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The article deals with the issues concerning Ukraine`s criminal legal policy at the current stage. The author underlines that the policy of crime combating is one of the kinds of any state`s policy. Criminal legal policy is one of the elements of the crime combating state policy and it is criminal legal policy that defines the boundaries of criminal and not criminal. Thus it can be affirmed that criminal law is the result of this policy realization at the certain level. The author comes to the conclusion that criminal legal policy of every state is unique. And this uniqueness is associated with a number of factors, both of relatively static and dynamic character. The so-called static factors that are relatively stable include the certain national historical and cultural traditions of the respective people, the dominating religion, climatic conditions, the main spheres of economy, providing the lion`s share of the gross revenues of state, the state system, the dominant ideology, the geopolitical location of state.The dynamic factors are not stable in their essence, they change situationally, although they can last for a relatively long time, but they can`t lead to the essential, strategic changes in state criminal legal policy. At the same time, depending on their social significance and scale, they can determine certain corrections to criminal legal policy as well, so that it would be wrong to ignore them. If concerning the static factors that influence the formation of Ukraine`s criminal legal policy at the present stage, everything is more or less clear in that respect that they are known, the dynamic factors in their turn require to be defined separately. With the latter factors, which today determine the amendments to the Criminal Code of Ukraine, can be associated the following ones:– the economic and political instability of contemporary society;– military aggression in the East of Ukraine, actual loss of control over the certain territories;– using criminal law as means of struggle with political opponents and political amnesty;– European integration processes taking place in Ukraine, which in its turn requires aligning the legislation with international standards requirements;– case-law of the European Court of Human Rights;– the increase in the level of corruption lawbreakings in different spheres;– the emergence of new or the sufficient increase in social danger of the existing infringements.This is definitely a hardly exhaustive list of dynamic factors, which influence the formation of Ukraine`s contemporary criminal legal policy. After all, it can`t be exhaustive, as far as by their very definition, the dynamic factors are changing. At the same time, it is these factors that are the sufficient circumstances influencing the content of Ukraine`s criminal legal policy, as far as a number of amendments to the Criminal Code of Ukraine are associated with them.Considering the provided analysis of contemporary state of Ukraine`s criminal legal policy, the author substantiates that at present time it can be characterized as the policy of transitional period, influenced mostly by the instable negative factors of both external and internal character. At the same time, the chosen and systematically continued Ukraine`s course towards European integration, broadening international cooperation with foreign experts, creating the really effective commission on reforming criminal legislation provide confidence to conclude that the new Criminal Code of Ukraine will reflect the latest achievements of legal science and will be based on the international standards and stabilizing factors of criminal legal policy of Ukraine as the European State. ; Розглянуто питання, які стосуються особливостей кримінально-правової політики України на сучасному етапі. Наголошено, що одним із видів політики будь-якої держави є політика у сфері боротьби зі злочинністю. Кримінально-правова політика становить один із елементів державної політики протидії злочинності і саме вона визначає межі злочинного та незлочинного. Тож, можна стверджувати, що кримінальний закон є результатом реалізації цієї політики на певному рівні. Зроблено висновок про те, що кримінально-правова полі­тика кожної держави унікальна. І ця унікальність пов'язана з низкою чинників як відносно статичного, так і динамічного характеру. До так званих статичних чинників, які є відносно стабільними, можна віднести певні національні історичні і культурні традиції відповідного народу, домінуючу релігію, кліматичні умови, основні сфери економіки, які забезпечують левову частку валових доходів держави, державний лад, пануючу ідеологію, геополітичне розташування держави.Динамічні чинники не є сталими за своєю суттю, вони змінюються ситуативно, хоча можуть тривати відносно довго, проте вони не можуть призвести до сутнісних, стратегічних змін кримінально-правової політики держави. Водночас залежно від соціального значення і масштабу вони також можуть обумовлювати певні корективи у кримінально-правовій політиці і не враховувати їх було би неправильно.Зважаючи на проведений аналіз сучасного стану кримінально-правової політики України, зроблено висновок про те, що на сьогодні її можна охарактеризувати як політику перехідного періоду, на яку в більшості випадків впливають нестабільні негативні чинники як зовнішнього, так і внутрішнього характеру. Водночас обраний і планомірно продовжу­ва­ний курс України на євроінтеграцію, розширення міжнародної співпраці зі зарубіжними експертами, створення реально діючої комісії з реформування кримінального законодавства додають упевненості для висновку про те, що новий Кримінальний кодекс України відо­бражатиме найновіші досягненню юридичної науки, ґрунтуватиметься на міжнародних стандартах і стабілізуючих факторах кримінально-правової політики України як європейської держави.

Trotz des erheblichen Ausmaßes der Bodenerosion in vielen Entwicklungsländern ist bislang weitgehend unklar, welches ihre wesentlichen anthropogenen Ursachen sind, und damit auch, wo Politiken und Maßnahmen für den Erhalt der Nahrungs- und Produktionsressource Boden ansetzen sollten. Jenseits unmittelbarer natürlicher und landnutzerischer Ursachen stehen heute sozioökonomische Faktoren im Mittelpunkt der Diskussion, von denen angenommen wird, daß sie die Anbau- und Bodenschutzentscheidungen der Landnutzer und darüber das Ausmaß an Bodenerosion beeinflussen, insbesondere: (i) verstärkte Armut, (ii) zunehmender Bevölkerungsdruck, (iii) verzerrte Agrarpreise, (iv) unangepaßter technischer Fortschritt sowie (v) unsichere Landbesitzverhältnisse. Der Bedeutung dieser Bestimmungsfaktoren wird vorwiegend im Rahmen produktionsökonomischer Ansätze und der Theorie der Induzierten Innovation nachgegangen. Allerdings wird die Wirkung einzelner Ursachen in der Literatur sehr unterschiedlich eingeschätzt. So wird beispielsweise in eher optimistischen Szenarien davon ausgegangen, daß Armuts- und Bevölkerungsdruck langfristig zur Entwicklung und Verbreitung bodenschonender Innovationen führen. In negativen Szenarien überwiegen hingegen Stimmen, die gerade in diesem Druck bei gleichzeitigem Preisdruck die wesentlichen Ursachen für die kurzsichtige Übernutzung des Bodens sehen. Empirische Studien zur Fundierung der kontrovers diskutierten Hypothesen liegen bislang nur für einen jeweils begrenzten lokalen Kontext vor und sind kaum verallgemeinerbar. Vor diesem Hintergrund bieten die Daten der ersten weltweiten Erhebung zum Stand der Bodenerosion (GLASOD, UNEP/ISRIC, 1991) nunmehr die Möglichkeit, sozioökonomische und landnutzerische Determinanten der Bodenerosion auf überregionaler Ebene empirisch zu untersuchen. Anhand der Aggregation und Analyse der im GLASOD enthaltenen Informationen wird zunächst deutlich, daß Afrika und Südostasien flächenmäßig mit jeweils rd. 4,5 Mio km2 am meisten zur Degradation durch Bodenerosion und Nährstoffverluste[1] in Entwicklungsländern beitragen, während der Anteil erodierter Fläche an der jeweiligen Gesamtfläche des Subkontinents[2] in Südwestasien (37%), Mittelamerika und Südostasien (jeweils rd. 25%) am höchsten ist. Extrem stark erodierte Länder finden sich v.a. in Mittelamerika und Afrika: In El Salvador, Haiti und Costa Rica sind zwischen 60% und 90% der jeweiligen Landesfläche betroffen. In Afrika sind vor allem die nord- und westafrikanischen Sahelländer Tunesien, Mauretanien, Libyen, Niger, Burkina Faso und Mali, im Osten die Hochlandstaaten Burundi und Rwanda sowie schließlich die Kapverdischen Inseln, besonders stark erodiert (40% bis 80% der Landesfläche). Wassererosion hat den größten Anteil an der Erosionsfläche, in Mittelamerika und Südostasien sind sogar mehr als 70% der erodierten Fläche von Wassererosion betroffen. Für die empirische Analyse der Zusammenhänge zwischen Bodenerosion und möglichen Bestimmungsfaktoren wird ein exploratives, ökonometrisches Vorgehen auf Grundlage nationaler Daten gewählt[3]. Die spezifische Aufeinanderfolge verschiedener Korrelations-, Faktoren- und Regressionsanalysen wird der großen Anzahl in Frage kommender Indikatorvariablen für mögliche Erosionsdeterminanten sowie den zu erwartenden Problemen der Multikollinearität und Modellspezifizierung in besonderem Maße gerecht. Letztere ergeben sich einerseits aus anzunehmenden Abhängikeiten unter verschiedenen Erosionsdeterminanten. Andererseits macht der latente Charakter[4], den die aus einem mikroökonomischen Kontext abgeleiteten Erosionsursachen auf aggregierter Ebene haben, es notwendig, für jede der angenommenen Determinanten verschiedene, u.U. korrelierte Indikatorvariablen zu definieren, was zusätzlich Kollinearität bedingt. Für Bodenerosion werden auf der Basis der national aggregierten GLASOD-Daten verschiedene Erosionsindizes definiert, die prinzipiell den von Wasser- und Winderosion sowie durch Nährstoffverluste betroffenen Anteil der nutzbaren Landesfläche wiedergeben. Die Datengrundlage für mögliche Erosionsdeterminanten wird ausgehend von Datensammlungen internationaler Organisationen für den Zeitraum 1961-1990 zusammengestellt. Für eine große Anzahl der in der Literatur diskutierten sozioökonomischen, landnutzerischen und auch natürlichen Rahmenbedingungen können repräsentative Indikatorvariablen definiert werden. Mangels geeigneter Indikatoren und Daten bleiben allerdings die Art und Sicherheit der Landbesitzverhältnisse unberücksichtigt. Insgesamt umfaßt die Datengrundlage rund 150 Variablen. Die Ergebnisse der Einfachkorrelationsanalysen zwischen den Erosionsindizes und möglichen Determinanten dienen einer ersten Einschätzung der Zusammenhänge. Sie zeigen, daß länderübergreifend insbesondere Variablen des Bevölkerungsdrucks sowie der durchschnittliche Waldanteil mit dem Ausmaß Bodenerosion in Zusammenhang stehen. Die Abholzungsraten in den 80er Jahren sind vor allem mit dem Ausmaß der Wassererosion korreliert. Bei Betrachtung der Länder mittleren Klimas[5] können Zusammenhänge mit Variablen nachgewiesen werden, die die Landnutzungsintensität und die Ausdehnung der tatsächlichen Nutzfläche in Relation zur potentiellen Nutzfläche wiedergeben. Weiterhin stehen in der mittleren Klimazone tendenziell sinkende Produzentenpreise für Agrarprodukte in Zusammenhang mit dem Ausmaß der Erosion. Erwartungsgemäß ist die Bedeutung natürlicher Faktoren für einzelne Erosionsformen und Klimazonen charakteristisch. Insgesamt scheinen Variablen, die das Ergebnis einer vermutlich längerfristigen Entwicklung wiedergeben, mehr Bedeutung für das Ausmaß der Erosion zu haben als solche, die Veränderungen im Referenzzeitraum 1961-1990 erfassen. Anhand verschiedener Faktorenanalysen für 62 Variablen und 73 Länder mit annähernd vollständigen Datensätzen können sodann strukturelle Zusammenhänge unter der Vielzahl möglicherweise relevanter Erosionsdeterminanten aufgedeckt und die Variablenanzahl auf Grundlage dieser Zusammenhänge auf eine geringere Anzahl weitgehend voneinander unabhängiger Größen reduziert werden. Es zeigt sich, daß die Struktur der Variablen durch etwa zehn gut interpretierbare Faktoren bei rd. 75% erklärter Gesamtvarianz klar wiedergegeben werden kann, und daß diese Faktoren auch bei Variation der Ausgangsvariablen sowie der Faktorextraktions- und Rotationsmethode stabil bleiben. Bemerkenswert ist, daß viele der Faktoren einen deutlichen Bezug zu den in der Literatur diskutierten Wirkungsketten unter möglichen Erosionsdeterminanten haben. So werden in dem für die Erklärung der Gesamtvarianz wichtigsten Faktor Variablen gebündelt, die die langfristige Intensivierung der Landnutzung im Zusammenhang mit strukturellem Bevölkerungsdruck und begrenzter Verfügbarkeit landwirtschaftlich nutzbarer Flächen erfassen. Weitere wichtige Faktoren beziehen sich auf strukturelle Armut in Verbindung mit erhöhtem ländlichen Bevölkerungswachstum; auf die mit Bevölkerungsdruck einhergehende langfristige wie auch rezente Expansion der landwirtschaftlichen Nutzfläche und Abholzung von Naturwald; auf Entwicklungswege, die eher auf die Produktion hochwertiger Produkte statt auf eine Flächenexpansion abzielen. Für die Preisentwicklung im Referenzzeitraum kann anhand einer Faktorenanalyse mit reduzierter Länderanzahl[6] gezeigt werden, daß ein Zusammenhang zwischen langfristig geringen oder negativen Preiszuwächsen im Agrarsektor und dem Faktor "Rezente Abholzungsraten" besteht. Um die relative Bedeutung dieser Faktoren für Bodenerosion zu quantifizieren, werden schrittweise Regressionsanalysen mit Bodenerosion als abhängiger Variablen und ausgewählten Repräsentantenvariablen für jeden Faktor als angenommenen unabhängigen Variablen durchgeführt[7]. Es lassen sich drei besonders relevante anthropogene Entwicklungen identifizieren, anhand derer das Erosionsausmaß bis zu rund 75% erklärt werden kann: (1) die langfristige, historische Ausdehnung der landwirtschaftlichen Nutzfläche auf Kosten des Waldbestandes in Zusammenhang mit einem Gesamtbevölkerungsdruck, der gegen Ende der 80er Jahre die agrar-ökologische Tragfähigkeit überschreitet; (2) die rezente Abholzung von Naturwald, die in Zusammenhang mit dem Wachstum der Gesamtbevölkerung zu sehen ist. Hier scheinen weniger der Druck der Agrarbevölkerung und die Ausdehnung der landwirtschaftlichen Nutzfläche - also die Produktionsseite - im Vordergrund zu stehen, als vielmehr der Druck der Nachfrageseite, in Kombination mit einem tendenziell sinkenden Agrarpreisniveau, das den Expansionsdruck auf das Land verstärkt hat. (3) Die langfristige, bevölkerungsdruckinduzierte Intensivierung der Agrarproduktion, vor allem durch Umwandlung von Dauergrünland in Ackerland, verkürzte Brachezeiten und erhöhte Viehbesatzdichten. Ein weiteres Ergebnis ist, daß in keinem Fall ein wesentlicher Einfluß von Armut auf das landesweite Ausmaß der Bodenerosion nachgewiesen werden kann - wie bereits die Ergebnisse der Einfachkorrelationsanalysen für immerhin 15 verschiedene Armutsindikatoren vermuten lassen. Es bestehen Unterschiede in den Erklärungsmustern für verschiedene Erosionsformen und Klimazonen. Die rezenten Abholzungsraten haben für Wassererosion, insbesondere in Ländern der extrem humiden Klimazone, herausragende Bedeutung. Zusätzlich zu den Faktoren (1) und (2) ist die Intensität der landwirtschaftlichen Produktion (3) vor allem für Wassererosion und in Ländern der mittleren Klimazone von Bedeutung. Hier ist auch die negative Wirkung einer sinkenden Agrarpreisentwicklung am stärksten. Gleichzeitig gilt hier: je eher der eingeschlagene Entwicklungsweg auf die Produktion hochwertiger Produkte im Gegesatz zur reinen Flächenexpansion abzielt, desto geringer ist das Erosionsausmaß. Für das Ausmaß der Winderosion und der Degradation durch Nährstoffverluste hingegen sind insbesondere die agroklimatischen Bedingungen ausschlaggebend. Die als erosionsrelevant identifizierten anthropogenen Rahmenbedingungen sind mit zentralen theoretischen Hypothesen konsistent. Fraglos gehören sie eher zu den Größen, deren kurzfristige Beeinflussung durch politische Maßnahmen schwierig ist. Dennoch können folgende Ansätze für eine Schwerpunktsetzung bei der Gestaltung von Politikmaßnahmen zur wirksamen Erosionsverminderung abgeleitet werden: Die Reduktion des Bevölkerungsdrucks durch eine an die natürlichen Bedingungen und relativen Faktorknappheiten angepaßte Erhöhung des Produktionspotentials, gerade auch in Regionen mit relativ niedrigem Potential. Eine stärkere Fokussierung auf Forstpolitiken bzw. auf eine Regulierung der kommerziellen Nutzung von Wäldern, vor allem in humiden Klimazonen. .Eine selektive, langfristig angelegte Verbesserung der incentive-Struktur für bodenschonende Produkte und Anbaumethoden über wirtschaftspolitische Eingriffe sowie durch verbesserte institutionelle und rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen. Von Politiken zur Armutsbekämpfung ist hingegen nicht zu erwarten, daß sie maßgebliche Impulse zur Verminderung der Bodenerosion geben können. Es muß jedoch immer präsent bleiben, daß arme Landnutzer sicherlich am stärksten und häufig existentiell von Erosionsschäden betroffen sind. Die Qualität zukünftiger Forschungsbemühungen auf globaler Ebene wird vor allem von der zukünftigen Datenverfügbarkeit und -qualität bestimmt: Für den Stand der Bodenerosion sind Informationen für verschiedene Zeitpunkte erforderlich; für anthropogene Erosionsdeterminanten eröffnen georeferenzierte Daten der Forschung gänzlich neue Perspektiven. Parallel zu überregionalen Analysen sind weitere lokale, sub-nationale Studien unbedingt notwendig, um umfassend zu ergründen, warum und welche Landnutzer die Ressource Boden in einem konkreten sozioökonomischen Kontext degradieren. Fußnoten: [1]Neben der Wasser- und Winderosion wird eine weitere Degradationsform, der Verlust von Nährstoffen und organischer Substanz, mitberücksichtigt und vereinfachend mit "Nährstoffverluste" bezeichnet.[2]Gemeint ist die nutzbare Landesfläche, Ödland ausgenommen. [3]Georeferenzierte Daten liegen derzeit für sozioökonomische Erosionsdeterminanten noch nicht vor.[4]D.h. Größen, von denen a priori nicht bekannt ist, wie sie beobachtet und gemessen werden können. [5]Dies sind Länder, in denen weder extrem aride noch extrem humide Bedingungen vorherrschen. [6]Für die entsprechende Variable liegen nur Daten für 56 Länder vor.[7]Umgekehrte Wirkungen der Erosion auf die als unabhängig angenommenen anthropogenen Variablen sind im Betrachtungszeitraum - bis auf die Armutswirkung starker Erosion - unwahrscheinlich. ; By the end of this century, soil erosion has reached an alarming extent in many developing countries. Still, uncertainty prevails regarding the human-induced causes of soil erosion. In consequence, many efforts to design efficient anti-erosion policies and instruments remain erratic. The actual discussion about human-induced causes of soil erosion focusses on socioeconomic factors that assumably influence the land users´ decisions on agricultural production and soil protection, and, hence, the degree of soil erosion. The most frequently discussed factors are: (i) poverty, (ii) population pressure, (iii) biased agricultural prices, (iv) the introduction of inadequate technical innovations and (iv) insecurity of land tenure. They are basically deduced from and discussed on base of production theory and the theory of induced innovation. Nevertheless, the different views on the importance to be assigned to the single factors are quite controverse. For example, in a rather optimistic scenario, it is argued that poverty and population pressure lead to the development of soil-conserving innovations in the long run. On the other side, poverty and population pressure, in combination with falling agricultural prices, are assumed to lead to a short-termist overuse of the soil. Empirical evidence that supports some of the controverse hypotheses on the causes of soil erosion is restricted to local studies based on local data on soil erosion, their results can hardly be generalized. In this context, the spatial data compiled within the global assessment of human-induced soil degradation (GLASOD; UNEP/ISRIC, 1991) for the first time permits a large-scale empirical analysis of socioeconomic and landuse factors relevant to erosion. By aggregating the information of the GLASOD data, countries and regions whith marked soil erosion can be identified. While Africa and Asia most contribute to the extent of soil erosion and the loss of nutrients[8] in absolute terms (4,5 mio sqkm each), it is in Southwest Asia (37%), Central America and Southeast Asia (25% each), where the proportion of of the land area - excluding wastelands - that is affected reaches the highest levels. Looked at on a national level, countries with an extreme extent of soil erosion are to be found in Central America and Africa: In El Salvador, Haiti and Costa Rica, 60 to 90 percent of the land area[9] are affected. In Africa, Sahelian Countries as Tunesia, Mauretania, Libya, Niger, Burkina Faso and Mali, as well as the eastafrican highlands of Burundi and Rwanda, and also Cape Verde show the highest proportions of eroded land area2 (40 to 80 %). Water erosion is the most widespread type of erosion, in Central America and Southeast Asia it even contributes with about 70% to the area affected by erosion and the loss of nutrients1. The methodological approach chosen for the empirical analysis of human-induced causes of soil erosion is an explorative, econometric one, based on national cross-country data[10]. A specific combination of correlation analyses, factor analysis, and regression analysis is designed, that can handle the great number of possible indicators for the assumed causes of erosion, and cope with related problems of multicollinearity and model specification. Those problems result from supposed interrelationships among different human-induced causes of soil erosion. At the same time, many of the causes of erosion have a latent character when considered on a national level[11], since they are deduced from a microeconomic context. This makes it necessary to define various indicator variables for each of them, which, again, implies additional multicollinearity. On the basis of the aggregated GLASOD data, a set of operational variables for soil erosion is defined. They basically indicate the proportion of a country´s degradable land area (i.e. land area minus wastelands) that is eroded through wind, water, or degraded by the loss of nutrients and organic matter by the end of the 80´s. In turn, the database for possible determinants of erosion is compiled departing from standard international data sets for the time span 1961-1990. Representative indicators can be defined for many of the causative factors discussed in literature, as well for socioeconomic ones, as for landuse, and also for natural factors. They are adapted in a way that they not only best fit and capture the hypothesized determinants, but also the ecological and timely dimension of the analysis. One important field that is not covered is land tenure. The resulting database comprises about 150 variables for possible causative factors, with a varying number of country-data available. The results of correlation analyses between the indicator variables for soil erosion and for possible causative factors facilitate a first assesion of relevant relationships. They show, that variables that quantify population pressure and the proportion of forested area are correlated with soil erosion for all countries. Deforestation rates in the 80´s are especially related to water erosion. Considering only countries without extreme climatic conditions[12] correlations are found between soil erosion and variables for the intensity of land use and the degree of expansion of the agricultural frontier. Producer price declines for relevant agricultural products are also found to be correlated with soil erosion in these countries. Corresponding to theoretical assumptions, the importance of different natural factors vary for different types of erosion and climatic zones. Altogether, variables that express structural conditions and can be regarded as the outcome of historical, long-term developments, seem to have stronger correlation with the extent of soil erosion than variables that quantify changes that took place within the time span under consideration, 1961 to 1990. The next methodological step consists in different factor analyses for 62 of the variables that express possible causative factors and for 73 countries with approximatively complete data sets. The principal objectives are to detect structural interrelationships among the multitude of variables and to reduce their number on the basis of these interrelations, in a way to obtain a set of variables that are largely independent of each other. It turns out that the structure of the 62 variables under consideration can clearly be reproduced by about 10 factors, with about 75% of their total variance being explained. These factors prove to be robust with respect to changes in the set of included variables, and in the methods of extraction and rotation. It is noteworthy, that many of the identified factors refer to cause-effect relationships that are discussed in literature. For instance, the factor that explains the greatest part of total variance, combines variables that quantify the long-run intensification of land use with others that stand for structural population pressure and a limited buffer for the expansion of the agricultural area. Other important factors relate to structural poverty, in combination with high rates of rural population growth; to the long-term and recent deforestation and to total population pressure; to development paths that aim at sopisticated animal procuction and permanent culture rather than at a mere expansion of the agricultural area. Other factors stand for the prevailing natural conditions. Based on a factor analysis for a reduced number of countries, it can be shown that declinig aggregate agricultural producer prices[13] are associated with the factor ´recent deforestation rates´. To quantify the relative importance of the identified factors, stepwise regression analyses are then carried out, with soil erosion as the dependent variable and selected representative variables for each of the factors as presumed independent variables[14]. Three human-induced factors, or developments, show to have particular relevance for the extent of soil erosion, that they can explain to up to 75%: (1) the long-run historical expansion of the agricultural frontier at the expense of the forested area, in combination with a population pressure well above the corresponding supporting capacities in the 80´s; (2) recent deforestation rates in conjunction with total population growth. This effect can rather be associated with a growth of demand for agricultural and forestral products and declining agricultural prices than with pressures directly resulting from agricultural population and expansion; (3) the long-run intensification of land use, mainly throug the conversion of permanent pastures to arable land, the shortening of fallow periods, and the increase of animal densities. This type of intensification is associated with and possibly induced by high structural population pressure in agricultural areas. Another important result is that poverty seems to have minor impact on the extent of soil erosion at the aggregate, national level. None of the included variables that represent the factor ´poverty´ shows a significant relative impact, neither in the models for the sum of erosion nor for specific types of erosion or climatic zones. This fact supports the low correlation coefficients for altogether 15 different poverty indicators that were calculated in the context of simple correlation analysis. Specific models for specific types of erosion and climatic zones show that there exist characteristic patterns of explanation for each type and zone. Recent deforestation rates and the associated features (factor (2))are particularily important in the explanation of water erosion, especially in countries with predominant humid climate. The impact of production-intensity in terms of factor (3) is specific for water erosion, and for countries without extreme climatic conditions, together with the factors (1) and (2). This is also where the negative effect of declinig agricultural prices appears to be strongest. At the same time, the development of sopisticated animal procuction and the growth of the area under permanent culture in contrast to a mere expansion of the agricultural area seem to be favourable to the soil in this context. In the explanation of wind erosion and loss of nutrients, natural factors are in the foreground. The identified, human-induced pressures related to long-term population growth, intesification, agricultural price decline and recent deforestation are consistent with important theoretical hypotheses. Those pressures are clearly not of the type that can be overcome over night through political intervention. Nevertheless, they lead to the following areas of intervention that should be given priority in the design of policy measures for the reduction of soil erosion: A reduction of population pressure through an increase in site-specific production potentials, based upon innovations that match the prevailing agro-ecological and economic conditions. Special attention should be given to low potential areas.A stronger focus on forest policy and the regulation of commercial forest use especially in the humid zone.A selective, long-term improvement of economic incentives for the production of soil-conserving crops with soil-conserving methods, by means of economic policy as well as through improved institutional conditions. Policies that aim at the reduction of poverty can not be expected to play a decisive role in the reduction of soil erosion. In spite of that, it is most necessary that policy makers keep in mind that the poor certainly are most affected by and vulnerable to erosion damages. At a global scale, the quality of future research on the topic will largely be determined by data availability and quality: concerning soil erosion, information at different points in time is necessary; for anthropogenic factors, spatial datasets will bring a new dimension into scientific research. Parallel with global analyses, further in depth local studies are necessary for a comprehensive and detailed insight into why and which land users degrade the resource they depend on in a specific socioeconomic context. footnotes: [8]The loss of nutrients and organic matter, independent of soil erosion, is also considered and is abbreviated with the term ´loss of nutrients´ in this text. [9]Again, it is the land area excluding wasteland that is being referred to. [10]Spatial data sets are not avaiable yet for socioeconomic factors related to soil erosion. [11]I.e. it is not known a priori, how these causes can be measured and quantified. [12]I.e. countries without predominant arid, hyper-arid or humid agroclimatioc conditions. [13]The availability of data for the variable in cause is limited to 56 coutries. [14]Reciprocal effects that soil erosion might have on anthropogenic factors are not very likely to occurr within the considered time span, except a possible increase of poverty due to erosion.

Atmospheric mineral dust has a rich tri-dimensional spatial and temporal structure that is poorly constrained in forecasts and analyses when only column-integrated aerosol optical depth (AOD) is assimilated. At present, this is the case of most operational global aerosol assimilation products. Aerosol vertical distributions obtained from spaceborne lidars can be assimilated in aerosol models, but questions about the extent of their benefit upon analyses and forecasts along with their consistency with AOD assimilation remain unresolved. Our study thoroughly explores the added value of assimilating spaceborne vertical dust profiles, with and without the joint assimilation of dust optical depth (DOD). We also discuss the consistency in the assimilation of both sources of information and analyse the role of the smaller footprint of the spaceborne lidar profiles in the results. To that end, we have performed data assimilation experiments using dedicated dust observations for a period of 2 months over northern Africa, the Middle East, and Europe. We assimilate DOD derived from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on board Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership (SUOMI-NPP) Deep Blue and for the first time Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarisation (CALIOP)-based LIdar climatology of Vertical Aerosol Structure for space-based lidar simulation studies (LIVAS) pure-dust extinction coefficient profiles on an aerosol model. The evaluation is performed against independent ground-based DOD derived from AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) Sun photometers and ground-based lidar dust extinction profiles from the Cyprus Clouds Aerosol and Rain Experiment (CyCARE) and PREparatory: does dust TriboElectrification affect our ClimaTe (Pre-TECT) field campaigns. Jointly assimilating LIVAS and Deep Blue data reduces the root mean square error (RMSE) in the DOD by 39 % and in the dust extinction coefficient by 65 % compared to a control simulation that excludes assimilation. We show that the assimilation of dust extinction coefficient profiles provides a strong added value to the analyses and forecasts. When only Deep Blue data are assimilated, the RMSE in the DOD is reduced further, by 42 %. However, when only LIVAS data are assimilated, the RMSE in the dust extinction coefficient decreases by 72 %, the largest improvement across experiments. We also show that the assimilation of dust extinction profiles yields better skill scores than the assimilation of DOD under an equivalent sensor footprint. Our results demonstrate the strong potential of future lidar space missions to improve desert dust forecasts, particularly if they foresee a depolarization lidar channel to allow discrimination of desert dust from other aerosol types. ; This work received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Marie Skłodowska-Curie (grant no. 754433)), the European Research Council (FRAGMENT (grant no. 773051)), and the AXA Research Fund. We were also supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICINN), as part of the BROWNING project RTI2018-099894-B-I00 and NUTRIENT project CGL2017-88911-R, along with PRACE and RES for awarding access to Marenostrum4 based in Spain at the Barcelona Supercomputing Center through the eFRAGMENT2 and AECT2020-1-0007 projects. Martina Klose received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Marie Skłodowska-Curie (grant no. 789630)). Martina Klose was also supported by the Helmholtz Association's Initiative and Networking Fund (grant no. VH-NG-1533). Vassilis Amiridis and Eleni Marinou were supported by ERC Consolidator Grant 2016 D-TECT: "Does dust TriboElectrification affect our ClimaTe?" (grant no. 725698). Eleni Marinou was supported by a DLR VO-R young investigator group and the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (grant no. 57370121). Emmanouil Proestakis was supported by the project PANhellenic infrastructure for Atmospheric Composition and climatE change (grant no. MIS5021516), which is implemented under the Action Reinforcement of the Research and Innovation Infrastructure, funded by the Operational Programme "Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation" (grant no. NSRF2014–2020) and co-financed by Greece and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund). This research was supported by the German–Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development (GIF, grant no. I1262-401.10/2014), the European Union's Framework Programme for Research and Innovation, Horizon 2020 (ACTRIS-2, grant no. 654109), and the former European Commission Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007–2013 (ACTRIS (grant no. 262254) and BACCHUS (grant no. 603445)). ; Peer Reviewed ; Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::13 - Acció per al Clima ; Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::13 - Acció per al Clima::13.3 - Millorar l'educació, la conscienciació i la capacitat humana i institucional en relació amb la mitigació del canvi climàtic, l'adaptació a aquest, la reducció dels efectes i l'alerta primerenca ; Postprint (published version)

The research is devoted to the problem of formation of high-protein feeds market for farm animals in Ukraine in conditions of European integration processes. The problem of providing the population with high quality food is becoming more global, the demand for high protein food products of a good quality is growing as well as the need for protein-balanced feeds for livestock. The dynamics of high-protein feed production in Ukraine and EU countries has been studied. The tendencies of the high-protein feeds market formation in Ukraine are considered. By means of benchmarking, price trends in the protein feed market in the EU and Ukraine have been analyzed. Ukraine has favorable soil and climatic conditions for the production of quality, safe products as well as efficient logistic routes available. As a result of the study it was found that the key factor for Ukraine's penetration into the EU feed market is the need for high-protein feeds. The directions of solving the problem of feed protein deficiency for the needs of animal husbandry are determined. Environmental problems regarding feed quality and safety in the context of Ukraine's aspirations for European integration are substantiated. The legislative basis for ensuring the quality and safety of feed and feed resources is considered. As a result of SWOT-analysis of vegetable protein production in Ukraine, it was found that Ukraine has significant potential for the production of competitive feed protein that meets domestic needs, form high export potential and promote entry into European and Asian markets. It is emphasized that the process of Ukraine's European integration requires constant marketing research of the sectoral situation changes with account of the specific features of domestic production of high-protein feeds, highlighting key factors of Ukraine's presence and its potentialities in the EU agricultural market and outlining the prospects for its development. Increase in the performance of farm animals and margins of livestock production requires balanced diets and reduction of feed cost in the costs structure due to the use of high protein feeds. It is important for Ukraine to promote the development of the market for high-protein and bulk feeds on the industrial basis as well as the development of organic feed and livestock production. Development of the competitive feed market in Ukraine and solving of the environmental and social problems of intensive animal husbandry requires the improvement of legislation to meet the requirements of EU Directives on the production, processing and efficient use of feed resources. ; Дослідження присвячено проблемі формування ринку високобілкових кормів для сільськогосподарських тварин в Україні в умовах євроінтеграційних процесів. Проблема забезпечення населення високоякісною їжею стає все більш глобальною, зростає попит на харчові продукти з високим вмістом білка хорошої якості, а також потреба у збалансованих білками кормах для худоби. Досліджено динаміку виробництва високобілкових кормів в Україні та країнах ЄС. Розглянуто тенденції формування ринку високобілкових кормів в Україні. На основі бенчмаркінгу проаналізовано цінові тренди на ринку білкових кормів в ЄС та Україні. Потенціал України — це сприятливі ґрунтово-кліматичні умови для виробництва якісної, безпечної продукції та наявність ефективних логістичних шляхів сполучення. У результаті дослідження встановлено, що ключовими факторами присутності України на ринку кормів в ЄС є потреба у високобілкових кормах. Визначено напрями розв'язання проблеми дефіциту кормових білків для потреб тваринництва. У результаті SWOT-аналізу виробництва рослинних білків в Україні встановлено, що Україна має значний потенціал для виробництва конкурентоспроможного кормового білка для задоволення внутрішніх потреб, формування високого експортного потенціалу i виходу на європейський та азійський ринки. З'ясовано, що процес євроінтеграції в Україні вимагає проведення постійного маркетингового дослідження ситуаційних змін у секторальному аспекті з урахуванням особливостей вітчизняного виробництва високобілкових кормів, виділення ключових факторів присутності i потенційних можливостей України на аграрному ринку ЄС та окреслення перспектив його розвитку. Збільшення продуктивності сільськогосподарських тварин i рентабельності виробництва продукції тваринництва вимагає збалансованого харчування i зменшення вартості кормів у структурі витрат завдяки використанню високобілкових кормів. Для України важливо сприяти розвиткові ринку високобілкових і сипучих кормів на промисловій основі, а також розвиткові органічного виробництва кормів і тваринництва. Розвиток конкурентоспроможного ринку кормів в Україні та розв'язання екологічних і соціальних проблем інтенсивного тваринництва вимагає вдосконалення законодавства, щоб відповідати вимогам директив ЄС щодо виробництва, переробки та ефективного використання кормових ресурсів.

The research is devoted to the problem of formation of high-protein feeds market for farm animals in Ukraine in conditions of European integration processes. The problem of providing the population with high quality food is becoming more global, the demand for high protein food products of a good quality is growing as well as the need for protein-balanced feeds for livestock. The dynamics of high-protein feed production in Ukraine and EU countries has been studied. The tendencies of the high-protein feeds market formation in Ukraine are considered. By means of benchmarking, price trends in the protein feed market in the EU and Ukraine have been analyzed. Ukraine has favorable soil and climatic conditions for the production of quality, safe products as well as efficient logistic routes available. As a result of the study it was found that the key factor for Ukraine's penetration into the EU feed market is the need for high-protein feeds. The directions of solving the problem of feed protein deficiency for the needs of animal husbandry are determined. Environmental problems regarding feed quality and safety in the context of Ukraine's aspirations for European integration are substantiated. The legislative basis for ensuring the quality and safety of feed and feed resources is considered. As a result of SWOT-analysis of vegetable protein production in Ukraine, it was found that Ukraine has significant potential for the production of competitive feed protein that meets domestic needs, form high export potential and promote entry into European and Asian markets. It is emphasized that the process of Ukraine's European integration requires constant marketing research of the sectoral situation changes with account of the specific features of domestic production of high-protein feeds, highlighting key factors of Ukraine's presence and its potentialities in the EU agricultural market and outlining the prospects for its development. Increase in the performance of farm animals and margins of livestock production requires balanced diets and reduction of feed cost in the costs structure due to the use of high protein feeds. It is important for Ukraine to promote the development of the market for high-protein and bulk feeds on the industrial basis as well as the development of organic feed and livestock production. Development of the competitive feed market in Ukraine and solving of the environmental and social problems of intensive animal husbandry requires the improvement of legislation to meet the requirements of EU Directives on the production, processing and efficient use of feed resources. ; Дослідження присвячено проблемі формування ринку високобілкових кормів для сільськогосподарських тварин в Україні в умовах євроінтеграційних процесів. Проблема забезпечення населення високоякісною їжею стає все більш глобальною, зростає попит на харчові продукти з високим вмістом білка хорошої якості, а також потреба у збалансованих білками кормах для худоби. Досліджено динаміку виробництва високобілкових кормів в Україні та країнах ЄС. Розглянуто тенденції формування ринку високобілкових кормів в Україні. На основі бенчмаркінгу проаналізовано цінові тренди на ринку білкових кормів в ЄС та Україні. Потенціал України — це сприятливі ґрунтово-кліматичні умови для виробництва якісної, безпечної продукції та наявність ефективних логістичних шляхів сполучення. У результаті дослідження встановлено, що ключовими факторами присутності України на ринку кормів в ЄС є потреба у високобілкових кормах. Визначено напрями розв'язання проблеми дефіциту кормових білків для потреб тваринництва. У результаті SWOT-аналізу виробництва рослинних білків в Україні встановлено, що Україна має значний потенціал для виробництва конкурентоспроможного кормового білка для задоволення внутрішніх потреб, формування високого експортного потенціалу i виходу на європейський та азійський ринки. З'ясовано, що процес євроінтеграції в Україні вимагає проведення постійного маркетингового дослідження ситуаційних змін у секторальному аспекті з урахуванням особливостей вітчизняного виробництва високобілкових кормів, виділення ключових факторів присутності i потенційних можливостей України на аграрному ринку ЄС та окреслення перспектив його розвитку. Збільшення продуктивності сільськогосподарських тварин i рентабельності виробництва продукції тваринництва вимагає збалансованого харчування i зменшення вартості кормів у структурі витрат завдяки використанню високобілкових кормів. Для України важливо сприяти розвиткові ринку високобілкових і сипучих кормів на промисловій основі, а також розвиткові органічного виробництва кормів і тваринництва. Розвиток конкурентоспроможного ринку кормів в Україні та розв'язання екологічних і соціальних проблем інтенсивного тваринництва вимагає вдосконалення законодавства, щоб відповідати вимогам директив ЄС щодо виробництва, переробки та ефективного використання кормових ресурсів.

Environmental Education is at a crossroads: the one that determines the climatic emergency as the most urgent evidence, but not the only one, that human civilization is impacting against the biophysical limits of the planet, increasing suffering and threatening its own existence. It is worth asking whether the 2030 Agenda and its Sustainable Development Goals will be able to change this trajectory and modify the direct relationship that continues to be established between growth, social well-being and environmental sustainability. The worldwide state of alarm and exception generated by COVID-19 has broken into this scenario, showing the structural fragility of global market capitalism, in at least two circumstances: on the one hand, the one that reveals its inability to safeguard human life; on the other, the one that cruelly remembers that human beings are, like all the species that inhabit the Earth, inevitably eco-dependent. At this juncture we ask ourselves what Environmental Education is necessary, desirable and possible, realizing that nothing - neither biologically nor socially - protects us from collapse. Without falling into unease, vindicating its political, pedagogical and social nature, we will emphasize its daily contributions to an alternative globalization. The aspiration, today as yesterday, does not reside in adjectivizing an education but in transforming all educations and not only those that refer to "caring for the environment". ; La Educación Ambiental está en una encrucijada: la que determina la emergencia climática como evidencia más urgente, pero no la única, de que la civilización humana está impactando contra los límites biofísicos del planeta, incrementando el sufrimiento y amenazando su propia existencia. Cabe preguntarse si la Agenda 2030 y sus Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible serán capaces de cambiar esta trayectoria y modificar la relación directa que continúa estableciéndose entre crecimiento, bienestar social y sostenibilidad ambiental. El estado de alarma y excepción mundial generado por el COVID-19 ha irrumpido en este escenario mostrando la fragilidad estructural del capitalismo global de mercado, al menos en dos circunstancias: de un lado, la que revela su incapacidad para salvaguardar la vida humana; de otro, la que recuerda cruelmente que los seres humanos somos, como todas las especies que habitan la Tierra, inevitablemente ecodependientes. En esta coyuntura nos preguntamos qué Educación Ambiental es necesaria, deseable y posible, tomando conciencia de que nada -ni biológica ni socialmente- nos protege del colapso. Sin caer en el desasosiego, reivindicando su naturaleza política, pedagógica y social, pondremos énfasis en sus contribuciones cotidianas a una globalización alternativa. La aspiración, hoy como ayer, no reside en adjetivar una educación sino en transformar todas las educaciones y no solo aquellas que se refieren al "cuidado del ambiente". Este trabajo se inscribe en el marco del Proyecto RESCLIMA-2 titulado "Educación para el cambio climático en Educación Secundaria: investigación aplicada sobre representaciones y estrategias pedagógicas en la transición ecológica" (RTI2018-094074-B-I00). Financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (Agencia Estatal de Investigación) en la convocatoria 2018 del Programa Estatal de I+D+i orientada a los retos de la sociedad. ; A educação ambiental está em uma encruzilhada: a que determina a emergência climática como a evidência mais urgente, não a única, de que a civilização humana está impactando contra os limites biofísicos do planeta, acrescentando o sofrimento e ameaçando sua própria existência. Vale perguntar se a Agenda 2030 e seus Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável poderão mudar essa trajetória e modificar a relação direta que continua sendo estabelecida entre crescimento, bem-estar social e sustentabilidade ambiental.O estado mundial de alarme e exceção gerado pelo COVID-19 entrou nesse cenário, mostrando a fragilidade estrutural do capitalismo de mercado global, em pelo menos duas circunstâncias: por um lado, a que revela sua incapacidade para proteger a vida humana; por outro, aquele que lembra cruelmente de que os seres humanos são, como todas as espécies que habitam a Terra, inevitavelmente ecodependentes.Em este momento, nos perguntamos que Educação Ambiental é necessária, desejável e possível, percebendo que nada -nem biológica nem socialmente- nos protege do colapso. Sem cair na inquietação, reivindicando sua natureza política, pedagógica e social, enfatizaremos suas contribuições para uma globalização alternativa. A aspiração, hoje como ontem, não reside na adjetivação de uma educação, mas sim na transformação de todas as educações e não apenas daquelas que se referem a "cuidar do meio ambiente".

With the uprising awareness for climate change and environmental protection, climate responsive building design is recognised to be a key factor for a sustainable and secure global energy future. Although the developed world has done some progress to implement innovative strategies to reduce the energy demand of buildings, developing countries are only starting to tap into saving potentials. In the future, energy demand will increase in developing countries because of population growth, fast urbanisation and increasing welfare. Energy will be consumed more and more by buildings in the fast growing urban centres. Like other developing countries, Nepal's weak energy supply system cannot fulfil the growing demand, which, consequently, leads to regular power cuts and supply shortages. This has an adverse impact on daily life and economic growth. The lack of awareness and regulations on energy efficiency is worsening the energy demand-supply gap. On the other hand, the knowledge about effective measures to reduce building energy consumption through climate-responsive design and efficient technologies is low. The aim of this PhD research is to fill this knowledge gap by providing recommendations for transforming the buildings sector of Nepal towards more energy efficiency. This study lays important groundwork for developing standards and regulations on energy efficiency in buildings for Nepal by focusing on three essential areas: 1. Vernacular knowledge, 2. Climate and design, 3. Energy-efficient design. The results of this research show that vernacular architecture of Nepal is very well adapted to the local climate. Traditional houses within the same climate zone have similar passive design features that should be also applied to modern buildings in order to reduce the energy demand for heating and cooling. The climatic diversity within the Nepalese territory led to the development of a bioclimatic zoning which is an essential prerequisite for the introduction of a building energy conservation code. Using the bioclimatic approach, five elevation-based bioclimatic zones were identified. A simulation-based study on energy saving potentials through passive design in hotel buildings quantified energy and cost savings. Average energy savings of 37% can be reached by optimising design features like window-to-wall ratio, orientation, shading and thermal mass. Increasing insulation of the exterior building envelope up to a cost-effective level can result into energy savings between 26% and 50% depending on the climate zone. The results of the simulation study also led to the development of a catalogue of important passive design strategies and optimum insulation levels for each bioclimatic zone. Finally, the energy efficiency scenario for the residential sector in Nepal estimates a reduction in energy demand growth for space conditioning by 23% until 2040. This has shown that the consideration of climate-responsive design and energy efficiency can slow down the energy demand growth of the fast growing building sector. Concluding, a wide catalogues of suitable policy strategies is proposed to foster energy efficiency in buildings in Nepal that will ensure a resource-efficient and sustainable development path for the country. ; Die Folgen des Klimawandels und steigendes Umweltbewusstsein haben dazu geführt, dass Energieeffizienz und klimagerechtes Bauen als Schlüsselfaktor für eine nachhaltige globale Energiezukunft gesehen werden. Obwohl die Industrieländer schon einige Fortschritte in der Umsetzung innovativer Strategien zur Reduzierung des Gebäudeenergiebedarfs gemacht haben, beginnen die Entwicklungsländer erst langsam solche Einsparpotenziale zu erschließen. Der globale Energiebedarf wird aufgrund des Bevölkerungswachstums, der stetigen Urbanisierung und des zunehmenden Wohlstandes vor allen in Entwicklungsländern steigen. Energie wird dabei mehr und mehr von Gebäuden in den schnell wachsenden urbanen Zentren verbraucht. Wie andere Entwicklungsländer, kann Nepals schwache Energieversorgung die wachsende Nachfrage nicht erfüllen, was zu regelmäßigen Stromausfällen und Energielieferengpässen führt. Dies hat einen negativen Einfluss auf das tägliche Leben und das Wirtschaftswachstum. Das Fehlen von Bestimmungen und Standards für Energieeffizienz und das mangelnde Bewusstsein für diese Fragen werden langfristig die Versorgungslücke verschlechtern. Auf der anderen Seite, ist die Wissensbasis über wirksame Maßnahmen zu Reduzierung des Gebäudeenergieverbrauchs durch klimagerechtes Bauen und effiziente Technologien sehr gering. Das Ziel dieser Doktorarbeit ist es, mit der Entwicklung von technischen und regulativen Empfehlungen diese Wissenslücke zu füllen. Mit dem Fokus auf traditionellem Wissen, Klimazonierung und energieeffizientem Gebäudedesign legt diese Forschungsarbeit wichtige Grundlagen für die Entwicklung von Standards und Vorschriften zur Energieeffizienz in Gebäuden im Kontext des Entwicklungslandes Nepal. Die Ergebnisse dieser Forschung zeigen, dass die traditionellen Bauweisen in Nepal sehr gut an das lokale Klima angepasst sind. Traditionelle Häuser in der gleichen Klimazone verwenden ähnliche passive Designkonzepte, die auf moderne Gebäude übertragen werden könnten, um deren Energiebedarf für Raumklimatisierung zu senken. Die klimatische Vielfalt innerhalb des Landes erforderte die Entwicklung einer bioklimatischen Zonierung für das Bauen, die zur Einführung einer Energieeinsparbauverordnung unbedingt notwendig ist. Mit Hilfe des bioklimatischen Ansatzes und der anschließenden Validierung durch thermische Gebäudesimulation, wurden fünf Klimazonen nach topografischer Höhe vorgeschlagen. Eine simulationsbasierte Studie zur Energieeffizienz in Hotelgebäuden ergab erhebliche Energie- und Kosteneinsparpotenziale. Durch die Optimierung des Fensterflächenanteils, der Ausrichtung, Verschattung und thermischen Masse können durchschnittlich 37% der Heiz- und Kühlenergie gespart werden. Kosteneffektive Dämmmaßnahmen führen abhängig von der Klimazone zu Energieeinsparungen zwischen 26% und 50%. Die Ergebnisse der Simulationsstudie geben auch Aufschluss über die wichtigsten passiven Maßnahmen und die optimalen Dämmwerte für jede Klimazone. Des Weiteren wurden Energieeffizienz-Szenarien für den Wohngebäudesektor entwickelt. Die Umsetzung von Energieeffizienzmaßnahmen könnten den steigenden Energieverbrauch für die Raumklimatisierung in 2040 um 23% senken. Somit wurde aufgezeigt, dass die Verbesserung der Gebäudeeffizienz das Wachstum des Energiebedarfs in Nepal verlangsamen kann. Zum Abschluss wurde ein breiter Katalog von geeigneten Politikstrategien diskutiert und es wurden regulative Maßnahmen zur Förderung der Energieeffizienz in Gebäuden erarbeitet. Deren Umsetzung kann einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur ressourceneffizienten und nachhaltigen Entwicklung des Landes leisten.

Essbare Wildpflanzen stellen wichtige Nahrungsergänzungen, zu einer ansonsten nährstoffarmen Ernährung ländlicher Nichtholz-Forstprodukte (non-timber forest products, NTFPs) leisten einen wesentlichen Beitrag zu den Lebensgrundlagen und der Ernährung ländlicher Haushalte in den Savannenökosystemen Westafrikas. Landnutzungsänderungen und klimatische Variabilität könnten ihre Verfügbarkeit in Zukunft jedoch beeinträchtigen. Basierend auf einer Befragung von 227 Haushalten in Nord-Benin untersuchten wir die lokalen Substitutionsmuster für die in der Ernährung genutzten Samen der drei sozioökonomisch wichtigsten NTFP-Arten in der Region, Vitellaria paradoxa, Adansonia digitata und Parkia biglobosa, die wesentliche Quellen für essentielle Proteine, Fett und Mikronährstoffe sind. Unsere Studie verglich zunächst die Substitutionsmuster zwischen drei Einkommensgruppen, um festzustellen, ob der sozioökonomische Status der privaten Haushalte einen Einfluss auf die Wahl der Substitute haben würde (geringere versus höhere Kosten bei der Beschaffung dieser Substitute). Zweitens verglichen wir die Substitutionsmuster zwischen den fünf großen ethnischen Gruppen des Untersuchungsgebietes (Fulani, Bariba, Ditammarie, Kabiyé und Yom). Die Wahl der Substitute unterschied sich signifikant zwischen den drei Einkommensgruppen, wobei die ärmsten Haushalte die höchste Vulnerabilität aufweisen: Bis zu 30% der in die Stichprobe einbezogenen Haushalte gaben an, dass ihnen ein angemessener Ersatz für die betreffenden NTFP fehle. Darüber hinaus zeigte die ethnische Zugehörigkeit einen erheblichen Einfluss auf die bevorzugten Alternativprodukte, der auf die unterschiedlichen kulturellen Traditionen bei der Nutzung der NTFPs zurückzuführen ist. Mit Blick auf die Sicherung der Beiträge von V. paradoxa, P. biglobosa und A. digitata zur lokalen Ernährung bzw. deren Verbesserung, sollte lokale Landnutzungspolitik die ethnisch bedingten Unterschiede in der Nutzung der NTFPs sowie die besonderen Bedürfnisse der unteren Einkommensgruppen stärker berücksichtigen. ; Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) make a major contribution to the livelihoods and diets of rural households in the savanna ecosystems of West Africa. However, land use change and climatic variability might affect their availability in the future. Based on a survey among 227 households in Northern Benin, we investigated local substitution patterns for the seeds of the three socio-economically most important NTFP-species in the region, Vitellaria paradoxa, Adansonia digitata and Parkia biglobosa, being major sources for protein, fat, and micronutrients in local daily diets. Our study compared substitution patterns between, firstly, three income groups, to assess whether a households' socio-economic status has an influence on the choice of surrogates (low cost vs. more costly options). Secondly, we compared substitution patterns between the five major ethnic groups in the study region (the Fulani, the Bariba, the Ditammarie, the Kabiyé and the Yom). The choice of substitutes differed significantly across income groups. However, the poorest households clearly show to be the most vulnerable: up to 30 % of the sampled households stated they would lack an adequate replacement for the NTFPs in question. Furthermore, ethnic affiliation showed to have a considerable impact on the preferred alternative products due to underlying cultural traditions of plant use. Subsequently, aiming at maintaining – and enhancing – the local supply of V. paradoxa, P. biglobosa and A. digitata in order to secure their contributions to local diets, local land use policy should have a particular focus on their ethnic-conditioned use and particularly the specific requirements of the poorest community members. ; Les produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) apportent une contribution majeure aux besoins quotidiens et aux régimes alimentaires des ménages ruraux dans les écosystèmes des savanes d'Afrique de l'Ouest. Cependant, le changement de l'occupation du sol et la variabilité climatique pourraient affecter leur disponibilité dans l'avenir. Sur la base d'une enquête menée auprès de 227 ménages du nord du Bénin, nous avons étudié les modèles de substitution locale pour les produits alimentaires des trois espèces de PFNL socio-économiquement les plus importantes de la région, Vitellaria paradoxa, Adansonia digitata et Parkia biglobosa. Leurs graines sont une importante source de protéines, lipides et micronutriments. Notre étude a comparé les schémas de substitution entre, premièrement, trois groupes de revenu afin d'évaluer si le statut socioéconomique des ménages aurait une influence sur le choix des substituts (coût faible par rapport aux options plus coûteuses). Deuxièmement, nous avons comparé les modes de substitution entre les cinq principaux groupes ethniques dans la région étudiée (Fulani, Bariba, Ditammarie, Kabiyé et Yom). Le choix des substituts différait considérablement d'un groupe de revenu à l'autre. Cependant, les ménages les plus pauvres sont clairement les plus vulnérables: jusqu'à 30% des ménages échantillonnés ont déclaré qu'ils n'auraient pas un remplaçant approprié pour les PFNL en question. De plus, l'appartenance ethnique s'est révélée avoir un impact considérable sur les produits alternatifs préférés en raison des traditions culturelles sous-jacentes de l'utilisation des plantes. Par la suite, dans le but de maintenir - et d'améliorer - l'approvisionnement local de V. paradoxa, P. biglobosa et A. digitata afin d'assurer leur contribution aux régimes alimentaires des ménages ruraux, la politique locale d'utilisation des terres devrait porter une attention particulière à leur utilisation, surtout aux besoins spécifiques des membres les plus pauvres de la communauté.

Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) make a major contribution to the livelihoods and diets of rural households in the savanna ecosystems of West Africa. However, land use change and climatic variability might affect their availability in the future. Based on a survey among 227 households in Northern Benin, we investigated local substitution patterns for the seeds of the three socio-economically most important NTFP-species in the region, Vitellaria paradoxa, Adansonia digitata and Parkia biglobosa, being major sources for protein, fat, and micronutrients in local daily diets. Our study compared substitution patterns between, firstly, three income groups, to assess whether a households' socio-economic status has an influence on the choice of surrogates (low cost vs. more costly options). Secondly, we compared substitution patterns between the five major ethnic groups in the study region (the Fulani, the Bariba, the Ditammarie, the Kabiyé and the Yom). The choice of substitutes differed significantly across income groups. However, the poorest households clearly show to be the most vulnerable: up to 30 % of the sampled households stated they would lack an adequate replacement for the NTFPs in question. Furthermore, ethnic affiliation showed to have a considerable impact on the preferred alternative products due to underlying cultural traditions of plant use. Subsequently, aiming at maintaining – and enhancing – the local supply of V. paradoxa, P. biglobosa and A. digitata in order to secure their contributions to local diets, local land use policy should have a particular focus on their ethnic-conditioned use and particularly the specific requirements of the poorest community members. ; Les produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNL) apportent une contribution majeure aux besoins quotidiens et aux régimes alimentaires des ménages ruraux dans les écosystèmes des savanes d'Afrique de l'Ouest. Cependant, le changement de l'occupation du sol et la variabilité climatique pourraient affecter leur disponibilité dans l'aven ir. Sur la base d'une enquête menée auprès de 227 ménages du nord du Bénin, nous avons étudié les modèles de substitution locale pour les produits alimentaires des trois espèces de PFNL socio-économiquement les plus importantes de la région, Vitellaria paradoxa, Adansonia digitata et Parkia biglobosa. Leurs graines sont une importante source de protéines, lipides et micronutriments. Notre étude a comparé les schémas de substitution entre, premièrement, trois groupes de revenu afin d'évaluer si le statut socioéconomique des ménages aurait une influence sur le choix des substituts (coût faible par rapport aux options plus coûteuses). Deuxièmement, nous avons comparé les modes de substitution entre les cinq principaux groupes ethniques dans la région étudiée (Fulani, Bariba, Ditammarie, Kabiyé et Yom). Le choix des substituts différait considérablement d'un groupe de revenu à l'autre. Cependant, les ménages les plus pauvres sont clairement les plus vulnérables: jusqu'à 30% des ménages échantillonnés ont déclaré qu'ils n'auraient pas un remplaçant approprié pour les PFNL en question. De plus, l'appartenance ethnique s'est révélée avoir un impact considérable sur les produits alternatifs préférés en raison des traditions culturelles sous-jacentes de l'utilisation des plantes. Par la suite, dans le but de maintenir - et d'améliorer - l'approvisionnement local de V. paradoxa, P. biglobosa et A. digitata afin d'assurer leur contribution aux régimes alimentaires des ménages ruraux, la politique locale d'utilisation des terres devrait porter une attention particulière à leur utilisation, surtout aux besoins spécifiques des membres les plus pauvres de la communauté. ; Essbare Wildpflanzen stellen wichtige Nahrungsergänzungen, zu einer ansonsten nährstoffarmen Ernährung ländlicher Nichtholz-Forstprodukte (non-timber forest products, NTFPs) leisten einen wesentlichen Beitrag zu den Lebensgrundlagen und der Ernährung ländlicher Haushalte in den Savannenökosystemen Westafrikas. Landnutzungsänderungen und klimatische Variabilität könnten ihre Verfügbarkeit in Zukunft jedoch beeinträchtigen. Basierend auf einer Befragung von 227 Haushalten in Nord-Benin untersuchten wir die lokalen Substitutionsmuster für die in der Ernährung genutzten Samen der drei sozioökonomisch wichtigsten NTFP-Arten in der Region, Vitellaria paradoxa, Adansonia digitata und Parkia biglobosa, die wesentliche Quellen für essentielle Proteine, Fett und Mikronährstoffe sind. Unsere Studie verglich zunächst die Substitutionsmuster zwischen drei Einkommensgruppen, um festzustellen, ob der sozioökonomische Status der privaten Haushalte einen Einfluss auf die Wahl der Substitute haben würde (geringere versus höhere Kosten bei der Beschaffung dieser Substitute). Zweitens verglichen wir die Substitutionsmuster zwischen den fünf großen ethnischen Gruppen des Untersuchungsgebietes (Fulani, Bariba, Ditammarie, Kabiyé und Yom). Die Wahl der Substitute unterschied sich signifikant zwischen den drei Einkommensgruppen, wobei die ärmsten Haushalte die höchste Vulnerabilität aufweisen: Bis zu 30% der in die Stichprobe einbezogenen Haushalte gaben an, dass ihnen ein angemessener Ersatz für die betreffenden NTFP fehle. Darüber hinaus zeigte die ethnische Zugehörigkeit einen erheblichen Einfluss auf die bevorzugten Alternativprodukte, der auf die unterschiedlichen kulturellen Traditionen bei der Nutzung der NTFPs zurückzuführen ist. Mit Blick auf die Sicherung der Beiträge von V. paradoxa, P. biglobosa und A. digitata zur lokalen Ernährung bzw. deren Verbesserung, sollte lokale Landnutzungspolitik die ethnisch bedingten Unterschiede in der Nutzung der NTFPs sowie die besonderen Bedürfnisse der unteren Einkommensgruppen stärker berücksichtigen.

Из огромного количества организмов, населяющих нашу планету, насекомые составляют 70%, являясь самым многочисленным из беспозвоночных животных классов, насчитывающих более 2 млн. видов. Сложно отыскать такое место, где нельзя было бы встретить представителей этого огромного класса. Они полностью освоили все среды обитания воду, сушу, воздух. Для них характерны сложные инстинкты, всеядность, высокая плодовитость, для некоторых общественный образ жизни. Насекомых можно встретить на огромных высотах, доходящих до уровня 5000 метров, населяют они и безжизненные пустыни, где практически никогда не бывает дождей, не говоря уж об отсутствии какой либо растительности. Глубокие пещеры, в которых нет ни солнечного света, ни условий для питания и существования живых организмов это тоже места обитания насекомых, встретить их можно далеко за Полярным кругом, и даже на многих островах Антарктики, где кроме безжизненных скал, казалось бы, нет ничего. Среди насекомых, одним из самых больших и многочисленных семейств являются жужелицы (Carabidae). Они тонко реагируют на изменения почвенно-растительных, гидротермических и микроклиматических условий среды, что делает их удобным модельным объектом различных экологических и зоологических исследований. Жужелицам принадлежит большое число родов и видов, нередко трудно различимых, в связи с этим для диагностики используются много различных признаков: принимаются во внимание окраска, форма тела, наружное строение, структура поверхности, размеры, строение гениталий и хетотаксия. Вследствие того, что количество жужелиц огромно, а по внешнему виду очень трудно определить их родовую принадлежность, возникла потребность автоматизации процесса их идентификации, вследствие чего потребовался специальный механизм, который бы повысил точность определения этих насекомых. В предыдущей работе авторов (http://ej.kubagro.ru/2016/05/pdf/01.pdf) в перспективе рассматривалась возможность с помощью метода АСК-анализа классифицировать насекомых не только по видам, но и по родам, отрядам, тем самым повысив достоверность определения жужелиц, что и будет сделано в данной статье. Приводится численный пример. Имеется успешный опыт решения подобных задач в других предметных областях. Данная статья может рассматриваться, как продолжение серии работ, посвященных применению автоматизированного системно-когнитивного анализа (АСК-анализ) и его программного инструментария системы «Эйдос» ; From a huge number of the organisms inhabiting our planet, insects make 70%, being the most numerous of the invertebrate animal classes numbering more than 2 million types. It is difficult to find such place where it would be impossible to meet representatives of this huge class. They completely took over the entire environment water, the land, air. For them, it is the common characteristic: complex instincts, omnivorous, high fecundity, and for some of them a public way of life. Insects can be found at tremendous heights, reaching the level of 5000 meters, and they inhabit the desert where it practically never rains, not to mention the absence of any vegetation. Deep caves where no sunlight, nor the conditions for food and existence of living organisms it is also the habitat of insects, they can be found far beyond the Arctic circle, and even on many Islands of Antarctica, where in addition to lifeless rock, it would seem that there is nothing else. Among insects, one of the largest and most numerous families are the ground beetles (Carabidae). They subtly respond to changes in soil and vegetation, hydrothermal and micro-climatic conditions of the environment, which makes them a convenient model subject to various environmental and Zoological researches. Ground beetles belong to a large number of genera and species, often difficult to see, in this regard, we use many different signs to diagnose. We have taken into consideration the coloration, body shape, external structure, surface structure, size, and arrangement of the genitals and chaetotaxy. Due to the fact, that the number of ground beetles is enormous, and, using their appearance, it is very difficult to determine their generic identity, there is a need of automation of the identification process, due to which we require a special mechanism that would increase the accuracy of these insects. In the previous work of the authors (http://ej.kubagro.ru/2016/05/pdf/01.pdf) we considered the further possibility of using the method of ASCanalysis to classify insects, not only in species but also in genera, orders, thereby increasing the reliability of determination of ground beetles, which will be done in this article. A numerical example is given. We also have gained a successful experience of solving such problems in other subject areas. This article can be considered as a continuation of the series of works dedicated to governmental use of the automated system-cognitive analysis (ASC-analysis) and its software tools the system of "Eidos"

Newsletter No. 59 March 1995 Code Number: NL95023 File Sizes: Text: 134K Graphics: Line Drawings (gif) 26K MEETING REPORTS Penetration of Science and Mathematics in the Education of Children in the Primary Schools Sherburne Abbott National Academy of Sciences Advisory Committee on the Environment (ACE) Julia Marton-Lefevre, Executive Director, ICSU ICSU's ACE held its 9th meeting in Paris, in January, and reviewed ICSU's involvement in various programmes dealing with the environment, including the three Global Observing Systems (GCOS, GOOS and GTOS), the IGBP (International Geosphere- Biosphere Programme) and the WCRP (World Climate Research Programme). ACE also continued to advise the Executive Board of ICSLI about rotation of ICSUappointed members of relevant environmental bodies. Special Committee on Science in the former Soviet Union (FSU) and in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) (COMSCEE) Julia Marton-Lefevre Executive Director, ICSU The ICSU Special Committee, COMSCEE, held its annual meeting in Paris in January, and, before continuing to develop its own programme, it reviewed relevant activities carried out by ICSU family members. These were submitted in response to a request from the Chairman of COMSCEE. A review of the activities of partner organisations represented on COMSCEE, such as the European Union, OECD and UNESCO also took place. Electronic Publishing in the Scientific Domain: An international conference of experts to identify issues of concern and to advise on future action for the benefit of science D.F. Shaw Fellow of the Keble College, Oxford ICSU Press and UNESCO have set up a Programme Committee to plan the Conference of Experts in Electronic Publishing, which is to be held in Paris at UNESCO HQ during the week 19-23 February 1996. The first meeting of this Committee was held at ICSU HQ on 15/16 December 1994 and this report summarises the arrangements so far proposed. INASP Board Meeting London, 9 and 10 February 1995 Carol Priestley, Director, INASP The International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications (INASP) held its meeting on 9 and 10 February in London. It is now in its third year of operation. The Network continues to be run from the small secretariat in London, headed by Carol Priestley as Director, and supported by Pru Watts-Russell as the other member of professional staff. Ard Jongsma returned to the Netherlands in June 1994 to take up work as a freelance journalist. It has, however, been possible to retain his services on a consultancy basis for preparation of some of the INASP publications. The SC-IGBP reports on the 9th meeting Neil Swanberg Deputy Executive Director, IGBP The ninth meeting of the Scientific Committee of the IGBP (SC-IGBP) was held in early December in the small skiresort of Thredbo, Australia. For one day prior to the meeting, the members of the SC participated in a Global Change Seminar at the Australian Academy of Sciences in Canberra, Australia. A series of talks by leading Australian scientists and IGBP Core Project Chairmen provided an excellent counterpoint between national and regional focus and global interests. After this, the SC members proceeded to Thredbo for their meeting. Situated in the Smoky mountains, about a 3-hour drive from Canberra, this off-season locale (late Austral spring) offered a pleasant, inspiring and costeffective environment for the meeting. The all-too-brief glimpse of the Australian countryside and wildlife en route was welcomed by all. Establishment of the new Scientific Committee on Water Research: From COWAR to SCOWAR lanusz Kindler* Chairman The Committee on Water Research (COWAR) was established by ICSU in 1964, as a forum for information exchange among the international nongovernmental scientific associations working in the field of water. In 1976, COWAR became a joint ICSUUITA (Union of International Technical Associations) Committee. By the end of 1992, the General Committee of ICSU reviewed COWAR and recommended that it should become more research oriented in order to meet the challenges of the post-UNCED period. In fact, in recent years COWAR had already been involved in the UNCED process, among others, summarizing research needs of the water sciences arising from the concept of sustainability ({{Water in our common future}}, UNESCO/IHP, 1994). SPOTLIGHTS ON SCIENCE + 1 C? It happened before ! N. Petit-Maire Vice-President, lUGS The world socio-economic and political structures rest, for a large part, upon the presentday climatic conditions, widely dictating the regional availability of fresh water, food and shelter. The study of the realistic archives of the Past (ice and deep-sea cores, continental sediments) provided by long term geological records has shown that the present-day scenario is only transitory within the huge variability of the Earth's climate. Changes in the solar energy received by the planet have induced, at least in the last 2 millions years, alternate cold and warm phases: over the last 20,000 years only, average global temperature has shifted from a glacial maximum (-3 C relative to nowadays) to a warm pattern (+1 C) which peaked between 9,000 and 6,000 years ago, then slowly degradated, due to the slow astronomical trend presently leading the globe toward a new cold phase, at the slow pace of - 0.01 C / century. 6th Meeting of the OECD Megascience Forum Paris, 24-25 January 1995 Francoise Praderie. Coordinator, Megascience Forum During its sixth meeting held in Paris on 24-25 January, government representatives attending the Megascience Forum discussed what the Forum had achieved since the meeting of the OECD Committee for Science and Technology Policy (CSTP) at Ministerial level recommended its creation in March 1992. GETTING TO KNOW World Data Centre C-Glaciology Ailsa Macqueen Manager of World Data Centre - Glaciology and William Mills Scott Polar Research Institute This article provides a brief introduction to World Data Centre C for Glaciology (WDCC), one of the less well-known members of the ICSU family. WDC-C has much to offer all those whose research interests relate in any way to snow and ice. European Network for Research in Global Change (ENRICH) Anver Ghazi ,Head, ENRICH Office With less than 250 weeks left to go until the beginning of the twenty first century, formidable tasks remain for the scientific community to monitor and detect, understand and predict changes in the Earth System and its interactions with human beings. A crucial challenge is to make scientific research results accessible and usable for those involved in the decision making process related to the concept of Sustainable Development. Major international scientific programmes under the umbrella of ICSU, such as the IGBP and WCRP, are dealing with these issues. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY FOR DEVELOPMENT Science Publishing in Latin America Kai Inge Hillerud, Chairman, ICSU Press ICSU Press and COSTED/IBN organized jointly on 27-30 November 1994 a Workshop on {{Scientific Publications in Latin America}} in Guadalajara, Mexico. Cosponsors of the workshop were UNESCO, the University of Guadalajara, the Third World Academy of Sciences (TWAS), and the Academia de la Investigacion Cientifica (Mexico). Guadalajara and the Scientific Magazines of Latin America Ennio Candotti Editor, Ciencia Hoje There is a clear message coming forth from Guadalajara: there is Science in Latin America. Here, we find a rich biological, environmental and cultural diversity. Historical documents of great value for the history of civilization and for natural paleo-history developed here. In Latin America, complex societies were formed and have survived against the most cruel economic and political pressures. E. Candotti, Editor, Ciencia Hoje, Rio de Janeiro, at the Workshop on Scientific Publications in Latin America in Guadalajara Developing a New Science Agenda for Africa A. RANDFORUM's Mandate Prompted by the fact that Africa had so far failed to put into place mechanisms for the economic and social development of Africa, The Research and Development Forum for ScienceLed Development in Africa (RANDFORUM) was established two years ago with the following guidelines: NEWS IN BRIEF New President of the Third World Academy of Sciences Jose Israel Vargas from Brazil was elected President of the Third World Academy of ciences (TWAS) at its recent Council meeting held in Trieste, Italy on 27 January 1995. NEWS IN BRIEF First International Course in Biotechnology of Plants and Microorganisms 25 October to 13 December 1995 Rehovot, Israel The COBIOTECH's Training Centre of Biotechnology in Agriculture, in cooperation with the Otto Warburg Centre for Agricultural Biotechnology, established at the Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, is organizing the {{First International Course in Biotechnology of Plants and Microorganisms}} to be held at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel, from 25 October to 13 December 1995. LOOKING AHEAD Future Meetings METEOHYTEC 21 UPDATE WMO International Conference on Meteorological and Hydrological Technology and its Management - METEOHYTEC 21 Geneva, 22-26 May 1995. International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics General Assembly Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A. July 3-14, 1995 Data Challenges of the 21st Century An Inter-Association Workshop, sponsored by the International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI), and co-sponsored by the International Association of Geodesy (lAG), the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (lAGA), the ICSU Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA), and the ICSU Panel on World Data Centers (WDC). ICSU Forum 22 October 1995 and SAC IV, 23-27 October 1995 Beijing International Convention Center, Beijing, China The International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) The records of ancient China give detailed descriptions of weather and landscape, providing invaluable documentation of climate and landuse change. We search these records for indicators of global change, and whether changes in China did, or did not, correspond to dramatic changes in warm or cold, wet or dry, periods in other parts of the globe. ICSU Forum on Earth System Research The ICSU Forum taking place on 22 October in Beijing is the third one to accompany a Scientific Advisory Council meeting for the IGBP. The first in Paris (France) in September 1990 addressed global change studies in the different ICSU Unions, the second in Ensenada (Baja California, Mexico) covered different aspects of the follow-up to Agenda 21 and the Rio Conference, and the third Forum addresses scientific issues with regard to Earth system research. The Forum, with an approach to the global change work of the ICSU bodies, provides an introduction to the more specific scientific research and results of the IGBP. Conference and Business Forum Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico 26-29 November 1995 This Conference is jointly organized by the Scientific Committee for Biotechnology (COBIOTECH) of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) andthe Instituto de Biotecnologia (IBT) de la Universidad Nacional Aut6norna de Mexico (UNAM). This is a first interdisciplinary brainstorming event to discuss the needs, opportunities, and tools for promoting biotechnology through methods of cooperation between all Third Scientific Symposium {{Global Change, Local Challenge}} Geneva, 20-22 September 1995 Background The Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change Programme (HDP) addresses processes that transcend political and cultural boundaries. Understanding and responding to these global scale phenomena requires international coordination and cooperation. HDP contributes to global change research by providing mechanisms to foster collaboration among natural and social scientists, develop compatible and comparable data sets, elaborate common methodologies, and exchange research results. Preparations for 25th meeting of ICSU General Assembly The 25th General Assembly of ICSU will take place in Washington, D.C., in September 1996, hosted by the U.S- National Member of ICSU, the National Academy of Sciences. The General Assembly will open on the evening of 24 September 1996 and will conclude its business by the afternoon of 27 September. A day will be set aside during the Assembly for a Scientific Symposium the programme of which is presently being finalized. OBITUARIES Tribute to Cyril Ponnamperuma by Professor Julian Chela-Flores from Venezuela, TWAS Fellow (Written for TWAS Nezvsletter) PUBLICATIONS ICSU 1995 Year Book The 1995 ICSU Year Book was published in March This valuable reference tool contains 475 pages of information on the Council, its Members, Committees, Associates and partners with details of their activities and chief scientific officers. In addition to an alphabetical address list of over 2,000 leading scientists throughout the world, the Year Book contains a comprehensive calendar of international scientific meetings from the present to the year 2000. It is an essential publication for scientific and university libraries, institutions and individuals with serious interests in scientific research. Guidelines for Scientific Publishing Second edition ICSU Press Publishing Services has concentrated its efforts on being a source of advice and counsel to ICSU bodies in matters relating to scientific publishing, including financial, legal and technical aspects, and as an agent for any family member wishing to engage in the publication of books or journals. It is within this context of this advisory role that these revised Guidelines for Scientific Publishing have been issued. This book may be obtained from the ICSU Secretariat. Universality of Science The eighth edition of Universality of Science}} (1995/1996) is now ready for distribution. This handbook of ICSU's Standing Committee on Freedom in the Conduct of Science (SCFCS) gives advice to organizers of international scientific meetings. The 51-page booklet has kept the same blue cover ever since the first edition and is widely known as {{The Blue Book}}. CALENDAR OF MEETINGS 27 March - 7 April 10-11 April: 12 - 28 April 20 - 21 April 24 - 26 April 02 - 03 May 04 - 05 May 6 May 29 May - 4 June 15 -16 June 21 June 22 - 23 June Copyright 1995 ICSU

La concettualizzazione dell'"approccio bioclimatico" alla progettazione edilizia, nell'ambito della letteratura scientifica, trova una prima e specifica formalizzazione negli anni sessanta, soprattutto conseguentemente alla spinta e all'influenza di innovativi studi condotti da V. Olgyay e B. Givoni , benché specifiche indicazioni circa l'importanza degli approcci progettuali basati sullo studio dell'interazione tra architettura e clima, risalgano all'opera di Vitruvio "De Architectura", trattato scritto nel II sec. D.C. (libro primo: "la scelta dei luoghi salubri", "L'orientamento della rete viaria rispetto alla direzione dei venti"; libro sesto: "L'edilizia privata in relazione a climi e latitudini") e, nel corso del XX secolo, siano state illustrate e sottolineate da architetti quali W. Gropius , F.L. Wright (nelle "Usonian House", dove ci si basa su un alternativo sistema di sfruttamento dell'energia solare e dei moti convettivi dell'aria per il condizionamento invernale ed estivo dell'edificio) e, in Italia, teorizzate da studiosi come G. Vinaccia e G. Rigotti . Nonostante la formalizzazione di importanti studi tesi a confermare e valorizzare l'importanza dell'approccio bioclimatico nella progettazione architettonica e urbanistica, definendone i principi e le caratteristiche peculiari, per molti anni si è continuato a progettare ed edificare in maniera poco sensibile a tali istanze e approcci: "…nessuno si azzarderebbe soltanto a pensare di costruire un edificio senza il necessario controllo statico. Eppure non si è ancora convinti della utilità di progettare tenendo conto dei parametri del benessere in generale e di quello termico in particolare.Si progetta e si costruisce ancora senza preoccuparsi ad esempio dei rumori e delle vicende climatiche alle quali l'edificio verrà assoggettato. Si ha una fiducia illimitata nello spirito di sopportazione da prova di nevrosi dell'utente medio e si confida nelle capacità risolutive dell'impianto…." (D. Del Bino, 1983). Attualmente, la presa di coscienza delle conseguenze, di ordine ambientale (cambiamenti climatici, esaurimento delle risorse energetiche non rinnovabili, ecc.) alle quali ha progressivamente condotto questo atteggiamento culturale, ha portato alla definizione di normative di livello comunitario (recepite diffusamente dai vari Paesi) che pongono importanti vincoli alla progettazione delle nuove realizzazioni edilizie e degli interventi di ristrutturazione di rigenerazione urbana e dell'edificato preesistente. L'"approccio bioclimatico", è stato quindi rivalutato e ricaricato di nuove e importanti valenze in funzione degli obiettivi di contrasto ai cambiamenti climatici in corso, al centro dei quali, la tematica energetica riferita al contesto costruito, riveste un ruolo fondamentale e sostanziale, soprattutto in relazione al fatto che "L'energia impiegata nel settore residenziale e terziario, composto per la maggior parte di edifici, rappresenta oltre il 40% del consumo finale di energia della Comunità. Essendo questo un settore in espansione, i suoi consumi di energia e quindi le sue emissioni di biossido di carbonio sono destinati ad aumentare" (premessa alla Direttiva 2002/91 CE del Parlamento Europeo sul rendimento energetico nell'edilizia ). ; The conceptualization of the "bioclimatic approach" to building design, in the context of scientific literature, finds a first and specific formalization in the sixties, especially as a result of the thrust and influence of innovative studies conducted by V. Olgyay and B. Givoni, although specific indications about the importance of design approaches based on the study of the interaction between architecture and climate, go back to the work of Vitruvius "De Architectura", a treatise written in the second century. A.D. (first book: "the choice of healthy places", "The orientation of the road network with respect to the direction of the winds"; sixth book: "Private building in relation to climates and latitudes") and, during the twentieth century, have been illustrated and underlined by architects such as W. Gropius, FL Wright (in the "Usonian House", where it is based on an alternative system of exploitation of solar energy and convective air motions for the winter and summer conditioning of the building) and, in Italy, theorized by scholars such as G. Vinaccia and G. Rigotti. Despite the formalization of important studies aimed at confirming and enhancing the importance of the bioclimatic approach in architectural and urban planning, defining its principles and peculiar characteristics, for many years we have continued to design and build in a way that is not very sensitive to these requests and approaches: "… no one would just dare to think of building a building without the necessary static control. Yet we are not yet convinced of the usefulness of designing taking into account the parameters of well-being in general and of thermal well-being in particular . We still design and build without worrying, for example, about the noises and climatic events to which the building will be subjected . You have unlimited confidence in the spirit of neurosis-proof endurance of the average user and trust in the resolving capabilities of the system . " (D. Del Bino, 1983). Currently, the awareness of the environmental consequences (climate change, depletion of non-renewable energy resources, etc.) to which this cultural attitude has progressively led, has led to the definition of community-level regulations (widely implemented by the various countries ) which place important constraints on the design of new buildings and urban regeneration and pre-existing building renovation interventions. The "bioclimatic approach" has therefore been re-evaluated and reloaded with new and important values in relation to the objectives of contrasting climate change in progress, at the center of which, the energy issue referred to the built context, plays a fundamental and substantial role, above all in relation to the fact that "The energy used in the residential and tertiary sector, composed for the most part of buildings, represents over 40% of the final energy consumption of the Community. As this is an expanding sector, its energy consumption and therefore its carbon dioxide emissions are destined to increase "(introduction to Directive 2002/91 EC of the European Parliament on energy performance in buildings).

Майбутній розвиток України неможливий без вирішення низки питань стосовно підвищення конкурентоспроможності аграрного сектора та забезпечення продовольчої безпеки країни, що неможливо досягти без використання страхування як фактора стабілізації аграрного виробництва. При цьому першочерговим завданням є визначення напряму розвитку ринку страхових послуг для аграрного виробництва в умовах впровадження інновацій та з урахуванням глобальних змін в агробіоценозах та природно-кліматичних умовах.Під час написання статті було застосовано такі методи дослідження: абстрактно-логічний та діалектичний (для теоретичних узагальнень та формування висновків); аналізу і синтезу (для деталізації об'єкта дослідження, оцінки динаміки, структури та ефективності змін у страхуванні ризиків у сільськогосподарському виробництві); історичний та логічний (для визначення напрямів подальшого розвитку).Проведене впродовж 1995–2017 років дослідження свідчить про зростання масштабності впливу ризиків на зменшення обсягів врожаю сільськогосподарських культур, зокрема, ступінь впливу післядії засобів захисту рослин перевищив ступінь негативного впливу природно-кліматичних умов. Як наслідок, вимоги до господарств щодо страхування виробничої діяльності повинні бути різними і обов'язково враховувати технології вирощування сільськогосподарських культур. Унаслідок високих ризиків аграрного виробництва, страхування врожаю потребує підтримки з боку держави. Ефективність державного субсидування страхових платежів при страхуванні врожаю сільськогосподарських культур доведено прискореним зростанням обсягів страхування протягом 2005–2008 років.Проведено аналіз основних кількісних показників ринку страхових послуг для агровиробництва, який свідчить про зростання інтересу товаровиробників до продуктів більш дорогого мультиризикового страхування. З метою подальшого розвитку ринку страхових послуг для аграрних товаровиробників, запропоновано врахувати в умовах договорів страхування здатність повноцінного виконання агропідприємствами технологічних операцій та запобіжних заходів, що допоможе знизити ризик настання страхового випадку або пом'якшити його негативні наслідки, зокрема післядію агрохімікатів. Як наслідок, за умови використання підприємством високоефективних ресурсоощадних технологій, умови страхування будуть значно більш сприятливими для страхувальника, а мотивація до страхування – порівняно більш обґрунтованою.Ключові слова: страхування, аграрні ризики, страхування посівів, інноваційні технології землеробства, державна підтримка ; Ukraine's future development is impossible without addressing a number of questions concerning increasing the competitiveness of the agrarian sector and ensuring the country's food security, which can't be achieved without using insurance as a stabilizing factor in agricultural production. At the same time, the priority task is to determine the direction of the insurance services market development for agrarian production in the conditions of innovation and concerning global changes in agrobiocenoses and natural conditions.When writing the article, the following research methods were used: abstract-logical and dialectical (for theoretical generalizations and conclusions formation); analysis and synthesis (for details of the research object, assessment of the dynamics, structure and effectiveness of changes in risk insurance for agricultural production); historical and logical (to determine the directions of further development).The research carried out during 1995-2017 indicates an increase in the magnitude of the impact of risks on the reduction of crop yields; in particular, the degree of impact of the aftereffects of plant protection products exceeded the degree of adverse effects of natural conditions. In Ukraine, there are areas where agricultural production is not subject to severe fluctuations and losses due to weather and climatic conditions, and consequently, requirements for farms to production insurance activities must be different and must necessarily take into account the technologies of crops growing. Under such conditions, it is urgent to create attractive insurance conditions for agricultural producers and to ensure the development of competition between insurance companies on a new scientifically based system with the economy cooperation.Due to the high risks of agrarian production, the crop insurance needs government support. The effectiveness of state subsidies for insurance payments for agricultural crops insurance has been proven by the accelerated growth of insurance volumes during 2005-2008. The functions of the state in the promoting insurance for agricultural production should be priority. Functions of the state in the process of promoting the insurance of agrarian production should be the priority. The insurance must be voluntary and provide timely implementation of the tasks related to: development of the methodology of this activity and encouragement of agricultural producers to participate in insurance. Secondly, development of the basic principles and rules of state support for insurance, in particular, mechanisms for compensation of part of insurance contributions and control over the distribution of budget funds; Third, full protection of the interests of insurers against insurance companies, which will promote more active participation of producers in insurance of their industrial risks.The analysis of the main quantitative indicators of the insurance market for agricultural production makes it possible to assert that sixty insurance companies form 94% of the market. Contracts of insurance of the future harvest (multi-risk insurance) dominate in the annual distribution of contracts according to the type of insurance product, which indicates an increase in the interest of agrarian commodity producers in products more expensive and complex insurance. Insurance volumes remain insignificant and over the past five years, they constitute an average of 2-3% of the total agricultural crop area in the country, of which more than 60% of the insured area is occupied by winter wheat and another 15% is attributed to winter rape. The most profitable from the point of view of the insurance company was the insurance of winter wheat and corn at the expense of high premiums at insignificant level of payments, at the same time, the insurance of winter rape was highly costly for the insurer.In order to further develop the insurance market for agrarian commodity producers, it is proposed to take into account, in the insurance contracts, the ability to fully carry out technological operations and preventive measures by agribusiness enterprises, which will help reduce the risk of an insured event or mitigate its negative consequences, in particular after the effect of agrochemicals. As a result, if the enterprise uses highly efficient resource-saving technologies, the terms of insurance will be considerably more favorable for the insured, and the motivation for insurance is relatively more justified.

After a long period of vindicating claims and growing organization, the indigenous community TOBA achieved in 1999, the return of 150,000 hectares by the delivery, by the Government of the Province of Chaco, of the Community Title of land to the Association MEGUESOXOCm. This act of reparation to a community historically postponed, unleashes a series of consequences on the population settled in the Interfluve area, the most significant being the relocation of Creole settlers. To the tremendous difficulties that these families must face to achieve survival are now added the important tensions that emerge from the change in the legal status of the land, which turns part of the inhabitants, who occupied tax lands, into interlopers. Families, both Toba and Creole who, from the delivery of the community title occupy strips with specific destination (lands destined to the Creoles or securitized in favor of the aboriginal community) and must relocate; that is, they are subject to an involuntary relocation. It is necessary to clarify that the next population movements not only affect Tabas and Creole families in the area, but that there is even the possibility of the return of tabas who had emigrated from the Interfluve Teuco-Bermejito, today creditors of these lands. The anxiety for a future that is uncertain and exceeds the own capacities of the local population, added to the own climatic characteristics of the region, where there are negative effects and adversities derived from cycles of droughts and floods, in a context of economic crisis , which crosses the country and the province, explains that the inhabitants of the area are subject to a critical situation, emergency and uncertainty, which highlights the social urgency, and the need to build an adequate response. To face this complex situation and give a comprehensive response, the Province of Chaco forms the Provincial Mixed Commission that has launched a process of participatory and intersectional planning in order to design and implement a project that ensures the sustainability of the region and its inhabitants: the Teuco-Bermejito Interfluve Integrated Project. Within this process of participatory planning, a preparatory stage of sensitization of actors has been carried out and it is necessary to advance in the consensual design of the integrated project and its programs. The Change Project "Associated Management for the Sustainable Local Development of Teuco-Bermejito" provides essential elements for a process of this nature: appropriate methodologies and scenarios for the design of viable strategies, intersectoriality and participation. The formulation of the Teuco Bermejito Integrated Project and its programs then has an Ad-hoc Technical Assistance that facilitates the achievement of the results of this design stage and the consolidation of the local development process in which it is inserted. ; Luego de una larga etapa de reclamos reivindicatorios y de creciente organización, la comunidad indígena TOBA logra en 1999, la devolución de 150.000 hectáreas mediante la entrega, por parte del Gobierno de la Provincia del Chaco, del Título Comunitario de tierras a la Asociación MEGUESOXOCm. Este acto de reparación a una comunidad históricamente postergada, desencadena una serie de consecuencias sobre la población asentada en el área del Interfluvio, siendo la más significativa, la relocalización de pobladores criollos. A las tremendas dificultades que estas familias deben enfrentar para lograr la supervivencia se agregan ahora las importantes tensiones que emergen del cambio de status jurídico de las tierras, que convierte a parte de los habitantes, que ocupaban tierras fiscales, en intrusos. Familias, tanto tobas como criollas que, a partir de la entrega del título comunitario ocupan tiras con destino específico (tierras destinadas a los criollos o titulizadas a favor de la comunidad aborigen) y deben relocalizarse; es decir que se encuentran sometidas a una relocalización involuntaria. Es necesario aclarar, que los próximos movimientos poblacionales no sólo afectan a familias tabas y criollas del área, sino que incluso existe la posibilidad de regreso de tabas que habían emigrado del Interfluvio Teuco-Bermejito, hoy acreedores de estas tierras. La ansiedad por un futuro que se presenta incierto y excede las propias capacidades de la población local, sumado a las propias características climáticas de la región, donde se presentan efectos negativos y adversidades derivadas de ciclos de sequías e inundaciones, en un contexto de crisis económica, por la que atraviesa el País y la Provincia, explica que los habitantes del área se encuentran sometidos a una situación crítica, de emergencia e incertidumbre, lo que pone de relieve la urgencia social, y la necesidad de construir una respuesta adecuada. Para enfrentar esta compleja situación y dar una respuesta integral, la Provincia de Chaco conforma la Comisión Mixta Provincial que ha puesto en marcha un proceso de planificación participativa e intersectorial a fin de diseñar e implementar un proyecto que asegure la sustentabilidad de la región y sus habitantes: el Proyecto Integrado Interfluvio Teuco-Bermejito. Dentro de este proceso de planificación participativa se ha transitado una etapa preparatoria de sensibilización de actores y se requiere avanzar en el diseño consensuado del proyecto integrado y sus programas. El Proyecto de Cambio "Gestión Asociada para el Desarrollo Local Sustentable del Teuco-Bermejito" aporta elementos indispensables para un proceso de esta naturaleza: metodologías y escenarios apropiados para el diseño de estrategias viables, la intersectorialidad y la participación. La formulación del Proyecto Integrado Teuco Bermejito y sus programas, cuenta entonces con una Asistencia Técnica ad-hoc que facilita la consecución de los resultados de esta etapa de diseño y la consolidación del proceso de desarrollo local en el que se inserta.

Water scarcity is an issue of global concern due to the increase of the population and the climate change, which both increase the water demand. Many arid and semiarid countries are facing high water stress and the use of reclaimed water becomes a valuable resource. Many countries' economy is based on the agro-food sector, with amounts ca. the 70% of water demand. For this reason, reclaimed water represents an important component of wise water management. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) are designed to remove efficiently some biodegradable compounds, however, they are not able to remove a number of recalcitrant organic coñtamina0nts known as chemical oxygen demand (COD). There are many sources of water pollution, and contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) including many compounds that they are not legislated and recently some effects to the environment have been observed. For example, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, flame retardants, microplastics, etc. Consequently, plants are exposed to a huge number of chemical contaminants that are present not only in water, but also in air or soil. For this reason, it is important to understand the dynamics involved in the plant uptake of these CECs and more specifically in crops. In this Thesis, the uptake of some CECs, chosen by their occurrence in the environment and their physical-chemical properties, has been assessed. To elucidate the factors that are involved in the uptake of these contaminants, three different experiments were performed in a greenhouse. Therefore, this Thesis is divided in the three experiments. In the first one, the plant uptake of some CECs with a perlite:sand mixture and its modelling were assessed. Moreover, a mass balance was performed to evaluate the persistence of the CECs in the substrate. Then, by inverse modelling, the half-lives of CECs in the soil-plant system were estimated. In the second experiment, most of the CECs that were added in the irrigation water were taken up by lettuce. Hence, in this experiment, biochar, which is a soil improver, was assessed as a soil amendment to mitigate the uptake of these CECs in lettuce. To confirm this hypothesis, different biochar amendments were performed (O, 2.5 and 5% w/w biochar) to an agricultural soil from the Llobregat's Delta. Finally, it could be observed that the addition of biochar, reduced the concentration of CECs in lettuces. Since these two experiments demonstrated that CECs can be uptaken by crops and translocated to edible parts, and it well known that plants can metabolize xenobiotics through transformation, conjugation and sequestration steps, in the third experiment, an enzymatic digestion was performed to determine the conjugated CECs fraction. Interestingly, the conjugated fraction accounted up to more than 80%, which should be taken into account in risk assessment studies. Finally, in the same experiment, some effects of CECs to lettuce were elucidated. Visual differences between non-exposed and exposed lettuce were observed. For this reason, a metabolomic approach was applied to correlate the presence of CECs with the changes in the metabolome and the changes in chlorophyll content and plant morphology. ; L'escassetat d'aigua és un tema de gran preocupació degut a l'augment de la població i el canvi climàtic, que tan que s'elevi la demanda d'aigua. Molts països amb un clima àrid o semiàrid s'enfronten a un elevat estrès hídric. En aquest context, l'ús d'aigua regenerada es converteix en una practica clau. L'economia de molts passos es basa en el sector agroalimentari, que requereix grans quantitats d'aigua pel seu desenvolupament. Per aquesta raó, l'aigua regenerada representa un component important en la gestió intel·ligent de l'aigua. Les estacions depuradores d'aigües residuals (EDAR) estan dissenyades per eliminar de manera eficient alguns compostos biodegradables. Tot i així, no són capaces d'eliminar una sèrie de contaminants orgànics. Hi ha molts tipus de contaminació en l'aigua i els contaminants emergent (CECs) inclouen molts compostos que no estan legislats i recentment s'han observat alguns efectes en el medi ambient. Alguns exemples de CECs són fàrmacs, productes de cura personal, retardants de flama, microplàstics, etc. En conseqüència, les plantes estan exposades a un gran nombre de contaminants que es troben presents no només en aigua, sinó també en l'aire o el sol. Per aquest motiu, és important entendre la dinàmica implicada en l'absorció d'aquests contaminants en plantes i cercar estratègies per mitigar aquesta possible absorció. Aquest treball de recerca té com a objectiu estudiar l'absorció de diversos CECs en enciams, que han estat seleccionats perla seva presencia en el medi ambient i les seves propietats fisicoquímiques. Per dilucidar els paràmetres que estan implicats en l'absorció d'aquests contaminants en enciams, tres experiments diferents s'han dut a terme en l'estació experimental Agròpolis pertanyent a la UPC. Per tant, aquesta Tesi es pot separar en els 3 experiments duts a terme. En el primer experiment, es va avaluar l'absorció d'alguns CECs en enciams emprant un substrat format per una mescla de sorra i perlita. L'experiment va dilucidar que la majoria deis CECs van ser absorbits pels enciams i translocats a les parts aèries deis enciams. D'altra banda, un balanç;: de masses es va realitzar per avaluar la persistència deis CECs en el substrat. Després, mitjançant models d'incorporació de contaminants en plantes, es van estimar les vides mitjanes deis CEC en el sistema sol-planta. En un següent experiment, l'ús de biocarbó (biochar) es va proposar com una esmena del sol per reduir l'absorció d'aquests CECs als enciams. Per dur confirmar aquesta hipòtesi, es van afegir diferents percentatges de biochar (O, 2,5 i 5% de biochar) en un sol agrícola de la zona agrícola del Delta del Llobregat. Finalment, es va poder observar que l'addició de biochar reduí la concentració deis CECs en els enciams. Aquests dos primers experiments van ser útils per evidenciar que aquests compostos es poden absorbir fàcilment perles plantes i arribar a les parts que comestibles. No obstant, en altres estudis s'ha demostrat que les plantes són capaços de metabolitzar xenobiòtics a través de tres passos: transformació, conjugació i segrest deis CECs. Per aquest motiu, es va realitzar una digestió enzimàtica per determinar la fracció de CECs que podrien ser conjugats. Curiosament i segons el contaminant, la fracció conjugada va representar més del 80% del compost parental, evidenciant que la fracció conjugada s'ha de tenir en compte en els estudis d'avaluació de risc humà. Finalment, en aquest mateix experiment, es varen observar diferencies morfològiques entre els enciams exposats a un còctel de CECs i els no exposats als contaminants. A més, la determinació de clorofil·les també va evidenciar diferencies entre tractaments. Per aquesta raó, es van extreure els metabòlits secundaris deis enciams emprant un enfocament metabolòmic juntament amb tècniques quimiomètriques per correlacionar la presencia d'aquests contaminants amb els canvis morfològics i en el contingut de clorofil·la i dels metabòlits secundaris ; Postprint (published version)