificate (SSPC) program at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. The goal of the SSPC is to fulfill the needs of its dynamic millennial students and of the increasingly diversified community. In the last chapter of this section, Marie-José Nzengou-Tayo and Gilles Lubeth present a general overview of the LSP context in the Caribbean region—as well as recent additions to the French for Specific Purposes courses offered at the University of The West Indies, Mona—the methodological choices made, and their implication for assessment. Section four, On the Unexpected LSP Participant, explores two different cases of unexpected LSP participants. Sheri Spaine Long chronicles her transition from professor of xi Scholarship and Teaching on Languages for Specific Purposes (2013) Spanish for general purposes (SGP) at the University of Alabama at Birmingham to professor of Spanish for Specific Purposes (SSP, with a military emphasis) at the United States Air Force Academy. Her reflection documents two transitions that mirror current curricular changes in undergraduate language programs in the United States. She urges foreign language educators to find common ground between SSP and SGP as they design hybrid programs to respond to multiple demands of today's Spanish learners. Susan Spezzini, Lisa A. La Cross and Julia S. Austin explore how a Language for Specific Purposes focus in a presentation skills course helped a doctoral student from a disadvantaged urban background shift from modified African-American Vernacular English to Academic English when giving course presentations. Their study suggests establishing an LSP focus when teaching, assessing, and researching speakers of social varieties who are learning to use an oral academic variety in a professional context. Finally, section five, On Methodology, presents three different methodological aspects of LSP. Yahui Anita Huang discusses issues in teaching Chinese to American college students for professional purposes while focusing on building students' pragmatic competence. Using the multivalent buhaoyisi as an example, Huang argues that in order to use and understand the language appropriately in a business context, pragmatic classroom-based methodology must be woven into the curriculum. Susan Seay, Susan Spezzini and Julia S. Austin propose Peer-to-peer, Oral Techniques (IPOTs) as a methodological tool to help learners understand and use language specific to a certain field or occupation. In their article, these authors describe several IPOTs that can help instructors implement effective strategies to promote interaction in the LSP classroom. And finally, Kristi Shaw-Saleh, Susan Olmstead-Wang, Helen Dolive and Kent D. Hamilton explore how a job search clinic for international scholars and students was conceptualized and implemented at their university. The goal was to help international students in negotiating a job search process in the context of the United States. Scholarship and Teaching on Languages for Specific Purposes intends be an important contribution to the LSP field. It is our wish to follow the path of previous, well-respected collections in the disciple (Lafford, 2012; Long, 2010). Collaboration, integration and unity are key elements for the success of our growing field. If this volume helps generate debate, thoughts, new ideas and fresh energy in the LSP profession, it will have achieved its purpose. Lourdes Sánchez-López Editor xii Scholarship and Teaching on Languages for Specific Purposes (2013) References Almagro, A. (1997). La relación entre el inglés para fines específicos y su proceso instructivo en la etapa de estudios universitarios. The Grove: Working Papers on English Studies, 4, 39–52. Belcher, D. (2004). Trends in teaching English for specific purposes. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 24, 165–186. Doyle, Michael S. (2012). Theory and method in Translation Studies (TS) and Business Language Studies (BLS): Illustrative considerations for LSP in American higher education and beyond. Keynote address given at the First International Symposium on Languages for Specific Purposes (April 13–14, University of Alabama at Birmingham). First International Symposium on Languages for Specific Purposes. Retrieved from http://www.uab.edu/languages/symposium Foreign languages and higher education: New structures for a changed world. (2007) MLA ad hoc committee on foreign languages. Profession published by the Modern Language Association. (May). Retrieved from http://www.mla.org/flreport Halliday, M., McIntosh, A. & Strevens P. O. (1964). The linguistic sciences and language teaching. London: Longman. Hutchinson, T. & Waters, A. (1987). English for Specific Purposes: A learning centered approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lafford, B., ed. (2012). Languages for specific purposes in the United States in a global context: Update on Grosse and Voght (1991) [Special Issue]. The Modern Language Journal, 96, 1–226. Long, S. S., ed. (2010). Curricular changes for Spanish and Portuguese in a new era. Hispania, 93(1), 66–143. Report to the Teagle Foundation on the Undergraduate Major in Language and Literature. (2009). MLA ad hoc committee on foreign languages. Profession published by the Modern Language Association (February). Retrieved from http://www.mla.org/pdf/2008_mla_whitepaper.pdf Sánchez-López, L. (2006). ―La implementación de nuevos programas de español para fines específicos en la universidad estadounidense‖. Revista ALDEEU (Asociación de Licenciados y Doctores en Estados Unidos), 11, University of Jaén Publications. Swales, J. M. (2000). Languages for Specific Purposes. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 20, 59–76. Acknowledgments First, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to all the colleagues who participated in the First International Symposium on Languages for Specific Purposes and who contributed to its success. I am deeply grateful to the UAB Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures, and to the following individuals for their critical role in the planning and implementation of the symposium: Sheri Spaine Long, John K. Moore, Brock Cochran, Malinda O'Leary, Yahui Anita Huang, Rebekah Ranew Trinh, Susan Spezzini, Mike Perez, Niki Cochran and Karl McClure. I am also indebted to the symposium sponsors: UAB xiii Scholarship and Teaching on Languages for Specific Purposes (2013) Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures, College of Arts and Sciences; UAB Office for Research and Economic Development; UAB School of Medicine; Cengage Learning; and Pearson. I would also like to thank the colleagues who conducted the peer anonymous reviews of the proposals and to the colleagues who served as session chairs. Last but not least, I will always be indebted to Michael S. Doyle for promptly accepting my invitation to give the keynote address and for honoring us with his presence, expertise and leadership. I have no doubt that he was the perfect keynote speaker for the inaugural ISLSP. I am profoundly grateful to the Editorial Board of Scholarship and Learning on Languages for Specific Purposes who served as anonymous readers and offered invaluable feedback: Julia S. Austin, William C. Carter, Alicia Cipria, Jesús López-Peláez Casellas, Clara Mojica Díaz, Malinda Blair O'Leary, Sheri Spaine Long, Susan Spezzini, Rebekah Ranew Trinh, and Lamia Ben Youssef Zayzafoon. I would like to offer my sincere appreciation to Jennifer Brady for her exceptional and upmost professional work as production manager of this anthology. I would like to thank the UAB Mervyn H. Sterne Library for publishing this volume and to Heather Martin, who facilitated the process. And finally, I am most appreciative of my family, who is the source of my energy and motivation every day. Dedication This book is dedicated to all Languages for Specific Purposes educators and researchers around the world. xiv Scholarship and Teaching on Languages for Specific Purposes (2013)
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Mary Elizabeth King on Civil Action for Social Change, the Transnational Women's Movement, and the Arab Awakening
Nonviolent resistance remains by and large a marginal topic to IR. Yet it constitutes an influential idea among idealist social movements and non-Western populations alike, one that has moved to the center stage in recent events in the Middle East. In this Talk, Mary King—who has spent over 40 years promoting nonviolence—elaborates on, amongst others, the women's movement, nonviolence, and civil action more broadly.
Print version of this Talk (pdf)
What is, according to you, the central challenge or principal debate in International Relations? And what is your position regarding this challenge/in this debate?
The field of International Relations is different from Peace and Conflict Studies; it has essentially to do with relationships between states and developed after World War I. In the 1920s, the big debates concerned whether international cooperation was possible, and the diplomatic elite were very different from diplomats today. The roots of Peace and Conflict Studies go back much further. By the late 1800s peace studies already existed in the Scandinavian countries. Studies of industrial strikes in the United States were added by the 1930s, and the field had spread to Europe by the 1940s. Peace and Conflict Studies had firmly cohered by the 1980s, and soon encircled the globe. Broad in spectrum and inherently multi-disciplinary, it is not possible to walk through one portal to enter the field.
To me it is also important that Peace and Conflict studies is not wary of asking the bigger hypothetical questions such as 'Can we built a better world?' 'How do we do a better job at resolving conflicts before they become destructive?' 'How do we create more peaceable societies?' If we do not pose these questions, we are unlikely to find the answers. Some political scientists say that they do not wish to privilege either violence or nonviolent action. I am not in that category, trying not to privilege violence or nonviolent action. The field of peace and conflict studies is value-laden in its pursuit of more peaceable societies. We need more knowledge and study of how conflicts can be addressed without violence, including to the eventual benefit of all the parties and the larger society. When in 1964 Martin Luther King Jr received the Nobel Peace Prize, his remarks in Oslo that December tied the nonviolent struggle in the United States to the whole planet's need for disarmament. He said that the most exceptional characteristic of the civil rights movement was the direct participation of masses of people in it. King's remarks in Oslo were also his toughest call for the use of nonviolent resistance on issues other than racial injustice. International nonviolent action, he said, could be utilized to let global leaders know that beyond racial and economic justice, individuals across the world were concerned about world peace:
I venture to suggest [above all] . . . that . . . nonviolence become immediately a subject for study and for serious experimentation in every field of human conflict, by no means excluding relations between nations . . . which [ultimately] make war. . . .
In the half century since King made his address in Oslo, nonviolent civil resistance has not been allocated even a tiny fraction of the resources for study that have been dedicated to the fields of democratization, development, the environment, human rights, and aspects of national security. Many, many questions beg for research, including intensive interrogation of failures. Among the new global developments with which to be reckoned is the enlarging role of non-state, non-governmental organizations as intermediaries, leading dialogue groups comprised of adversaries discussing disputatious issues and working 'hands-on' to intervene directly in local disputes. The role of the churches and laity in ending Mozambique's civil war comes to mind. One challenge within IR is how to become more flexible in viewing the world, in which the nation state cannot control social change, and with the widening of civil space.
How did you arrive at where you currently are in your thinking about IR?
I came from a family that was deeply engaged with social issues. My father was the eighth Methodist minister in six generations from North Carolina and Virginia. The Methodist church in both Britain and the United States has a history of concern for social responsibility ― a topic of constant discussion in my home as a child and young adult. When four African American students began the southern student sit-in movement in Greensboro, North Carolina, on February 1, 1960, by sitting-in at a Woolworth's lunch counter, I was still in college. Although I am white, I began to think about how to join the young black people who were intentionally violating the laws of racial segregation by conducting sit-ins at lunch counters across the South. Soon more white people, very like me, were joining them, and the sweep of student sit-ins had become truly inter-racial. The sit-in movement is what provided the regional base for what would become a mass U.S. civil rights movement, with tens of thousands of participants, defined by the necessity for fierce nonviolent discipline. So, coming from a home where social issues were regularly discussed it was almost natural for me to become engaged in the civil rights movement. And I have remained engaged with such issues for the rest of my life, while widening my aperture. Today I work on a host of questions related to conflict, building peace, gender, the combined field of gender and peace-building, and nonviolent or civil resistance. At a very young age, I had started thinking as a citizen of the world and watching what was happening worldwide, rather than merely in the United States.
Martin Luther King (to whom I am not related) would become one of history's most influential agents for propagating knowledge of the potential for constructive social change without resorting to violence. He was the most significant exemplar for what we simply called The Movement. Yet the movement had two southern organizations: in 1957 after the success of the Montgomery bus boycott of 1955-56, he created, along with others, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). The other organization was the one for which I worked for four years: the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC, pron. snick), which initially came into being literally to coordinate among the leaders of the student sit-in campaigns. As the sit-ins spread across the South, 70,000 black, and, increasingly, white, students participated. By the end of 1960, 3,600 would have been jailed.
SCLC and SNCC worked together but had different emphases: one of our emphases in SNCC was on eliciting leadership representing the voices of those who had been ignored in the past. We identified many women with remarkable leadership skills and sought to strengthen them. We wanted to build institutions that would make it easier for poor black southern communities to become independent and move out of the 'serfdom' in which they lived. Thus we put less prominence on large demonstrations, which SCLC often emphasized. Rather, we stressed the building of alternative (or parallel) institutions, including voter registration, alternative political parties, cooperatives, and credit unions.
What would a student need (dispositions, skills) to become a specialist in IR or understand the world in a global way?
One requirement is a subject that has virtually disappeared from the schools in the United States: the field of geography. It used to be taught on every level starting in kindergarten, but has now been melded into a mélange called 'social sciences'. You would be surprised at how much ignorance exists and how it affects effectiveness. I served for years on the board of directors of an esteemed international non-profit private voluntary organization and recall a secretary who thought that Africa was a country. This is not simplistic — if you don't know the names of continents, countries, regions, and the basic political and economic history, it's much harder to think critically about the world. Secondly, students need to possess an attitude of reciprocity and mutuality. No perfect country exists; there is no nirvana without intractable problems in our world. No society, for example, has solved the serious problems of gender inequity that impede all spheres of life. Every society has predicaments and problems that need to be addressed, necessitating a constant process. So we each need to stand on a platform in which every nation can improve the preservation of the natural environment, the way it monitors and protects human rights, transitions to democratic systems, the priority it places on the empowerment of women, and so on. On this platform, concepts of inferior and superior are of little value.
You also co-authored an article in 1965 about the role of women and how working in a political movement for equality (the civil rights movement) has affected your perceptions of the relationship between men and women. Do you believe that the involvement of women in the Civil Rights Movement brought more gender equality in the USA and do you think involvement in Nonviolent Resistance movements in other places in the world could start such a process?
From within the heart of the civil rights movement I wrote an article with Casey Hayden, with whom I worked in Atlanta in the main office of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and in the Mississippi Freedom Summer of 1964. Casey (Sandra Cason) and I were deeply engaged in a series of conversations involving other women in SNCC about what we had been learning, the lessons from our work aiding poor black people to organize, and asking ourselves whether our insights from being part of SNCC could be applied to other forms of injustice, such as inequality for women. The document reflected our growth and enlarging understanding of how to mobilize communities, how to strategize, how to achieve lasting change, and was a manifestation of this expanding awareness. The title was Sex and Caste – A Kind of Memo. Caste is an ancient Hindu demarcation that not only determines an individual's social standing on the basis of the group into which one is born, but also differentiates and assigns occupational and economic roles. It cannot be changed. Casey and I thought of caste as comparable to the sex of one's birth. Women endure many forms of prejudice, bias, discrimination, and cruelty merely because they are female. For these reasons we chose the term caste. We sent our memorandum to forty women working in local peace and civil rights movements of the United States. The anecdotal evidence is strong that it inspired other women, who started coming together collectively to work on their own self-emancipation in 'consciousness raising groups.' It had appeared in Liberation magazine of the War Resisters League in April 1966 and was a catalyst in spurring the U.S. women's movement; indeed, the consciousness-raising groups fuelled the women's movement in the United States during the 1970s. Historians reflect that the article provided tinder for what is now called 'second-wave feminism', and the 1965 original is anthologized as one of the generative documents of twentieth-century gender studies.
We have to remember that women's organizations are nothing new, but have been poorly documented in history and that much information has been lost. Women have been prime actors for nonviolent social change in many parts of the world for a long time. New Zealand was the first country to grant women the vote, in 1893, after decades of organizing. Other countries followed: China, Iran, later the United States and the United Kingdom. Women in Japan would not vote until 1946. IR expert Fred Halliday contends that one of the most remarkable transnational movements of the modern age was the women's suffrage movement. The movement to enfranchise women may have been the biggest transnational nonviolent movement of human history. It was a significant historical phenomenon that throws light on how it is sometimes easier to bring about social and political change now than in the past.
Nonviolent movements seem to be growing around the world, and not only in dictatorships but also in democracies in Europe and the USA. How do you explain this?
I think that the sharing of knowledge is the answer to this question. Study in the field of nonviolent action has accelerated since the 1970s, often done by people who are both practitioners and scholars, as am I. Organizing nonviolently for social justice is not new, but the knowledge that has consolidated during the last 40 years has been major. The works of Gene Sharp have been significant, widely translated, and are accessible through the Albert EinsteinInstitution. His first major work, The Politics of Nonviolent Action, in three volumes, came out in 1973 (Boston: Porter Sargent Publishers). It marked the development of a new understanding of how this form of cooperative action works, the conditions under which it can be optimized, and the ways in which one can improve effectiveness. Sharp's works have since been translated into more than 40 languages. Also valuable are the works and translations of dozens of other scholars, who often stand on his shoulders. Today there may be 200 scholar-activists in this field worldwide, with a great deal of work now underway in related fields. Knowledge is being shared not only through translated works, but also through organizations and their training programs, such as the War Resisters League International and the International Fellowship of Reconciliation, each of which came into existence in Britain around World War I. Both are still running seminars, training programs, and distributing books. George Lakey's Training for Change and a new database at Swarthmore College that he has developed are sharing knowledge. So is the International Center for Nonviolent Conflict, which has built a dramatic record in a short time, having run more than 400 seminars and workshops in more than 139 countries. The three major films that ICNC has produced (for example, 'Bringing Down a Dictator'), have been translated into 20 languages and been publicly broadcast to more than 20 million viewers.
After its success, leaders from the Serbian youth movement Otpor! (Resistance) that in 2000 disintegrated the Slobodan Milošević dictatorship formed a network of activists, including experienced veterans from civil-resistance struggles in South Africa, the Philippines, Lebanon, Georgia, and Ukraine to share their experiences with other movements. People can now more easily find knowledge on the World Wide Web, often in their original language or a second language, and they can find networks that share information about their experiences, including their successes and failures.
I reject the Twitter explanation for the increased use of nonviolent action or civil resistance, because all nonviolent movements appropriate the most advanced technologies available. This pattern is related to the importance of communications for their basic success. Nonviolent mobilizations must be very shrewd in putting across their purpose, their goals and objectives, preparing slogans, and conveying information on how people can become involved. In order for people to join—bearing in mind that numbers are important for success—it is critically important to make clear what goal(s) you are seeking and why you have elected to work with civil resistance. This decision is sometimes hard to understand for people who have suffered great cruelty from their opponent, and who maintain 'but we are the victims', making the sharing of the logic of the technique of civil resistance vital.
What would you say is the importance of Nonviolent Resistance Studies in the field of International Relations and Political Science? And how do you counter those who argue that some forms of structural domination are only ended through violence?
In this case we can look at the evidence and stay away from arguing beliefs or ideology. Thanks to political scientists Erica Chenoweth and Maria J. Stephan, who have produced a discerning work, Why Civil Resistance Works (2011), we now have empirical evidence that removes this question from mystery. They studied 323 violent and nonviolent movements that occurred between 1900 and 2006 and found that the nonviolent campaigns were twice as effective as violent struggles in achieving their goals, while incurring fewer costly fatalities and producing much greater prospects for democratic outcomes after the end of the campaign. They found only one area in which violent movements have been more successful, and that is in secessions. So, we don't need to dwell in the realm of opinion, but can read their findings. Other scholars have written about the same issues using qualitative data ― by doing interviews, developing case studies, and analytical descriptions ― but the work of Chenoweth and Stephan is quantitative, putting it in a different category due to its research methods.
Reading 'Why Civil Resistance Works' it caught my eye that nonviolent campaigns seem less successful in the Middle East and Asia than in other regions. Did you see that also in your own work? And if so, do you have an explanation for it? In addition, do you believe that the 'Arab Awakening' is a significant turn in history, or did the name arise too quickly and will it remain a temporary popular phrase?
What I encountered in working in the Middle East was an expectation, notion, or hope among people that a great leader would save them and bring them out of darkness. This belief seems often to have kept the populace in a state of passivity. Sometimes such pervasive theories of leadership are deeply elitist: one must be well educated to be a leader, one must be born into that role, one must be male, or the first son, etc. Such concepts of leadership discourage the taking of independent civil action.
I think that the Arab Awakening has been significant for a number of reasons. As one example, there had been a widespread (and patronizing) assumption in the United States and the West that the Arabs were not interested in democracy. We have heard from various sources including Israel for decades that Arabs are not attracted to democracy. As a matter of fact, I think that all people want a voice. All human beings wish to be listened to and to be able to express their hopes and aspirations. This is a fundamental basis of democracy and widely applicable, although democracy may take different forms. The Arab Awakening rebutted this arrogant assumption. This does not mean that the course will be easy. One of my Egyptian colleagues said to me, 'We have had dictatorship since 1952, but after Tahir Square you expect us to build a perfect democracy in 52 weeks! It cannot happen!'
Among the first concessions sought by the 2011 Arab revolts was rejection of the right of a dictator's sons to succeed him. The passing of power from father to son has been a characteristic of patriarchal societies, in the Arab world and elsewhere. Anthropologist John Borneman notes, 'The public renunciation of the son's claim to inherit the father's power definitively ends the specific Arab model of succession that has been incorporated into state dictatorships among tribal authorities'. In Tunisia to Egypt, Libya, Syria, and Yemen (not all of which are successes), such movements have sought to end the presumption of father-son inheritance of rule.
I believe that we are seeing the start of a broad democratization process in the Middle East, not its end. The learning and preparation that had been occurring in Egypt prior to Tahrir Square was extensive. Workshops had been underway for 10 to 15 years before people filled Tahrir Square. Women bloggers had for years been monitoring torture and sharing news from outside. One woman blogger translated a comic book into Arabic about the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr, from the 1960s, and had it distributed all over Cairo. Labor unions had been very active. According to historian Joel Beinin, from 1998 to 2010 some 3 million laborers took part in 3,500 to 4,000 strikes, sit-ins, demonstrations, and other actions, realizing more than 600 collective labor actions per year in 2007 and 2008. In the years immediately before the revolution, these actions became more coherent. Wael Ghonim, a 30-year-old Google executive, set up a Facebook page and used Google technologies to share ideas and knowledge about what ordinary people can do. The April 6 Youth Movement, set up in 2008, three years before Tahrir, sent one of its members to Belgrade in 2009, to learn how Otpor! had galvanized the bringing down of Milošević. He returned to Cairo with materials and films, lessons from other nonviolent movements, and workshop materials. This all goes back to the sharing of knowledge. Yet the Egyptians have now come to the point where they must assume responsibility and accountability for the whole and make difficult decisions for their society. It will be a long and difficult process. And it raises the question of what kind of help from outside is essential.
Why do you raise this point; do you think outside help is essential?
I know from having studied a large number of nonviolent movements in different parts of the globe that the sharing of lessons laterally among mobilizations and nonviolent struggles is highly effective. African American leaders were traveling by steamer ship from 1919 until the outbreak of World War II to the Indian subcontinent, to learn from Gandhi and the Indian independence struggles. This great interchange between black leaders in the United States and the Gandhian activists, as the historian Sudarshan Kapur shows in Raising Up A Prophet (1992), was critically significant in the solidification of consensus in the U.S. black community on nonviolent means. I have written about how the knowledge moved from East to West in my book Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King. Scholarly exchanges and interchanges among activists from other struggles are both potentiating and illuminating. Most observers fail to see that nonviolent mobilizations often have very deep roots involving the lateral sharing of experience and know-how.
You have written a book about the first uprising, or 'intifada', in the Occupied Palestinian Territories between 1987 and 1993. The second Palestinian uprising did not contain much nonviolent tactics though. Do you foresee another uprising soon? If not, why? If yes, do you think that Nonviolent Actions will play again an important role in that uprising, or is it more likely to turn violent?
Intifada is linguistically a nonviolent word: It means shaking off and has no violent implication whatsoever. (This word is utterly inappropriate for what happened in the so-called Second Intifada, although it started out as a nonviolent endeavor.) In the 1987 intifada, virtually the entire Palestinian society living under Israel's military occupation unified itself with remarkable cohesion on the use of nonviolent tools. The first intifada (1987-1993, especially 1987-1990) benefited from several forces at work in the 1970s and 1980s, about which I write in A Quiet Revolution (2007), one of which came from Palestinian activist intellectuals working with Israeli groups, who wanted to end occupation for their own reasons. These Israeli peace activists thought the occupation degraded them, made them less than human, in addition to oppressing Palestinians. The second so-called intifada was not a 'shaking off'. For the first time, it bade attacks against the Israeli settlements, which had not occurred before.
Let me put it this way: in virtually every situation, there is some potential for human beings to take upon themselves their own liberation through nonviolent action. We may expect that such potential is dormant and waiting for enactment. Disciplined nonviolent action is underway in a number of village-based struggles against the separation barrier in the West Bank right now, in which Israeli allies are among the action takers. As another example, the Freedom Theatre in Jenin is using Freedom Rides, a concept adopted from the U.S. southern Civil Rights Movement, riding buses to the South Hebron Hills villages and along the way using drama, music, and giant puppets as a way of stimulating debate about Israeli occupation. Bloggers and writers share their experiences (see e.g. this post by Nathan Schneider). For the first time, as we speak, the Freedom Bus will travel from the West Bank to make two performances in historic pre-1948 Palestine (Israel), in Haifa and the Golan, in June 2013. A Palestinian 'Empty Stomach' campaign, led by Palestinian political prisoners in Israel, has had some success in using hunger strikes to press Israeli officials for certain demands. With the purpose of prevailing upon Israel to conform to international resolutions pertaining to the Palestinians and to end its military occupation, Palestinian civic organizations in 2005 launched a Boycott, Divestment Sanctions (BDS) campaign, drawing upon the notable example of third-party sanctions applied in the anti-apartheid struggle in South Africa. The Palestinian Authority has called for non-state observer status at the United Nations and supports the boycotting of products from Israeli settlements resistance.
More and more Palestinians are now saying, 'We must fight for our rights with nonviolent resistance'. Many Israelis are also deeply concerned about the future of their country. I recently got an email from an Israeli who was deeply affected by reading Quiet Revolution and has started to reach out to Palestinians and take actions to bring to light the injustices that he perceives. Tremendous debate is underway about new techniques, novel processes, and how to shift gears to more effective mutual action. The United States government and its people continue to pay for Israel's occupation and militarization, which has abetted the continuation of conflict, although it is often done in the name of peace! The United States has not incentivized the building of peace. It has done almost nothing to help the construction of institutions that could assist coexistence.
Also, it is very important for the entire world, including Israelis, to recognize intentional nonviolent action when they see it. The Israeli government persisted in denying that the 1987 Intifada was nonviolent, when the Palestinian populace had been maintaining extraordinary nonviolent discipline for nearly three years, despite harsh reprisals. Israeli officials continued to call it 'unending war' and 'the seventh war'. Indeed, it was not perfect nonviolent discipline, but enough that was indicative of a change in political thinking among the people in the Palestinian areas that could have been built upon. Although some Israeli social scientists accurately perceived the sea change in Palestinian political thought about what methods to use in seeking statehood and the lifting of the military occupation, the government of Israel generally did not seize upon such popularly enacted nonviolent discipline to push for progress. My sources for Quiet Revolution include interviews with Israelis, such as the former Chief Psychologist of the Israel Defense Force and IDF spokesperson.
Your latest book is about the transitions of the Eastern European countries from being under Soviet rule to independent democracies. You chose to illustrate these transitions with New York Times articles. Why did you chose this approach; do you think the NY Times was important as a media agency in any way or is there another reason?
There is another reason: The New York Times and CQ Press approached me and asked if I would write a reference book on the nonviolent revolutions of the Eastern bloc, using articles from the Times that I would choose upon which to hang the garments of the story. The point of the work is to help particularly young people learn that they can study history by studying newspapers. The book gives life to the old adage that newspaper reporters write the first draft of history. In the book's treatment of these nonviolent revolutions, I chose ten Times articles for each of the major ten struggles that are addressed, adding my historical analysis to complete the saga for each country. It had been difficult for Times reporters to get into Poland, for example, in the late 1970s and the crucial year of 1980; they sometimes risked their lives. Yet it's in the nature of journalism that their on-the-spot reportage needed additional analysis; furthermore newspaper accounts often stress description.
After the 1968 Prague Spring, when the Soviet Union sent 750,000 troops and tanks from five Warsaw Pact countries into Czechoslovakia, crushing that revolt, across Eastern Europe a tremendous amount of fervent work got underway by small non-official committees, often below the radar of the communist party states. This included samizdat (Russian for 'self published'), works not published by the state publishing machinery, underground publications that were promoting new ways of thinking about how to address their dilemma. Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Lithuania were the most active in the Eastern bloc with their major but covert samizdat. As it was illegal in Czechoslovakia for a citizen to own a photocopy machine, 'books' were published by using ten pieces of onion-skin paper interspersed with carbon sheets, 'publishing' each page by typing it and its copies on a manual typewriter.
The entire phenomenon of micro-committees, flying universities, samizdat boutiques, seminars, drama with hidden meanings, underground journals, and rock groups transmitting messages eluded outside observers, who were not thinking about what the people could do for themselves. The economists and Kremlinologists who were observing the Eastern bloc did not discern what the playwrights, small committees of activist intellectuals, local movements, labor unions, academicians, and church groups were undertaking. They did not imagine the scope or scale of what the people were doing for themselves with utmost self-reliance. In essence, no one saw these nonviolent revolutions coming, with the exception of the rare onlooker, such as the historian Timothy Garton Ash. Even today the peaceful transitions to democracy of the Eastern bloc are sometimes explained by saying 'Gorby did it', when Gorbachev did not come to power until 1985. Or by attributing the alterations to Reagan's going to Berlin and telling Gorbachov to tear down the Wall.
By December 1981, Poland was under martial law, which unleashed a high degree of underground organizing, countless organizations of self-help, reimagining of the society, and the publishing of samizdat. Still, even so, some people believe that this sweeping political change was top-down. It is indisputably true that nonviolent action usually interacts with other forces and forms of power, but I would say that we need this book for its accessible substantiation of historically significant independent nonviolent citizen action as a critical element in the collapse of the Soviet Union.
You also mention Al Jazeera as an important media agency in your most recent blog post at 'Waging Nonviolence'. You wrote that Al Jazeera has an important role in influencing global affairs. Could you explain why? And more generally, how important is diversification of media for international politics?
Al Jazeera generally has not been taking the point of view of the official organs of governments of Arab countries and has usually not reported news from ministries of information. Additionally, it often carries reports from local correspondents in the country at issue. If you are following a report from Gaza, it is likely to be a Gazan journalist who is transmitting to Al Jazeera. If it is a report from Egypt, it may well be an Egyptian correspondent. Al Jazeera also has made a point of reporting news from Israel, and utilizing reporters in Tel Aviv, which may be a significant development. Certainly in the 2010-2011 Arab Awakening, it made a huge difference that reports were coming directly from the action takers rather than the official news outlets of Arab governments.
President George W. Bush did not want Al Jazeera to come to the United States, because he considered it too anti-American. I remember reading at the time that the first thing that Gen. Colin Powell said to Al Jazeera was 'can you tone it down a little?' when asking why Al Jazeera couldn't be less anti-American in its news. To me, either you support free speech or you do not; it's free or it's not: You can't have a little bit of control and a little bit of freedom.
Until recently, Al Jazeera was not easily available in the United States, except in Brattleboro, Vermont; Washington, DC; and a few other places. It was difficult to get it straight in the United States. I mounted a special satellite so that I could get Al Jazeera more freely. This does not speak well for freedom of the press in the United States. This may change with the advent of Al Jazeera America, although we still do not know to what degree it will represent an editorially free press.
News agencies are important for civil-resistance movements for major reasons. Popular mobilizations need good communications internally and externally! People need to understand clearly what is the purpose and strategy and to be part of the making of decisions. Learning also crucially needs to take place inside the movement: activist intellectuals often act as interpreters, framing issues anew, suggesting that an old grievance is now actionable. No one expects the butcher, the baker, or the candlestick maker, and everyone else in the movement to read history and theory.
When news media are interested and following a popular movement of civil resistance, they can enhance the spread of knowledge. In the U.S. civil rights movement, the Southern white-owned newspapers considered the deaths of black persons or atrocities against African Americans as not being newsworthy. There was basically a 'black-out', if you want to call it that, with no pun. Yet dreadful things were happening while we were trying to mobilize, organize, and get out the word. So SNCC created its own media, and Julian Bond and others and I set up nationwide alternative outlets. Eventually we had 12 photographers across the South. This is very much like what the people of the Eastern bloc did with samizdat — sharing and disseminating papers, articles, chapters, even whole books. The media can offer a tremendous boost, but sometimes you have to create your own.
Last question. You combine scholarship with activism. How do you reconcile the academic claim for 'neutrality' with the emancipatory goals of activism?
To be frank, I am not searching for neutrality in my research. Rather, I strive for accuracy, careful transcription, and scrupulous gathering of evidence. I believe that this is how we can become more effective in working for justice, environmental protection, sustainable development, pursuing human rights, or seeking gender equity as critical tools to build more peaceable societies. Where possible I search for empirical data. So much has been ignored, for example, with regards to the effects of gendered injustice. I do not seek neutrality on this matter, but strong evidence. For example, since the 1970s, experts have known that the education of women has profoundly beneficial and measurable effects across entire societies, benefiting men, children, and women. Data from Kerala, India; Sri Lanka; and elsewhere has shown that when you educate women the entire society is uplifted and that all indicators shift positively. The problem is that the data have for decades been ignored or trivialized. We need much more than neutrality. We need to interpret evidence and data clearly to make them compelling and harder to ignore. I think that we can do this with methodologies that are uncompromisingly scrupulous.
Mary Elizabeth King is professor of peace and conflict studies at the UN-affiliated University for Peace and and is Scholar-in-Residence in the School of International Service, at the American University in Washington, D.C. She is also a Distinguished Fellow of the Rothermere American Institute at the University of Oxford, in the United Kingdom. Her most recent book is The New York Times on Emerging Democracies in Eastern Europe (Washington, D.C.: Times Reference and CQ Press/Sage, 2009), chronicling the nonviolent transitions that took place in Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, the Baltic states, Serbia, Georgia, and Ukraine in the late 1980s and early 1990s. She is the author of the highly acclaimed A Quiet Revolution: The First Palestinian Intifada and Nonviolent Resistance (New York: Nation Books, 2007; London: Perseus Books, 2008), which examines crucial aspects of the 1987 uprising overlooked or misunderstood by the media, government officials, and academicians.
Related links
King's personal page Read the book edited by King on Peace Research for Africa (UNU, 2007) here (pdf) Read the book by King Teaching Model: Nonviolent Transformation of Conflict (UNU, 2006) here (pdf)
Print version of this Talk (pdf)
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