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In his famous Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance (1955) Hans Baron treated the Dominican political thinker Ptolemy of Lucca (1236-1327) as purely medieval, his ideas totally separate from the doctrine that Baron named civic humanism. However, in an unpublished, & previously-unstudied, manuscript written more than a decade earlier, Baron maintained that Ptolemy's ideology evolved into something quite close to civic humanism. He attempted to prove this through a comparison of early & late work of Ptolemy & through an analysis of Ptolemy's process of composition of his De Regimine Principum. This article analyses Baron's arguments & in general supports them, with some qualifications. Baron's manuscript supports the conclusions previously published by Blythe & is also significant in what it reveals about the intellectual evolution of one of the twentieth century's most significant historians of political thought. Adapted from the source document.

METAPHORS FROM THE TIME OF ANCIENT GREEKS THROUGH THE MIDDLE AGES HAVE LIKENED POLITICS OR SOCIETY TO A LIVING BODY. PREVIOUS THEORY HAS HELD THAT JOHN OF SALISBURY'S "POLICRATICUS" CONTINUES THIS COURSE, ASSIGNING EACH PART OF THE STATE TO A PART OF THE BODY, THUS EMPHASIZING THE IMPORTANCE OF DIFFERENTIATION OF HUMAN TASKS. A HEALTHY STATE MEANS THAT EACH PART OF THE BODY IS PERFORMING ITS ROLE, NOT USURPING TASKS FROM OTHER PARTS OF THE BODY. JOHN OF SALISBURY DOES NOT GO BEYOND THIS, BUT SIMPLY ADDS QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH. THE AUTHOR SETS OUT TO PROVE THAT JOHN OF SALISBURY'S THEORY OWES LITTLE TO THIS IDEA, BUT RATHER THAT HIS APPROACH IS PHYSIOLOGICAL, EMPHASIZING COOPERATION OF BODY PARTS TO ACHIEVE A COMMON AIM. THIS IS A BOLD STEP FORWARD IN MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY.

Exploring the history and theories of political thought of international relations in the seventeenth century, this volume addresses one of the great paradoxes of post-medieval Europe: why instead of bringing peace to a disorganised and violent world, modernity instead produced a seemingly endless string of conflicts and social upheavals?Bringing together political scientists, philosophers, historians of political thought, jurists and scholars of international relations, the collection offers a sophisticated and fresh account of the interactions of law, conflict and the nation state in an earl

"Among medieval Christian societies, Byzantium is unique in preserving the text of a church ritual for 'brother-making' (adelphopoiesis), in which two adult men are pronounced by the prayers of a priest to be 'brothers.' They are expected to remain on friendly terms, and have access to one another's households as quasi-family members. Both the ritual and its application are well attested from the late eighth century to the 15th century and beyond. This phenomenon was at the center of John Boswell's highly controversial and publicized book Same-Sex Unions in Pre-Modern Europe (1994). Although most critics dismissed Boswell's claims that these 'unions' represented church-sanctioned homosexual marriages, his book introduced readers to a poorly-understood Byzantine institution. Claudia Rapp's project will be the first ever book-length study of the ritual brotherhood in medieval Byzantium. Her main objective is to contextualize the tradition in other kinship relationships of Byzantine society and to trace its origins back to early Byzantine monasticism. Rapp will draw on new material on the structure of the ritual and its appearance in the manuscripts to show its proximity to rituals of Christian initiation, such as baptism and entry into the monastic life. She will also consider parallels to male-male relationships in pagan antiquity. Her book will make a timely contribution to an ongoing debate which has lost some of the heat since the aftermath of Boswell's book, but which remains of intrinsic interest to medieval studies, church history and the evolution of social institutions"--Provided by publisher

Survey the world . . . from Ireland to Japan: the medieval town is everywhere. Whether in Europe or Africa, India, the Slav lands or the Far East, no self-respecting country now lacks its examples of civic life during the first fifteen centuries of the Christian era. As a broad cultural phenomenon, the rediscovery of urbanism in this historical period is both ensnaring and liberating at the same time. The snare is the difficulty of knowing when a proposed comparison – whether made between continents, or within a much smaller area – is not the mere imposition upon unfamiliar evidence of a model imported from elsewhere. After years of European insistence on the otherness of the east, it would be ironic if all non-European cultures were now to become absorbed in a single historical framework, constructed upon part of the experience of post-Roman western Europe. And Europe itself, as perhaps does not need to be stressed these days, is bound by no 'natural' unity of experience. On the other hand, a genuinely comparative urban history is liberating. It opens the possibility of deeper knowledge of a particular local society, through research which registers real comparisons yet which is at the same time open to surprise. As Bloch taught, there is more to be learned from distinguishing differences in past cultures than from accumulating similarities. Yet neither of these projects, and in particular the first, can profitably be pursued for long on a narrowly insular front.

AbstractThis essay explores the significance of the Elizabethan house of commons meeting in a converted royal chapel within the Palace of Westminster. In 1548 the dissolved collegiate chapel of St Stephen at Westminster was given over to the exclusive use of the Commons, providing MPs with a dedicated meeting space for the first time. Although a great deal has been written about Elizabethan parliaments, little attention has been paid to the physical spaces within which MPs gathered, debated and legislated. Drawing on parliamentary diaries and exchequer records and informed by digital reconstructions of the Commons chamber modelled by the St Stephen's Chapel project at the University of York, this essay argues for the enduring influence of the architecture and decoration of the medieval chapel on the procedure, culture, ritual, and self‐awareness of the Elizabethan house of commons. Famously likened to a theatre by the MP and writer on parliamentary procedure, John Hooker, the Commons chamber is analysed as a space in which parliamentary speeches were performed and disrupted. The sound of debate is contrasted with other kinds of noise including scoffing and laughter, disruptive coughing, and prayers led by the clerk and the Speaker of the Commons. The iconography of the chamber, including the royal arms above the Speaker's chair and the mace carried by the serjeant‐at‐arms, is interpreted as enabling a culture of counsel and debate as much as an assertion of monarchical power. Evidence is also presented for the Commons chamber as a site of political memory.

The significance of war in the development of the medieval English parliament is well known. The origins of the speakership are located in the context of the Hundred Years War, which began in 1337 and in which the English were still embroiled at the time of the Good Parliament of 1376. It was at this parliament that the Commons first chose a spokesperson, Sir Peter de la Mare, knight of the shire for Herefordshire. This article considers the military careers of de la Mare and his successors to the end of the Hundred Years War in 1453. Did the war have an impact on the choice of Speaker? Was a military man chosen for parliaments where military matters were to be discussed? We know the identity of the Speaker in 53 of the 64 parliaments between 1376 and 1453. Several served more than once, so that we are left with a group of 33 individuals to analyse. An overall trend is discernable. Up to 1407 all known Speakers were belted knights, and most had extensive military experience before they took up office. Only five of the 19 parliaments between 1422 and 1453 had Speakers of knightly rank: otherwise, Speakers with legal and administrative, rather than military, experience were chosen. In the years from 1407 to 1422 the speakership was occupied by a mixture of soldiers and administrators many of whom were closely connected to the royal duchy of Lancaster and to revival of English aggression towards France from 1415 onwards.

Military technology is one of the most important factors affecting the evolution of complex societies. In particular, mounted warfare, the use of horse-riders in military operations, revolutionized war as it spread to different parts of Eurasia and Africa during the Ancient and Medieval eras, and to the Americas during the Early Modern period. Here we use a variety of sources to map this spread.

This essay has to do mainly with the economics of Ibn Khaldūn (1332–1406), historian and statesman of prominent Arab descent and medieval Islam's greatest economist, who spent most of his stormy life in northwest Africa and Egypt, engaged either in scholarly undertakings or in judicial and other governmental activities. His economic opinions, apparently the most advanced of those expressed in medieval Islam, are to be found principally in The Muqaddimah, originally intended as an introduction to his history (Kitāb al-'Ibar) of the Arab and Muslim world and its pre-Islamic antecedents, though finally transformed into an exposition of the sources of historical change at work in that world. The Muqaddimah, initially completed in 1377, continued to be corrected or added to until shortly before the author's death; though manuscript copies were numerous, it was not issued in printed form until in the 1850's.

Joan M. Gero and Margaret W. Conkey (eds), Engendering ArchaeologyW. J. Shells and Diana Wood (eds), Women in the ChurchPenelope D. Johnson, Equal in Monastic Profession, Religious Women in Medieval FranceSally Thompson, Women ReligiousMargaret MacCurtain and Mary O'Dowd (eds), Women in Early Modem Ireland 1500–1800Lawrence Stone, Road to Divorce: England 1530–1987Robert B. Shoemaker, Prosecution and Punishment: Petty Crime and the Law in London and Rural Middlesex, c. 1660–1725Marina Benjamin (ed.), Science and Sensibility, Gender and Scientific Enquiry 1780–1945Sian Reynolds, Britannica's Typesetters: Women Compositors in Edwardian EdinburghEleanor Gordon and Esther Breitenbach (eds), The World is III Divided: Women's Work in Scotland in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth CenturiesLeah Leneman, A Guid Cause. The Women's Suffrage Movement in ScotlandAngela V. John (ed.), Our Mothers'Land. Chapters in Welsh Women's History 1830–1939Harold L. Smith (ed.), British Feminism in the Twentieth CenturyJune E. Hahner, Emancipating the Female Sex: The Struggle for Women's Rights in Brazil, 1850–1940Jane S. Jaquette (ed.), The Women's Movement in Latin America: Feminism and the Transition to DemocracySusan Glenn, Daughters of the Shtetl. Life and Labor in the Immigrant GenerationDavid Tyack and Elizabeth Hansot, Learning Together: A History of Coeducation in American Public SchoolsLynn D. Gordon, Gender and Higher Education in the Progressive EraIleen A. DeVault, Sons and Daughters of Labor: Class and Clerical Work in Turn‐of‐the‐Century PittsburghLisa M. Fine, The Souls of the Skyscraper: Female Clerical Workers in Chicago, 1870–1930Stephen H. Norwood, Labor's Flaming Youth: Telephone Operators and Worker Militancy, 1878–1923Nancy F. Cott (ed.), A Woman Making History. Mary Ritter Beard Through Her LettersJackie Byars, All That Hollywood Allows. Re‐reading Gender Melodrama

В статье подчеркивается, что народы и государственные образования Центральной Азии имели определенную историческую логику и преемственность. Поэтому гибель государства не означала полного исчезновения завоеванных народов, а их опыт транслировался в опыт новых государственных образований. Средневековая монгольская государственность вызревала медленно и постепенно. На основе средневековой модели государственности Центрально-Азиатского ареала было создано мобильное и боеспособное государство монголов, заложены основы будущей монгольской нации, создан единый литературный язык, а их история получила письменное освещение на основе развития письменной культуры. Важным событием мировой истории стало создание империи под эгидой династии потомков основателя Монгольского государства Чингисхана. Значение этого периода всемирной истории до сих пор остается недооцененным, хотя он был продолжением опыта создания других древних и средневековых империй Востока и Запада.The article pointed out that people and states of Central Asia had some historical logic and continuity. Therefore, collapse of a state did not mean a total annihilation of conquered nations; their experience was transferred to the experience of new states. As representatives of a thousand-year nomadic civilization tracing its history from the Huns to the Jurchens, the Mongols were directed by the historical experience of statehood of the early Asian states in their unification and expansionist policy. The medieval Mongolian statehood matured slowly basing on many years of political experience of Central Asian states. Based on the medieval model of statehood of the Central Asian area a mobile and battleworthy Mongolian state was formed, foundations of the future Mongolian nation were laid, common literary language was created and their history received written coverage on the basis of developed writing culture. The article further states that the creation of an empire ruled by the khans of the Genghisid lineage was an important event in the world history. The significance of this period in the world history is still underestimated, though this experience was a continuation of the experience of creating other ancient and medieval empires of East and West.

"This innovative study examines imperialism from a cultural and linguistic perspective, portraying the rise and fall of ancient Greek, Roman, medieval Islamic, modern British, Russian and American empires as a part of the natural life of world civilizations "--Provided by publisher

Using an interdisciplinary and transhistorical framework this book examines the cultural, material, and symbolic articulations of Irish migration relationships from the medieval period through to the contemporary post-Celtic Tiger era. With attention to people's different uses of social space, relationships with and memories of the landscape, as well as their symbolic expressions of diasporic identity, Heritage, Diaspora and the Consumption of Culture examines the different forms of diaspora over time and contributes to contemporary debates on home, foreignness, globalization and consumption.B