Suchergebnisse

After we started direct communication and collaboration with foreign scholars, we immediately noticed that one of the reasons of miscommunication derives from the lack of discussion of terminological synonymy as well as the concept of a term. For example, miscommunication may occur due to such issues as the understanding and the relationship of such terms as a borrowing and a foreign word, such Lithuanian words as naujadaras, naujažodis and neologizmas which are usually all rendered in English as a neologism, language policy and language planning, etc. In addition, numerous debatable issues arise regarding the use of the term marker and its synonyms in the context of morphology and the choice of different terms to refer to the administrative style (kanceliarinis, dalykinis, administracinis stilius in Lithuanian). There is a tendency to opt for an international term since it facilitates communication with foreign scholars. This article explores terms that deal with language 'standardness' used in linguistic research and in written public discourse. In addition, it raises a question of whether it would not be useful to replace the term of common language with that of standard language. In our opinion, the term standard language better reflects such aspects of a given language variety as its normative nature, national status, formality, a consistent and natural acquisition of the language system as well as the application of the acquired knowledge in the processes of language standardisation and language policy. Certainly, replacing a term with a different one is not difficult, i.e. it is a matter of agreement and intention; however, in our case the question seems to be directly related not only to terminology but also to the concepts that they signify. On the one hand, international practice shows that local terms remain local and cause problems in translating them into other languages; on the other hand, it also reflects differences in the content of the terms when they are used to refer to different stages of language development.Several terms were used in Lithuanian linguistics to refer to language standardness. Jonas Jablonskis used the term written language. The scholar emphasised that he chose the term deliberately since he was not aiming at codifying spoken language and since written language was deemed as the most important in his time. The term common language created by Pranas Skardžius entered public use only in 1927. However, after 1950, the term of common language was replaced by the Russian term literary language. It was no better than other terms, it had no traditions in Lithuania but it was important as a political stance of showing how united Soviet linguistics was. Such purposeless change of terms was not accepted well by linguists working both in Lithuania and abroad. This issue was discussed on many occasions in writings by Skardžius, Jonikas and it was debated widely by Lithuanian linguists. The term common language was started to be used again in 1969.Today the status of our language is different: we have the system of established vocabulary, grammar, the whole language system is standardised, we have institutions that set and monitor language norms (State Commission of the Lithuanian Language and the State Language Inspectorate), institutions that foster Lithuanian, standardised language is used in all public domains, its status is established by a special law. As a result, contemporary situation can be defined by two clear terms: 1) Lithuanian which encompasses dialects, sociolects, idiolects and which also subsumes borrowings and jargon since it is part of our daily language which is not regulated by any laws or resolutions; 2) standard language which is understood as a language variety of the highest prestige. We do not suggest that the use of the term common language should be abandoned but we believe it should have a different place in the system of terms. As we are familiar with the way language development processes are termed in other countries the examples of which are provided in the first part of this article, we argue that common language may refer to a certain stage in the development of our language. Thus the language of a pre-standard stage used by the whole nation which has been more or less standardised can be referred to by the term common language. It would involve such language use which occurs in the initial stages of the development of a standard language, i.e. it would no longer refer to some tribal or dialectal language but rather to the general language used by the whole nation or its substantial part which first occurs in a written form and which is standardised only on the primitive or intuitive level without any language policy at the national or any other institutional level. However, this stage is over now and therefore, similarly to Latvians, we have to use the term standard language. In our opinion, standard language is a standardised language variety which is used in public discourse (state management, media, school) and in international communication. ; Šiame straipsnyje norima atkreipti dėmesį į standartinės kalbos termino vietą kaimynų ir tolimesnių šalių terminologijoje, taip pat siūloma prie šio termino pereiti ir mūsų kalbotyroje. Įvertinant kaimynų latvių patirtį, siūloma vartoti terminus lietuvių kalba ir standartinė kalba, kurie puikiai atskirtų kasdienę mūsų kalbą nuo sunorminto jos varianto. Autoriai nesiūlo visiškai atsisakyti bendrinės kalbos termino, tik mato jo kitą vietą terminų sistemoje. Matydami, kaip kalbos raidos procesai įvardijami kitose šalyse, kurių pavyzdžius pateikėme pirmoje šio straipsnio dalyje, sako, kad bendrinė kalba gali įvardyti tam tikrą mūsų kalbos raidos etapą, tad ikistandartinio periodo daugiau ar mažiau sunorminta ir visos tautos vartojama kalba tegul būna vadinama bendrine kalba. Tačiau dabar šis etapas yra pasibaigęs, todėl, kaip ir latviai, turime vartoti standartinės kalbos terminą. Autorių manymu, standartinė kalba – standartizuota kalbos atmaina, vartojama viešajame gyvenime (valstybės valdyme, medijose, mokyklоje) ir tarptautinėje komunikacijoje.

Science and research are an integral part of the contemporary society – the participation of society in the development of science and technology and cooperation between science and business are an important factor in social changes. The wellbeing of contemporary society depends to a large extent on the continuous development of scientific knowledge, accumulation of technical and practical experience, a spirit of knowledge creation and entrepreneurship. Therefore, an effective science communication is important in order to ensure the generation of new knowledge and the application of research results in practice.The diffusion of knowledge and research results is implemented by means of science communica­tion. Science communication ensures that society is informed about scientific innovations and therefore is an important tool for bringing together science and business, for encouraging innovations, and for informed decision-making.The aim of the article is to analyse the formal scientific communication in social sciences journals Sociologija. Mintis ir veiksmas, Filosofija. Sociologi­ja, Socialiniai tyrimai, Socialinis darbas, Socialinių mokslų studijos, Tiltai, Acta paedagogica Vilnensia and to compare with previously carried out research of the journal Gender Studies and Research.Gender studies are a field of an interdisciplinary study devoted to issues of social injustice on the local and the global levels. It is a kind of science of civic engagement, which aims, among other things, to help to create a just social policy for both women and men.The aim of the present study is to analyse formal science communication in seven academic journals of social sciences. The study included the following dimensions of analysis: institutional affiliation of the authors of the articles, the language of the publica­tions, topics of the publications, the gender of the authors; the leaders of scientific communication in this journal (the authors that have published the biggest number of articles) were identified, too.The study included 201 issues (all issues from 2004 to 2014) that contained 2614 articles published in the seven journals.The analysis revealed that the articles in the seven journals were published by researchers from 22 aca­demic institutions of Lithuania and from abroad. This indicates the interdisciplinarity and international scope of the journals.The biggest proportion of the authors (19%) were from M. Romeris University, 14% from the Vilnius University, 13% from the Klaipėda University and So­cial Research Institute, 12% from the Vytautas Magnus University. Researchers not only from universities but also from research centres and institutes (Lithuanian Social Research Centre) take part in the formal science communication in these journals.Analysis also revealed that 15.5% of the articles were written in English (31% in the journal Gender studies and research). It should be noted that the par­ticipation of researchers from foreign academic insti­tutions in the journal lacks consistency and continuity.Another dimension of the analysis was the distribu­tion of the authors by gender: 16% of authors were male and 84% female. These data confirm the fact that female researchers are more involved into academic gender studies.The comparative analysis of the journals as an in­termediary of formal science communication revealed several important aspects of scientific communication in these journals.The study has revealed that the most popular topics in the journals are similar. Analysis of the topics of the articles enables to identify most relevant areas of contemporary gender studies and research.The study of the publications of the journals identi­fied the higher education and research institutions in Lithuania that conduct gender studies and disseminate their results.However, in respect of the internationalisation of the journals, the conclusion was made that publica­tions in English and articles of authors from foreign academic institutions appear in the journals irregu­larly; there are issues that have no articles written by researchers from foreign institutions or articles by Lithuanian researchers written in English.The journals are an excellent channel for the dissemination of scientific information in gender studies. It is important, though, to aim for a regular and continuous scientific communication, to en­courage publications by researchers from different disciplines, for a greater emphasis on the interdisci­plinarity of gender studies and research, to expand the international scope of science communication, i.e., in summary, to strive for consistency and bal­ance. This is important for achieving the effective scientific communication that helps to foster a wider dissemination of research results and improve the connection between the decision makers and knowl­edge, to inform society about social trends and enable it to strive for change, and to establish the principles of equal opportunities.It is worth noting that an effective dissemination of knowledge generated in gender studies is relevant not only for other researchers and professional community, but also could be very valuable in the processes of law and decision-making and could be used in initiatives for social, economic, and politi­cal changes.Moreover, in order to gain a comprehensive view on the whole scientific communication in gender studies, it is necessarily to expand the analysis beyond the formal communication scientist to scientist to other types of scientific communication (scientist to professional community, scientist to society), as well as to include other channels of formal communication. ; Šiame straipsnyje aprašomas tyrimas yra 2014 m. atlikto tyrimo "Formalioji lyčių studijų mokslo komunikacija: mokslo leidinio "Lyčių studijos ir tyrimai atvejo analizė" tęsinys. Tyrimo rezultatai publikuoti 2014 metais mokslo leidinyje "Lyčių studijos ir tyrimai". Šio tyrimo tikslas: išanalizuoti lyčių studijų problematiką nagrinėjančių mokslininkų formaliosios mokslo komunikacijos raiškas septyniuose socialinių mokslų krypties mokslo žurnaluose bei atlikti gautų rezultatų lyginamąją analizę su anksčiau atliktu tyrimu. Atrinktų žurnalų straipsnių analizei pasirinkti šie kriterijai: žurnalų straipsnių skaičius lyčių studijų tematika, teminis straipsnių pasiskirstymas, straipsnių autorių institucinė priklausomybė, bendraautorystė, straipsnių kalba ir tarptautiškumas, straipsnių autorių lytis bei lyčių studijų mokslo komunikacijos lyderiai. Straipsnių analizei atrinkti septyniuose socialinių mokslų krypties žurnaluose (Sociologija. Mintis ir veiksmas, Filosofija. Sociologija, Socialiniai tyrimai, Socialinis darbas, Socialinių mokslų studijos, Tiltai, Acta paedagogica Vilnensia) lyčių studijų tematika publikuoti 109 straipsniai.

Organizacije morajo zaradi vse večje konkurence in prostega nastopa na trgu stremeti k čim večji tržni prednosti oziroma prepoznavnosti in uspešnosti, ne glede na področje poslovanja. To velja tudi za neprofitne organizacije, ki svojemu neprofitnemu poslanstvu profitno sledijo in ga neprofitno uresničujejo. Med neprofitne organizacije spada tudi Obrtno-podjetniška zbornica Slovenije, ki v slovenskem prostoru deluje že 47 let in je nastala na podlagi skupnih interesov takratnih obrtnikov zaradi omejevanja države pri razvoju obrti in dandanes predstavlja obrtno-zbornični sistem. V teoretičnem delu smo na kratko predstavili neprofitne organizacije, management neprofitnih organizacij in njegove temeljne funkcije. V nadaljevanju smo obravnavali in opredelili strategijo, vizijo in poslanstvo, ki je vodilo delovanja vseh organizacij, še posebej pa neprofitnih, ki ne obstajajo zaradi ustvarjanja dobička, ampak zaradi uresničevanja skupnih interesov določenih skupin. Pravilno postavljeni cilji so vodilo za uresničevanje strategije, izvrševanja poslanstva in sledenje viziji neprofitne organizacije. Ker neprofitne organizacije večinoma delujejo na storitvenem področju, smo opredelili storitve, zagotavljanje njihove kakovosti in merjenje. V nadaljevanju smo na kratko opredelili človeške vire, saj so zaposleni najpomembnejši kapital v vseh storitvenih organizacijah, v neprofitnih organizacijah pa predstavljajo edini kapital, s katerim razpolagajo takšne organizacije. V tretjem poglavju smo predstavili delovanje zborničnega sistema v Evropski uniji in njegovega evropskega združenja ter primerjali podobne zbornične sisteme v državah EU s slovenskim obrtno-zborničnim modelom ter ugotovili podobnosti in razlikovanja v njih. Opisali smo tudi podporno podjetniško okolje v Sloveniji, katerega del je tudi Obrtno-podjetniška zbornica Slovenije in njene območne zbornice in smo ga v magistrski nalogi podrobno obravnavali. V raziskovalnem delu magistrske naloge smo poleg nekaterih socio-demografskih podatkov in vprašanj o delovanju obrtno-zborničnega sistema preverjali raziskovalne hipoteze, ki se nanašajo predvsem na ugotavljanje zadovoljstva zaposlenih in uspešnost delovanja obrtno-zborničnega sistema. Naredili smo tudi SWOT analizo obrtno-zborničnega sistema. Rezultati raziskave kažejo, da zaposleni v obrtno-zborničnem sistemu ne kažejo izrazitega zadovoljstva oziroma nezadovoljstva glede delovanja le-tega. A večina zaposlenih se strinja, da bi ta lahko deloval bolje, saj ima ustrezno usposobljen strokovni kader v območnih zbornicah in dobro svetovalno službo v krovni organizaciji. Primeri dobre prakse v drugih državah EU so pokazali, da ni popolnoma primerljivega modela, ki bi bil enak slovenskemu obrtno-zborničnemu sistemu, še najbližja in najbolj podobna sta javnopravna sistema zbornic v Nemčiji in na Hrvaškem. V zaključku naloge smo na podlagi izhodišč raziskave, primerjave nekaterih zborničnih sistemov in SWOT analize podali predloge za izboljšanje delovanja obrtno-zborničnega sistema, ki so smernice za zaposlene in vodstvo obrtno-zborničnega sistema. ; Due to increasing competition and free market entry, organizations must strive for the largest possible market advantage or recognisability and performance, irrespective of the area of operation. This also applies to non-profit organizations, which follow their non-profit mission in a profit manner and realize it in a non-profit way. Chamber of Craft and Small Business of Slovenia is also a non-profit organization, which has been operating in the Slovenian space already for 47 years and it was established on the basis of common interests of craftsmen of that time and because of the limitations of the state in the development of crafts. In the theoretical part we presented non-profit organizations in short, the management of non-profit organizations and their basic functions. Further on we addressed and defined the strategy, the vision and the mission, which are guides for the operation of all organizations, especially the non-profit ones, which do not exist to make profit but due to the realization of common interests of certain groups. Properly set goals (short-term or long-term) are guides for the implementation of the strategy, the implementation of the mission and the pursuance of the vision of a non-profit organization. Since non-profit organizations operate mainly in the service sector, we have defined services, their quality assurance and measuring. In the continuation we defined human resources in short because employees are the most important asset in all service organizations, and in non-profit organizations they represent the only asset of such an organization. In the third chapter, we briefly presented the operation of the chamber system in the European Union and its European associations, and we compared similar chamber systems in the EU countries with the Slovenian craft chamber model and we established their similarities and differences. Within this part we briefly described the supportive business environment in Slovenia, a part of which is also the Chamber of Craft and Small Business of Slovenia and its regional units – regional chambers of craft and small business. In the continuation we discussed and described the craft chamber system in Slovenia in detail. In the research part we verified research hypotheses, beside certain socio-demographic data and some current questions about the operation of the craft chamber system, we made a SWOT analysis with which we defined the strengths and weaknesses of the craft chamber system as an organization, and threats and opportunities that the craft chamber system has in the external business environment. We have established that the employees in the craft chamber system are not satisfied nor dissatisfied with the system's operation, but the majority of employees agree that it could function better as it has well-versed professional staff in regional chambers of craft and small business and good counselling service in the umbrella organization. Good practice cases in other EU countries have shown that there is no completely identical case that would be the same as the Slovenian craft chamber system ; however, the closest and the most similar are the public-law systems of chambers in Germany and Croatia. In the conclusion of the thesis, we made proposals to improve the operation of the craft chamber system, which are guidelines for the employees and the management of the craft chamber system on the basis of the research, system comparison and SWOT analysis.

Messe agus Pangur Bán, cechtar nathar fria shaindán: bíth a menmasam fri seilgg, mu menma céin im shaincheirdd. I and Pangur Bán, my cat 'Tis a like task we are at; Hunting mice is his delight Hunting words I sit all night. The poem Pangur Bán [1] was written by an unknown Irish monk in the Benedictine Abbey of Reichenau, in southern Germany in the ninth century. The Abbey, founded in 724 by Saint Pirim, was a centre of learning in Europe for many centuries, reaching its apex under Abbot Berno of Reichenau (1008–48). The Christian church was the sole focus of education in the first millennium, with centres of learning developing around monasteries (e.g. Cluain Mhic Nóis in 546 [2]). The Christian religion, based on Hebrew and Greek documents translated into Latin, required scholarship; at the very least, clergy had to be able to read and write Latin. This was less a problem in Italy, France and other countries with a Latin derived language, but was quite challenging for others. The medieval monastic school was quite diverse, with scholars from all over Europe attending the most prestigious. This was greatly facilitated by the universal use of Latin as a lingua franca. Both monasteries and convents had schools, allowing women an equal, albeit separate, scholarly status. The German Benedictine Abbess, Hildegard von Bingen (1098 – 17 September 1179), is one such example, writing sublime hymns, and producing treatises on such diverse topics as theology, medicine and botany. Hildegard's family were minor nobility, one flaw of the medieval system from the modern point-of-view; men and women could be educated, but only if they were wealthy. [3] Some of these monastic schools, such as Paris (1150), developed into universities in the late middle ages, but most of Europe's early universities were secular counterparts to the guild system of craft education (e.g. Bologna (1088) and Oxford (1167)). They were seen as a separate community of teachers and students, universitas magistrorum et scholarium, from which is derived the English word university. Unfortunately, these secular universities were men only, and would remain so until the late 19th century. The University of Bologna made its reputation from the teaching of Roman law; all early universities concentrated on a classical education, studying the philosophy of Plato and Aristotle and the literature of Euripedes and Virgil. Even into the 20th Century, many traditional universities prided themselves on the classics, and either ignored or downplayed newer disciplines, especially the sciences. One consequence of this in the late 19th Century was the development of dedicated technical colleges outside the traditional university system. In France, in 1794, the École polytechnique was founded by Monge to achieve the highest standards in Science and Engineering. In Dublin, a similar institution, the Royal College of Science, was established in 1867. In 1926 it was absorbed by University College Dublin (UCD), becoming the faculty of Science and Engineering. Over the past millennium, most third level education has been rooted in the humanities, specifically in the Greco-Roman tradition. Engineering education was confined to the military and to craft guilds. The Romans pioneered the military use of engineering, with cohorts of engineers to build roads and bridges to move the legions around quickly, and weapons engineers to build siege machines. In medieval times, craft guilds controlled most trades, with young men who wished to become craftsmen having to pay to do an apprenticeship, followed by a number of years as journeymen. To join the guild, the journeyman had to pay a sum of money to the guild, and then produce a masterpiece, before the guild's master craftsmen elected them as full members. Henry Ford once said, 'History is bunk', going on to muse that it really does not matter how many times the Ancient Greeks flew kites. [4] Does it matter what type of education Europe has had over the past millennium? What relevance does it have today that most of that education was rooted in the classics? Why should we care that Engineering developed outside the mainstream universities? It matters because what happened in the past conditions the present. In particular, the fact that women's education was confined to the humanities matters today, because there is no tradition of women engineers. Men are part of a tradition going back to the ingenious (Latin ingeniator, from which the word engineer derives) men who built roads, bridges and siege machines for the Roman legions; women are not. Even when engineering became a part of university life, it retained much of its origins 44th SEFI Conference, 12-15 September 2016, Tampere, Finland in the apprentice system of guild education, specifically time in the workshop. Today, there are many engineering courses where one does not have to spend hours in workshops learning how to use a lathe, or weld mild steel, but the perception is otherwise. Oner Yurtseven of Purdue [5] makes this point in his 2002 paper, How Does the Image of Engineering Affect Student Recruitment and Retention? A Perspective from the USA: "As engineers, we see ourselves as bright, articulate, honest, responsible, conscientious and capable. There will not be any argument against this from an engineer of course. The US public version of our image as engineers is not, however, this complimentary. We are seen as predominantly male, too bright for our own good, honest to a fault, non communicative, dull, and loners." A second, vital point is relevant from the Middle Ages in Europe: the concentration of education amongst a tiny, clerical elite was too restrictive, and Europe stagnated for a thousand years, until the stimulus of the Renaissance motivated 14th Century Italy. We cannot afford stagnation today simply because our Engineering education is too narrow and confined, in the main, to only section of society.

SAMPAHOleh :DUDUNG SETYAWAN, SH.A.21213075ABSTRACTThis thesis Pontianak Implementation Regional Regulation No. 13 Year 2005 on the First Amendment to the Regional Regulation No. 8 Year 2002 Service Fees Waste / Hygiene For Improving Waste Management. The method used in this research is normative sociological approach. From the results of this thesis research we concluded that that implementation of the Regional Regulation Pontianak Number 13 Year 2005 on the First Amendment to the Regional Regulation No. 8 of 2002 on Service Fees Waste / Hygiene on waste management in the city of Pontianak less effective, it is because the city government Pontianak less involved the role of entrepreneurs in the field of waste recovery, container / buyers of second-hand goods in tackling the problem of waste in the city of Pontianak is still very small, it is because that the activities undertaken by the business is only limited to the use of second-hand goods which can be used / recycled such as iron, aluminum, cardboard, paper, plastics materials, and other similar items. While the main problems faced by the city government is a lot of organic waste (83%) who have not been able to be transported or processed by the Department of Hygiene and in Pontianak. Factors that affect the implementation of Pontianak City Regional Regulation No. 13 Year 2005 on the First Amendment to the Regional Regulation No. 8 of 2002 on Service Fees Waste / Hygiene that businesses are not managing organic waste; The local government particularly Department of Hygiene and Pontianak City has various limitations in funding issues, making it difficult to cooperate with entrepreneurs who in principle also requires funding; and a strong desire of the Department of Hygiene and to manage their own waste as a form of responsibility in waste management. While the efforts made by local governments in tackling the problem of waste in the city of Pontianak is to improve the supporting infrastructure in order to reduce the piles of garbage, improve budgeting / finance, raising public awareness, conducting community-based management, streamline withdrawal levies and enforcing the law (enforcement ) against violations in the field of waste management. The recommendation is that the Government of Pontianak City area should further improve waste management system that is not only based on management in TPS and TPA, but also from the source sampah.Pemerintah should further empower local entrepreneurs in the collection, container, and buyers of second-hand goods in order to manage organic waste is a major issue of garbage in the city of2Pontianak, namely by managing organic waste into compost. It can be started from a small scale at the level of the Neighborhood (RT). Society needs to provide support in waste management in the city of Pontianak by conducting waste management independently of the source and comply with all the provisions in the garbage disposal, especially in TPS.Keywords: Effort, Improvement, Management, Trash.ABSTRAKTesis ini Implementasi Peraturan Daerah Kota Pontianak Nomor 13 Tahun 2005 Tentang Perubahan Pertama Peraturan Daerah Nomor 8 Tahun 2002 Retribusi Pelayanan Persampahan / Kebersihan Sebagai Upaya Peningkatan Pengelolaan Sampah. Metode pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan normatif sosiologis. Dari hasil penelitian tesis ini diperoleh kesimpulan Bahwa bahwa implementasi Peraturan Daerah Kota Pontianak Nomor 13 Tahun 2005 Tentang Perubahan Pertama Peraturan Daerah Nomor 8 Tahun 2002 tentang Retribusi Pelayanan Persampahan / Kebersihan terhadap pengelolaan sampah di kota Pontianak kurang efektif, hal ini dikarenakan pemerintah kota Pontianak kurang melibatkan peran pelaku usaha di bidang pengumpulan barang bekas, penampung/pembeli barang-barang bekas dalam penanggulangan masalah sampah di Kota Pontianak yang masih sangat kecil, hal tersebut dikarenakan bahwa aktivitas yang dilakukan oleh pelaku usaha tersebut hanya sebatas pada pemanfaatan barang bekas yang dapat dimanfaatkan/didaurulang seperti besi, almunium, kardus, kertas, bahan palstik, dan barang sejenis lainnya. Sedangkan permasalahan utama yang dihadapi oleh pemerintah Kota Pontianak adalah banyak sampah organik (83%) yang belum mampu diangkut atau diolah oleh Dinas Kebersihan dan Pertamanan di Kota Pontianak. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pelaksanaan Peraturan Daerah Kota Pontianak Nomor 13 Tahun 2005 Tentang Perubahan Pertama Peraturan Daerah Nomor 8 Tahun 2002 tentang Retribusi Pelayanan Persampahan / Kebersihan yaitu pelaku usaha tidak mengelola sampah organik; Pemerintah daerah khususnya Dinas Kebersihan dan Pertamanan Kota Pontianak memiliki berbagai keterbatasan dalam masalah pendanaan, sehingga sulit bekerjasama dengan pelaku usaha yang pada prinsipnya juga memerlukan pendanaan; dan adanya keinginan yang kuat dari Dinas Kebersihan dan Pertamanan untuk mengelola sendiri sampah sebagai salah satu wujud tanggungjawabnya dalam pengelolaan sampah. Sedangkan upaya yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah daerah dalam penanggulangan masalah sampah di Kota Pontianak adalah dengan meningkatkan sarana prasarana penunjang agar dapat mengurangi tumpukan sampah, meningkatkan penganggaran/pendanaan, meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat, melakukan pengelolaan berbasis masyarakat, mengefektifkan penarikan retribusi, dan melakukan penegakan hukum (penindakan) terhadap pelanggaran di bidang pengelolaan sampah. Rekomendasinya adalah bahwa Pemerintah daerah Kota Pontianak harus lebih meningkatkan sistem pengelolaan sampah yang tidak hanya berbasis pada pengelolaan di TPS dan TPA, tetapi juga mulai dari sumber sampah.Pemerintah daerah harus lebih memberdayakan pelaku usaha di bidang pengumpulan, penampung, dan pembeli barang bekas agar dapat mengelola sampah organik yang merupakan permasalahan utama sampah di Kota Pontianak, yaitu dengan mengelola sampah organik menjadi kompos. Hal ini dapat dimulai dari skala kecil di tingkat Rukun Tetangga (RT). Masyarakat perlu memberikan dukungan dalam3pengelolaan sampah di Kota Pontianak dengan cara melakukan pengelolaan sampah secara mandiri dari sumbernya dan mematuhi segala ketentuan dalam pembuangan sampah terutama di TPS.Kata Kunci: Upaya, Peningkatan, Pengelolaan Sampah.

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh masalah baru yang muncul dari Undang-undang Nomor 10 tahun 2016 tentang Pemilihan Gubernur, Bupati, danWalikota. Pasal 201 ayat (1) Undang-undang Nomor 10 tahun 2016 yang menyatakan tentang pemilihan kepala daerah serentak. Pada bulan Desember 2015 pemilihan kepala daerah serentak pertama kali dilaksanakan. Pada pemilihan tersebut ada tiga kabupaten yang sampai saat ini belum mempunyai kepala daerah definitif. Kekosongan jabatan tersebut diisi oleh Penjabat Kepala Daerah sementara. Hal tersebut diatur oleh Pasal 201 ayat (9) Undang-undang nomor 10 tahun 2016 tentang Pemilihan Gubernur, Bupati, dan Walikota. Penjabat kepala daerah yang mengisi jabatan kepala daerah definitif di tiga kabupaten tersebut mempunyai kewenangan serta fungsi yang cukup kompleks. Hal tersebut diatur oleh Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 49 Tahun 2009 tentang Pemilihan, Pengesahan, Pengangkatan dan Pemberhentian Kepala Daerah dan Wakil Kepala Daerah. Secara yuridis diatur jelas oleh Pasal 132A ayat (1). Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis kewenangan dan fungsi penjabat kepala daerah yang mengisi jabatan kepala daerah yang habis masa jabatannya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode peneltian hukum normatif. Penelitian Hukum normatif merupakan penelitian yang berdasarkan norma dan kaidah dari peraturan perundang-undangan. Sumber utama dari penelitian ini adalah Undang-undang Nomor 10 Tahun 2016 tentang Pemilihan Gubernur, Bupati dan Walikota. Kewenangan dan Fungsi dari penjabat kepala daerah dan Kepala daerah definitif memiliki perbedaan. Kewenangan dan Fungsi dari kepala daerah diatur dalam Undang-undang Nomor 23 tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintah Daerah Pasal 65. Kewenangan dan Fungsi dari Penjabat kepala daerah diatur oleh Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 49 tahun 2009 tentang Pemilihan, Pengesahan, Pengangkatan dan Pemberhentian Kepala Daerah dan Wakil Kepala Daerah Pasal 132A ayat (1). Setelah dibandingkan antara kewenangan dan fungsi dari penjabat kepala daerah dan kepala daerah definitif ternyata ada perbedaan. Hal tersebut terdapat pada beberapa point. Salah satunya adalah bahwa penjabat kepala daerah tidak boleh membuat kebijakan yang bertentangan dengan kebijakan kepala daerah sebelumnya. Penjabat kepala daerah tidak boleh merubah pimpinan Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daerah (SKPD) yang ditinggalkan kepala daerah sebelumnya. Hal tersebut menjadikan Kewenangan dan Fungsi penjabat Kepala Daerah tidak seluas Kewenangan dan Fungsi kepala Daerah definitif. Hal ini merujuk pada simpulan bahwa adanya kekosongan hokum tentang kewenangan dan fungsi dari penjabat kepala daerah yang mengisi jabatan kepala daerah yang habis masa jabatannya. Adanya alasan tersebut seharusnya perlu adanya konstruksi hukum guna menjadikan pijakan pemerintah dalam membuat peraturan yang mengatur hal tersebut. Kata kunci:Penjabat Kepala Daerah, Kewenangan Kepala Daerah, Fungsi Kepala Daerah Abstract This research is based on a new problem Act No. 10 of 2016 on the election of Governors, Regents and Mayors. Article 201 paragraph (1) of Law No. 10 of 2016 which states on the local elections simultaneously. In December 2015 the local elections first held simultaneously. At the election there are three districts that until now has not had a definitive regional head. Vacancies are filled by the Acting Regional Head while. It is governed by Article 201 subsection (9) of the Act number 10 of 2016 on the election of Governors, Regents and Mayors. Acting head of the region to fill the position of head definitive areas of these three districts have the authority and functions that are quite complex. It is regulated by Government Regulation No. 49 of 2009 regarding the Election, Legalization, Appointment and Dismissal of Regional Head and Deputy Regional Head. Legally regulated clearly by Article 132A paragraph (1). This research uses normative legal research. Normative Legal Research is a research-based norms and rules of the legislation. Legal materials of this research is Act No. 10 Of 2016 regarding the Election of governors, regents and mayors. The purpose of this study to analyze the authority and functions of the acting head of the region that fills the position of head of the outgoing area. This research uses a prescriptive analysis, which is intended to provide arguments on the results of research conducted by researchers. The result of this research Authority and functions of the acting head of the region and the head region has a definitive differences. The powers and functions of the head are set out in Act No. 23 of 2014 Header halaman genap: Nama Jurnal. Volume 01 Nomor 01 Tahun 2012, 0 - 216 on Regional Government Article 65. The Authority and functions of the acting head of the region governed by Government Regulation No. 49 of 2009 regarding the Election, Legalization, Appointment and Dismissal of Regional Head and Deputy Regional Head Article 132A paragraph (1). A comparison between the authority and functions of the acting head of regional and local leaders definitive turns out there are differences. It was there at some point. One is that the acting head of the region should not be a policy that is contrary to the policy of the previous head of the region. The acting head of the region must not change the leadership of the regional work units (SKPD) left by previous regional head. This makes the authority and function of the acting Head of the Region did not wide powers and functions of Regional head definitive. This based on to the conclusion that the existence of a legal vacuum on the authority and functions of the acting head of the region that fills the position of head of the outgoing area. The existence of these reasons should the need for legal construction in order to make the government footing in making the rules that govern it. Keywords: Acting Head of the Regional Authority Regional Head, Regional Head Function

International audience ; Work in contemporary society is hidden. Work's products accumulate and fill the spaces of leisure with traces and memories of past labor. Yet, work, and workers, are both necessary and impossible in this accumulation; the memory of their efforts haunts consumer products like a premonition or a limit. This invisibility of work, like the modern subject itself, seems to exist outside of time, inhabiting another kind of time than the linear progression of objects that constitute its past. Symbolically positioned as the antechamber of subjectivity itself, the body and spirit of the worker are produced and repaired over the weekend.The weekend is a liminal, paradoxical space, an ending and a beginning of production, a place where subjects are free to be themselves, yet are faced with the anxiety of empty time to fill by subjects alienated by the weakening of personal ties. Bereft of thick social relations, consumer goods fill the gaps as atomized tokens of individualized work processes. These objects act as talismans against the social void they obscure, sparing us the trauma of facing directly our lack of solidarity. When the demand to help those near us confronts us in the form of a plea, an accusation, or merely the questioning gaze of a work colleague, we realize we are unprepared to meet this demand.A growing discussion is emerging around the relationality of individuals in work contexts, the relational subject, the people of organization. But what about the time of organization? If the workweek is the space of mundane ethics, the ethics of codes, rules and norms, of responsibilities, then the weekend has its own ethics, the messianic, liminal ethics of the sabbatical, where individuals ritualistically invoke the love behind the law. In the mythical space of work/leisure, if the workweek serves for the production of goods, the weekend serves for the reproduction of society. If the workweek works on standardized, linear time, the weekend comes to symbolize unstructured spontaneity. These two spheres co-constitute each other, the weekend giving meaning to the workweek, which frames and nourishes the weekend. Opposed, the two times exist in a tenuous balance.I reflect on the timing of work and leisure in response to a certain uneasiness I felt when watching the film 2 Days, 1 Night (2 Jours 1 Nuit) by Jean-Pierre and Luc Dardenne, one Saturday afternoon, with the goal of relating the film to contemporary understandings of work and organizations. The prima facie relation was obvious – a film about a firing, a burnout, the roller coaster of contingent work, the theater of workplace democracy faced with the brutal reality of self-interest. I combed through the many work-related themes, from the personal to the societal, from anxiety to alienation, searching for the hermeneutic key that would reveal to me the complexities of modern work as portrayed in the film. Yet a lingering question remained with me – where was the work in this film?I was struck, then, by the ironic fact that the film, a tour de force about working life, took place almost entirely on the weekend. It was right there in the title – 2 days, 1 night. The movie began just as the boss was leaving work, drew us inexorably through a Saturday and Sunday that seemed both endless and exhausting and yet all-too-quick, and ended at the beginning of the work week. I was left with the lingering question of why a movie whose focal point is labor relations would so obviously situate the action outside of the temporality of work, even taking the title of those few moments outside of the working week.Despite the volumes that have been written about the intensification of work and the erosion of leisure, a quick search revealed that the weekend was a largely untheorized domain, perhaps an off-limits area where work considered taboo, at best a protected space whose social status had been won through historical struggle and whose subsequent erosion was a source of nostalgic lamentation. Perhaps scholars of work, I mused, had better things to do on a Saturday than write about the weekend. Watching a film, however, seemed to be a legitimate weekend activity, and I felt thus justified in using this film to enter into an exploration of the uses of leisure. Whether the film presented a welcome catharsis from the workweek, or a Trojan Horse bringing workplace issues into the leisure sphere, 2 Days 1 Night seemed to offer an experiment in cinematic representation that was worth exploring.In the present case, it must be said that watching this film is far from leisure; a hard film to sit through, it enacts through its pace the slow but urgent ticking away toward a moment of confrontation – with one's own demons, with one's boss, and most of all with one's colleagues. Each shuffle-step of Marion Cotillard's hesitant moments of encounter presents us the dread of a women who must face the judgment of her peers, as she demands the reinstatement of a social bond that has long been forgotten. Should she be expected to disrupt her colleagues' hobbies, their shopping and drinking, their moments with their families, to stir up the injustice that they all face? Are her demands unfair, or just? As her colleagues ask her over the telephone or as she rings their doorbell – can't this wait until Monday?

Information fields define the structural information space. The movement of information – information flow, which is a concentrated source of information and drive business communications channels. Information space in cultural conceptions of modernity doesn't remain aloof transformation of functioning of communication, thereby creating a special environment of transboundarity, interactivity and mobility, updating and implementating activities for contemporary cultural flows. Contemporary society tends to form in this area and their own resources modify (or simulate) the importance accustomed to traditional resources. Thus, the information space in this area reveals a favorable environment for the creation of competition, geopolitical relations, social transformation, the changing nature of cultural science in the environment. Accumulation of information resources contribute both to changes the areas of cultural processes and defining new priorities. Computerization and informatization change cycles in cultural areas.Modern cultural processes largely through information and communication networks are trying to flatten somehow problematic manifestations of the globalization of society. There is a struggle for national identity, meaning vital component in the formation of mentality.Russian political scientist Sergei Kurginyan clearly expresses remarks: "Democrats have led the authorities to the media, led by the creation of new cultural codes and the destruction of old". There is no doubt that journalism has become today a factor of cultural processes of state and the world, as demonstrated by the theoretical foundations of the science "journalism"."Effectiveness – a special form of performance, defined as a specific part of journalism in addressing socioeconomic, commercial, cultural, etc. set of tasks and measured steps taken by the authorities and media materials".Modern journalism leveled down sharp reaction in relation to a particular event or person. Norms of social life was the effectiveness of journalism in a passionate journalistic words, the power of publicity in civil speech and thought in movement, relaxation appealing presentation of information to an individual official. Information space service allowshumanism ideas to spread in cultural processes of modernity, which is especially valuable in times of globalization as a problem of conflict. Systemic crisis of spirituality and morality brings human values only to consumer perceptions. Ignoring scientific and cultural habits of social life, individualism enrichment and spread consumerism in all casts to life under the new law in the new world. Cultural deformation resulted in the loss of traditional values. Cultural environment relies only on the isolation of the information space, more capable of unidirectionally negate the differences between the real world and design puzzle values, which have been being created for thousands of years by our ancestors.The information environment in the field of contemporary cultural processes, which is nearly the one in the whole system of information communication, saves a factor set of traditional values, ethical moral, cultural and historical ethos. This wasn't prevented even by the processes of globalization with all following negativisms. Spiritual decay of society has led to spiritual and cultural abandoned society. Goodness, love, spirituality become commodities information product of cultural significance. Trying to keep the distinction between ethno-cultural national identity within the country programs of cultural values take priority place. This complex burden they put on their shoulders against global processes that have absorbed social institutions, ideological isolation and don't respond to the vulnerability of unprotected society on these issues. Defective non-equivalent information between central and regional mass media here has played an important role. Generally oriented human values, social orientation, distribution of samples filled with intellectual heritage just got their priorities for regional media. This will be discussed in the following articles.The initial level of perception and thinking of modern video industry is represented informational products cultural significance, especially the game. Backed up by the business and political platform technologies and engaged political elites tolerate certain information grid failure, along with representative values of the highest quality program "Culture" on Ukrainian television and radio on numerous private information channels, coverage of state and non-state value. Modern lifestyles can deprive us from becoming more common and significant impact of the Internet. Its prerogative of freedom of choice – a tempting interpersonal communication – the fastest time to overcome, transparent rid helpful information manipulation by man. And along with the promotion of "everyday life" in art and culture, the respondent is wise to not be "all", and select high-end product and ask fullness. Finally, there is a viewer, which turns (or switches) channel, and the one who is looking for a program with the individual requirements of your consumer existence. Not "goldfish on a plate" and search options "growing goldfish. "Foolish cultural expansion has demoralizing effect on public opinion characteristic of the society with the right choice, actually for the society which is called democratic. Sidedness in these areas threatens with the appearance on the map of the world totalitarian society.Uncritical perception of information product in cultural heritage contributes to aggression, underdevelopment of emotional areas, the desire to be like everyone else, cause aggressive behavior and primitive systems of life. ; Информационные поля определяют структурность информационного пространства. Движение информации – информационный поток – является концентрированным накопителем информации и источником деятельности каналов коммуникации. Информационное пространство в культурологических концепциях современности е остается в стороне трансформации коммуникативной функциональности, создавая тем самым особую среду трансграничности, интерактивности и мобильности, актуализации и деятельности по реализации современных культурологических потоков. Накопление объема информационного ресурса способствует изменениям как самих направлений культурологических процессов, так и определению новых приоритетов. ; Інформаційні поля визначають структурність інформаційного простору. Рух інформації – інформаційний потік – є концентрованим накопичувачем інформації і джерелом діяльності каналів комунікації. Інформаційний простір у культурологічних концепціях сучасності не залишається осторонь трансформації комунікативної функційності, створюючи тим самим особливе середовище транскордоння, інтерактивності і мобільності, актуалізації і діяльності щодо реалізації сучасних культурологічних потоків. Накопичення обсягу інформаційного ресурсу сприяють змінам як самих напрямків культурологічних процесів, так і визначенню нових пріоритетів.

[spa] En este trabajo se examina el concepto de autoridad desde el pensamiento de Hannah Arendt. El objetivo consiste en repensar y reivindicar la importancia de esta categoría política central que ha sido insuficientemente estudiada por la tradición del pensamiento político y cuyo olvido debe ser reparado para comprender adecuadamente la crisis política del presente. Abordar de nuevo la autoridad supone disociarla del poder y también del autoritarismo, nociones con las que habitualmente se la confunde, y rescatar su dimensión específica. En este sentido, se hace hincapié en este trabajo en que la autoridad es incompatible con una concepción del poder como la que está encarnada en la noción de soberanía. Frente a ésta, lo que se expone es que la autoridad comporta una forma de obediencia que no se sustenta sobre la imposición, la coerción o la violencia, sino sobre otros factores como el reconocimiento y que por ello se define inevitablemente por poseer un carácter frágil. La autoridad es lo que implícitamente declara la incompletitud del poder y lo que desvela que éste requiere una instancia exterior que le sirva como fuente de legitimidad. Para acometer este examen de la autoridad, se ha realizado un estudio exhaustivo de la obra de Arendt desde la perspectiva de este concepto y se muestra que éste no ocupa un rol secundario ni aislado en el conjunto de su pensamiento. La autoridad enlaza con una cuestión central en esta autora como es la del mundo y se relaciona de manera íntima con otras de sus preocupaciones principales. La autoridad se sitúa asimismo en el centro de otras cuestiones de primer orden en Arendt como son el poder, la violencia, la soberanía, la ley, la fundación, la memoria, la revolución, el juicio, el sentido común, la república de consejos o sobre todo el mundo, al mismo tiempo que dialoga con otras como son el totalitarismo, la desobediencia civil, el perdón, la promesa o las actividades del trabajo y la acción. En Arendt, la autoridad se define por rasgos como su dimensión relacional, su carácter dinámico o por aparecer como una suerte de contrapeso a la dimensión imprevisible y desbordante de la acción que sin embargo no conduce a la negación de ésta. Por otro lado, la autoridad también provee un horizonte de permanencia que no se encuentra presente en la categoría arendtiana de poder y que resulta fundamental para la posibilidad y viabilidad de una fundación política. Como extensión de estas consideraciones, en las páginas siguientes se desarrollará lo que hemos llamado un poder de recepción y se hará una reconsideración del concepto de autor desde las reflexiones de esta pensadora. Finalmente, este trabajo pretende encarar el que para Arendt consistía en uno de los problemas fundamentales del pensamiento político: cómo reconciliar no la libertad y la igualdad, sino ésta y la autoridad. ; [eng] This work will examine the concept of authority, taking Hannah Arendt's political thinking as a cue. My aim is to rethink and vindicate the importance of this political category, which has been insufficiently examined by the tradition of political thought. In my opinion, its specific dimension needs to be further studied so that we can better understand the current political crisis. In order to fulfil this new approach, we need to dissociate or disentangle the notion of authority from those of power and authoritarianism, concepts with which it has usually been confused. In this regard, this work highlights the fact that authority is incompatible with a conception of power that is embodied in the notion of sovereignty. Contrary to this conception, authority implies a form of obedience which does not stand on imposition, coercion or violence, but on other factors, such as recognition, and consequently it is inevitably defined by its fragile character. Implicitly, authority reveals the incompleteness of power and thus discloses that power needs an exterior instance as a source of legitimacy. In order to complete this task, this research rests upon a deep and exhaustive examination of the works of Hannah Arendt from the perspective of authority and argues that this concept does not play a secondary or isolated role in her thinking. Authority is linked with one of the central problems for this thinker, that of the question of the world. Furthermore, authority is located at the very heart of other major issues, such as the concepts of power, violence, sovereignty, law, foundation, memory, revolution, judgment, common sense or, above all, the world. At the same time the concept of authority plays an important role in the understanding of Arendt's position in regard to the council system and it is useful to delve more deeply into other phenomena such as totalitarianism, civil disobedience, forgiveness, promise or both the activities of work and action. In Arendt, authority is defined by characteristics such as its relational dimension and its dynamic character. In addition, authority is seen as a kind of resource which can counterbalance the unpredictable character inherent to action that at the same time does not negate its freedom or its spontaneity. On the other hand, authority provides a horizon of permanence that is not present in the Arendtian category of power and is crucial for the possibility or viability of the political foundation. As a result of this consideration, in the following pages I develop what I call a ―power of reception‖ and I will reconsider the concept of the author on the basis of Arendt's reflections. Finally, this work aims to tackle what the thinker considered as one of the major challenges for the current political thinking: the reconciliation of not freedom and equality but of equality and authority.

Eine der größten Herausforderungen für die Deutsche Bundesregierung ist seit vielen Jahren die beschlossene Energiewende. Dabei wird auch immer häufiger von der Bedeutung der Wärmewende gesprochen, sodass erstens die Energiebedarfssenkung durch Dämmung der Gebäude und zweitens der Austausch der Heizungssysteme in den Fokus der Betrachtung gerückt werden müssen. In diesem Kontext spielen Wärmenetze eine immer bedeutendere Rolle. Denn mit zentralisierten Heizungssystemen ist bedingt eine höhere Energieeffizienz möglich als durch das gebäudeweise Ersetzen der bisherigen Anlagen. Doch die Umsetzung solcher Nahwärmenetz-Projekte ist insbesondere in Bestandsquartieren mit heterogener Akteurs- und Eigentümerstruktur mit hohen Hemmnissen und vielschichtigen Problemstellungen verbunden, die primär nicht rein technischen Ursprungs sind. Für die Realisierung solcher Projekte sind zahlreiche Investitionsentscheidungen zum selben Zeitpunkt von Immobilien-Eigentümern mit heterogenen Interessen und Erwartungen erforderlich, die gleichzeitig eine räumliche Nähe zueinander aufweisen müssen. Das deutsche Recht bietet die Möglichkeit einen Anschluss- und Benutzungszwang für netzgebundene Wärmeversorgungssysteme auszusprechen. Doch ein solcher rechtlicher Zwang ist gegenwärtig politisch kaum durchsetzbar. Mit den bisherigen Top-Down- und Bottom-Up-Ansätzen der Projektentwicklung, auf Handlungsebene der Gesamtstadt sowie der Quartiere, konnten bisher allerdings keine systemrelevanten Veränderungen hinsichtlich der Wärmewende erreicht werden, was sich auch in der Entwicklung der Beheizungsstruktur niederschlägt. Dieser Umstand lässt auf die Notwendigkeit eines weiteren Ansatzes für die Projektentwicklung schließen, um die Potenziale im Bereich der Wärmeversorgung des Immobilienbestandes im Kontext von Quartieren mit heterogener Akteurs- und Eigentümerstruktur mobilisieren zu können. Dabei steht insbesondere die Initiierungsphase im Mittelpunkt der Betrachtung. Dieser festgestellten Notwendigkeit eines weiteren Ansatzes wird mit der Entwicklung des Quartiers-Energie-Managements (QEM) begegnet. Im Zusammenhang der Entwicklung wird primär die Initiierungsphase von Nahwärmenetz-Projekten untersucht. Während die bisherigen Projektentwicklungs-Ansätze die Initiierung von den drei Faktoren Standort, Kapital und Projektidee abhängig machen, wird im QEM-Ansatz der vierte Faktor Bedarf der Immobilien-Eigentümer hinzugezogen. Dies ist, neben der vorangehend beschriebenen Bedeutung der Investitionsentscheidung der einzelnen Immobilien-Eigentümer, mit dem gegenwärtig in der öffentlichen Verwaltung immer bedeutender werdenden Leitbild der Bürgerorientierung zu begründen. Das QEM wird durch mehrere Leitbilder, passende Ziele, ein digitales Ökosystem und einen Use-Case beschrieben. Das digitale Ökosystem des QEM basiert auf der partiellen Adaption insbesondere der vom Online-Handel angewendeten Elemente des Customer-Relationship-Managements. Die partielle Adaption der CRM-Elemente und der Grundzüge der digitalen Ökosysteme der Online-Händler für die Projektentwicklung von Nahwärmenetzen wird dadurch möglich, dass das für die Online-Händler mit der CRM-Theorie verbundene Leitbild der Kundenorientierung entscheidende Parallelen zum für die öffentliche Verwaltung immer bedeutender werdenden Leitbild der Bürgerorientierung aufweist. Denn in beiden Leitbildern werden die eigenen Prozesse an den Bedürfnissen der Menschen im Quartier ausgerichtet. Diese Adaption der CRM-Elemente führt zu einer Professionalisierung der Entwicklung von Nahwärmenetz-Projekten in Bestandsquartieren mit heterogener Akteurs- und Eigentümerstruktur. Das QEM soll einen Beitrag zur Diskussion um die Initiierung und Umsetzung von Nahwärmenetzen in Bestandsquartieren mit heterogener Akteurs- und Eigentümerstruktur im speziellen und einen weiteren Lösungsansatz für die Initiierung energetischer Quartiers-Sanierungen im Allgemeinen, darstellen. Neben der Steigerung der Energieeffizienz im Bereich der Wärmeversorgung bietet dieser Bereich ein großes Potenzial durch die Verwendung der Wärmenetze für bspw. das Power-To-Heat-Prinzip, um negative Regelleistung für die volatile Energieerzeugung aus Erneuerbaren Energiequellen bereitstellen zu können. ; The energy turnaround poses one of the greatest challenges for the current federal government of Germany. In this context the relevance of heating is progressively being rated higher and higher. As a result focus must be put firstly on the insulation of buildings and secondly on the replacement of heating systems. With regards to this situation the importance of district heating networks is continuously rising due to generally higher energy efficiency rates of centralized heating systems compared to individually replaced heating systems in single buildings. However the realization of such district heating networks is connected to diverse constraints and problems which do not have a solely technical background, especially in districts with a heterogeneous stakeholder- and ownership-structure. For the realization of such projects several investment decisions of many different building-owners are necessary who concurrently have to be within proximity of each other. The German law offers the possibility to establish compulsory connection and usage regarding a grid-tied heat supply system in a defined district. However, such a legal compulsion is currently hardly realizable due to political circumstances. So far no systematic changes have been achieved with project development´s established Top-Down- and Bottom-Up-approaches on the action level of entire towns and single districts. This is also distinguishable in the present heating structure in Germany. This circumstance suggests the demand of a further approach for project development in order to mobilize the potentials in the field of heat supply of the property portfolio in the context of existing districts with heterogeneous stakeholder- and ownership structure. In the analysis the focus lies especially on the initiation phase. The adequate response to this detected demand of a further approach is the development of the "Quartiers-Energie-Management" (QEM). In the context of this development the initiation phase of district-heating-projects is primarily interesting. The established approaches develop such projects depending on the following three parameters: location, capital and project-idea. In contrast, the new developed QEM widens this established procedure in the form of an additional parameter: the need of the building owners. This expansion in the form of this additional parameter is firstly based on the current vision for the public administration, Bürgerorientierung, and secondly on the importance of the individual investment decision of single building owners. The QEM-approach is described by several visions, appropriate aims, a digital ecosystem and a use-case. The digital ecosystem is based on the partial adaption of elements of the customer-relationship-management-theory (CRM-Theory), which is primarily used by e-commercial companies. The partial adaption of CRM-elements and main features of their digital-ecosystems for the project-development of district-heating-networks is possible because of the parallels between the current vision of the public administration on the one hand, and the vision of the e-commercial companies, Kundenorientierung, on the other hand. Because of these visions, in both sectors the respective processes are aligned in dependence on the needs of people living in the district. As a consequence, especially of the adaption of the CRM-elements, the project-development of district-heating-networks becomes more professional. The QEM-approach should especially deliver an innovative input for the discussion about the initiation and realization of district-heating-networks in existing districts with a heterogeneous stakeholder- and ownership-structure. Furthermore it should deliver an input for the general discussion about energetic refurbishment of whole districts. Additionally to the aspired increase of the energy efficiency in the context of heat supply, this area offers a remarkable potential for providing negative regulation power to compensate volatile generation from renewable energy sources by implementing the power-to-heat-principle within district-heating-systems.

The position of modern catholic thinkers that protect traditional values and argue with postmodernists is revealed in the article. It is shown that the main attention of Christian philosophers and theologians is focused on the critics of postmodern deconstruction of the subject, relative values and senses and denial of grand narratives. It is demonstrated that postmodernism leads to moral relativism and makes unable not only traditional religion, but also a "secular religion" of human rights. Postmodernists criticize the "philosophia perrenis" thesis about the existence of inner self, hided from our sense organs. This inner self must be revealed and set free. According to postmodernism, such notions as subject, I, sense, universal value, absolute truth and others must be deconstructed as the atavism of metaphysical worldview. Postmodernists regard the process of self-forming to be absolute. The man himself as the subject is treated as impersonal stream of consciousness, mental continuum of thoughts, wishes, demands, and libido energies without semantic centre, hierarchy, the true or false interpretation. Instead of this the new image of chaotic rhizome is suggested. Rhizome has neither beginning, nor end, neither centre nor periphery. Postmodernists also reject the existence of a priori pure "I", the soul, the spirit as the immortal entity, the essence of the man. If there is no ideal selfness, then there is no the ideal of person, a moral and spiritual orienteer for achieving in one's life. So if this thesis is true, then it is hard to speak about universal sense of life for mankind. In the postmodern situation no one knows what the true and proper way of life is. No one can be convinced that something is the only true value, norm or task in life. The one who knows (or pretends that he knows) would be regarded as the totalitarian manipulator, forcing others to accept his point of view and encroaching on the freedom. Even the words right, wrong, should are associated with the discrimination and limitation of the rights and freedoms. No life strategy can be true as there is no concept of truth in postmodern epoch. Everything is true, nothing is true. Every alternative is possible. And even some laws of logic (for example, law of excluded middle) formulated by Aristotle can be broken. According to catholic thinkers the main tendency today is the replacement of grand narrative "the sense of life" by the small narrative such as for example lifestyle, status, fashion. The contemporary man are interested more in "how to do something" than "what for", "is there any sense?". As the result the man as the subject is being vanished in some impersonal structures such as language, economics, sexuality, unconsciousness etc. These ideas also can menace not only the traditional religion such as Christianity, but also the conception of human rights and democracy. The conception of dignity of man is deeply connected with the religious faith in the immortal soul. So the rejection of spiritual immortality leads to rejection of man's dignity. Both dignity and immortality are connected with the idea of transcendental God as the absolute super-person, ontological guarantee of sense, value, dignity, subjectivity and personhood. According to Christian dogma a man is created upon the image and likeness of God. So the moral task is to see behind the empirical face of neighbor the transcendental visage of God the creator and the possibility of eternal selfrealization and self-development in would-be life. If we reject this dimension, then we deny the dignity. If we say that "God is dead" then the metaphysical concept of the dignity is no more sustained and substantiated. Then we claim it useless and start to deal with the very empirical aspects of the man with all its disadvantages. Then we are helpless to establish some norm of humanity (humanness), nobleness, holiness, sinfulness. Then we can ask about the criteria, norms for estimating some events, facts. We conclude that nowadays in the epoch of postmodern the Nuremberg tribunal would be impossible to be hold. The verdict of tribunal about the crime against human now seems to be appealing to the grand narrative. If there is no human dignity, then there is no crime against this dignity. According to Graham Ward, the salvation of main worldview problem in the epoch of postmodern is based on specific anthropology that implies existential orientation and directivity toward God. When all scholastic arguments of God existence are not convincing, the only argument of religious man in his dialogue with atheist or agnostic is the existential experience. The Gospel's commandment "Blessed are the poor for they shall inherit the earth" remains the fundamental ethical and epistemological truth of Christianity. So it gives hopes for the future prospects of Christianity despite of all theoretical conclusions that proclaim post-metaphysical and post-Christian era. ; В статье освещено позицию современных католических мыслителей, которые отстаивают традиционные ценности и полемизируют с постмодернистами. Показано, что основное внимание христианских философов, бо- гословов сфокусировано на критике постмодернистской деконструкции субъекта, релятивизации универсальных смыслов и ценностей, а также преодолении метанарративов. Обосновано, что позиция постмодернизма приводит к моральному релятивизму и исключает не только традиционную религию, но и современную "светскую рели- гию" прав человека ; У статті висвітлено позицію сучасних католицьких мислителів, які відстоюють традиційні цінності і полемізують з постмодерністами. Показано, що основна увага християнських філософів, богословів сфокусована на критиці постмодерністської деконструкції суб'єкта, релятивізації універсальних смислів і цінностей та скасуванні метанаративів. Обґрунтовано, що позиція постмодернізму призводить до морального релятивізму й унеможливлює не лише традиційну релігію, а й сучасну "світську релігію" прав людини.

The article is devoted to researching of the book, which wittily called "Nomenclature Kamasutra: office romancein Brezhnev period". This is the memories, written by S.D.Bezclubenko – the former minister of culture in Soviet Ukraine.S.B.Rudenko analyzed views of Bezclubenko on such qualities of politicians in Soviet Union as the professionalism, their intellectual level, moral values. Under review were also struggle for power between partocrats, patterns of development career of bosses of nomenclatura, features of these processes in Ukraine. Rudenko compares the research results S.D.Bezklubenko and other researchers nomenclatura: M.S.Voslenski and M.Đilas. For all, who interesting in soviet political culture.Scientific study of political culture of the Soviet era is of practical importance because modern Ukrainian politicscarries a lot of genetic traits that time. Research interest primarily is political culture of USSR rulers – nomenclatura.There are insufficient number of lack of papers devoted to this topic. The system of government in the Soviet Union was a very closed. That is why an important role among sources of research plays memoirs of representatives ofnomenclatura. One of these sources of research is "Nomenclature Kamasutra." written by Bezclubenko.The central concept of the study is the "nomenclature". The author of "Nomenclature Kamasutra." gives the following definition of this term: selection of personnel for executive positions among party bosses, what based oncompiling a list of the names of certain positions and names of people who were considered as candidates for their filling.Each party organ had a level of "nomenclature", which in turn also divided into "main nomenclature" (the nomenclature of the party organ, which took the decision to appoint) and "accounting and control nomenclature" (the nomenclature of the higher party organ, who has consented to the appointment).Based on the concept of M.Đilas, developed in the works M.S.Voslenski [3], the nomenclature is the ruling classin the countries of "real socialism", which in essence was industrial and corporative feudalism (non state capitalism).Nomenclature is not the same bureaucracy. This is a social class such as medieval nobility. It penetrated all spheres of public life and delegates powers exclusively own representatives. The nomenclature as social class can not be equated with almost 18 million members of the Communist Party in the early 80's of the twentieth century.Dramaturgy memoir built around the opposition between Bezclubenko, the head of the ministry of Culture of Soviet Ukraine, and his curator from Central committee of Communist party of Ukraine Kapto. This conflict displaysarsenal of methods of political struggle, characterizing nomenclature environment. Kapto was a zealous defender ofpolitical culture of the nomenclature. Bezklubenko many decisions was taken at its sole discretion (within the powers of minister), without coordination with his immediate boss party Kapto, in violation of unshakable hierarchy of soviet power.Note the following realities of the political culture of the Soviet rulers. Because personnel decisions are the prerogative of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine, in the apparatus of the Ministry of Culture were introduced people who worked against the minister and performed the orders of Kapto. Important role in the struggle between the Minister and partocrat played the Soviet secret police – the KGB. Herewith relations with the KGB used as one, and the other party to the conflict.Bezklubenko with undisguised contempt belonged to his boss Kapto. In his opinion Kapto was uncultured, ignorant and not clever person. At the same time, among soviet "nobility" considered the norm to zealous attitude to theguidance, despite its moral, intellectual and professional qualities, always shew him respect. Bezklubenko thought that business skills are fundamental to the effective management. But for political culture of the nomenclature most important quality was loyalty to their social class. The permanent struggle for power was the essence of its existence.Minister Bezklubenko had very strong position at the highest level of the Communist Party of Ukraine. This isevidenced by the inclusion of the Minister to the honorary electoral nomenclature – Central Committee and Parliament of Ukraine. Political friends of Bezklubenko were, in particular, Prodan and Vrublevski assistants of the first Secretary Shcherbytsky , second Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine Sokolov. Loyal to the minister was, credibly, Shcherbytsky. Perhaps, the first Secretary was impressed professionalism and fought of rebellious Bezclubenko. But, conflict between veiws on the political culture of Bezklubenko, and version of political culture of the nomenclature as social class , was obvious. Therefore, when Vrublevsky had lost confidence in the Minister of Culture, discrepancy political culture of nomenclature was the reason for dismissal from the post of Bezklubenko.Тhе book of Bezclubenko "Nomenclature Kamasutra. Office Romance in Brezhnev period " is a valuable sourcefor the study of political culture in Soviet Ukraine in 60-80 years of XX century. Despite the fact that the author notconsidering the nomenclature as class, however, clearly reveals specificity of political management of soviet chiefs.Using specific examples, he shows the parasitic nature of nomenclature, disdain of professionalism in their environment of professionalism, trampling of rule of Law, mimicry of democracy, obsession own career interests, communication like in the mafia among the nomenclature bosses. ; Исследование номенклатуры как советского правящего класса имеет практическое значение, так как современная власть в бывших советских республиках имеет выраженный номенклатурный субстрат. Освещена теневая сторона политической культуры советских партийных боссов сквозь призму мемуаров С.Д. Безклубенко. В соответствии с результатами исследования раскрыта паразитическая сущность номенклатуры, выявлены её скрытые корпоративные черты, в частности приоритет карьеризма и подхалимства над профессионализмом, пренебрежение законами, профанация демократии, мафиозный характер коммуникаций в среде партийных бонз. ; Стаття присвячена мемуарам колишнього міністра культури УРСР С.Д. Безклубенка, в яких, зокрема, йдеться про політичну культуру радянської номенклатури. Здійснено аналіз поглядів автора на професійні, інтелектуальні, моральні якості радянських політиків, особливості перебігу боротьби між ними за владу, закономірності розвитку номенклатурної кар'єри. Для всіх, хто цікавиться історією політичної культури в Україні.

Die Forschungsarbeit untersucht Zusammenhänge und Perspektiven erfolgloser olympischer Bewerbungen und daraus resultierende städtebauliche Auswirkungen. Olympiabewerbungen sind mittlerweile sehr zeit- und arbeitsintensiv und die Anforderungen für ein Bewerbungsbuch, welches beim IOC eingereicht werden muss, sehr aufwändig. Es muss für die Austragung der Spiele sehr umfangreiche Planungen und Berechnungen, Finanzierungsnachweise und Garantien sowie Auskünfte über Planungsrecht und Eigentumserklärungen enthalten. Die Intensität und langjährige Vertiefung des Themas 'Olympia in der Bewerberstadt' lassen städtebauliche Folgen und Nachwirkungen auch bei Nicht-Zuschlag vermuten. Als Hintergrund dienen die 'Festivalisierungsthese' von Hartmut Häußermann et al. und verschiedene Stadtentwicklungstheorien durch Großveranstaltungen (Häußermann, et al., 1993; BBSR, 2012b; BMVBS, 2009; BMVBS, 2011b; Durth, 1988; Altrock, et al., 2011; Ehrenberg, et al., 2000; Coaffee, 2011). Um Effekte im Städtebau durch Sportevents definieren zu können, werden im theoretischen Teil Sportgroßveranstaltungen von der Antike bis zu heute in Europa betrachtet. Es wird überprüft, welche von großen Sportfesten ausgelösten, dauerhaften Zeugnisse in der Stadt erkennbar sind und wie sie sich weiterentwickelten. Sie werden in die Stadtentwicklung und Festbräuche der jeweiligen Epoche eingeordnet und abschließend analysiert. Um die Indikatoren für die Untersuchung zu bestätigen, werden daraufhin Sportgroßveranstaltungen auf die neuzeitlichen Olympischen Sommerspiele eingegrenzt und der Verlauf ihrer städtebaulichen Auswirkungen detailliert betrachtet und erörtert. Im empirischen Teil der Arbeit werden die Indikatoren, die sich aus dem theoretischen Teil und dem Bewer-bungsbuch der einzelnen Städte ergeben, abgeleitet. Anhand dieser können die städtebaulichen Auswirkungen erfolgloser Bewerbungen, ihre Einordnung in die jeweiligen Stadtentwicklungen der Bewerberstädte und die Hintergründe für ihre Umsetzungen erforscht werden. Für die Untersuchung wird eine Methodenkombination aus der Analyse von drei Referenzstädten, 'Berlin 2000', Stockholm 2004' 'New York City 2012' und einem detaillierten Fallbeispiel 'Leipzig 2012' gewählt. Da ein qualitativer und explorativer Forschungsablauf zugrunde liegt, sind keine allgemein charakteristischen Ergebnisse von erfolglosen Bewerbungen und städtebaulichen Auswirkungen zu erwarten. Vielmehr müssen die Resultate spezifisch auf die einzelnen untersuchten Städte bezogen werden. Hintergrundinformationen zum Bewerbungsprozess und Strategien sowie Absichtserklärungen zu Bewerbungszielen für die Stadtentwicklungspolitik vertiefen vier Experteninterviews als Leitfadengespräche. Anhand der Ergebnisse der empirischen Analysen kann aufgezeigt werden, dass die Städte das 'Instrument' Olympiabewerbung im Laufe der Zeit erkannt haben. Sie werden für Vorbereitungen, Planungen, Baurecht und Grunderwerb stadtentwicklungspolitisch bewusst eingesetzt. Der straffe IOC-Zeitplan, die Medienpräsenz sowie die externen Finanzierungshilfen kommen den Kommunen bei schwierigen Stadtplanungsaufgaben entgegen und unterstützen eine Realisierung. Auch ohne Zuschlag ist es den Bewerberstädten im Nachgang möglich, die ehemals geplanten Olympiamaßnahmen in angemessener Dimension umzusetzen. Sie können strategisch günstig in ohnehin vorgesehene Stadtentwicklungspläne integriert und damit schneller durchgeführt werden. Folgerungen aus den theoretischen und empirischen Ergebnissen ermöglichen abschließend eine Verknüpfung von Olympiabewerbungen, ihren städtebaulichen Resultaten und der o.g. 'Festivalisierungsthese'. Kritisiert werden die heutigen, häufig problematischen Nachnutzungen von Sportstätten der Großveranstaltungen; diese werden anhand der historischen Herleitung des Sportstättenbaus erläutert. Es lässt sich aber eindeutig ein weiterer Fakt identifizieren: hinter Bewerbungen um Großveranstaltungen steckt häufig der scharfe Wettstreit der Ausrichter um Image, Vorreiterstatus, Standortvorteile intensiviert durch die Globalisierung und ihre 'Global Cities'. ; The research examines relationships and perspectives of unsuccessful Olympics applications and the urban development effects resulting from it. Olympics applications have become very time-consuming and labor-intensive and the requirements for an application book, which must be submitted to the IOC, very complex. In order to hold the games, it must contain very extensive plans and calculations, evidence of financing and guarantees as well as information on planning law and property declarations. The intensity and long-term absorption of the subject, 'Olympics in the candidate city', can also imply urban development consequences and after-effects for those not awarded. The 'festivalization' theory of Hartmut Häußermann et al. and different urban development theories through major events were used as background (Häußermann, et al.,1993; BBSR, 2012b; BMVBS, 2009; BMVBS, 2011b; Durth, 1988; Altrock, et al., 2011; Ehrenberg, et al., 2000; Coaffee, 2011). In order to be able to define effects in urban planning through sporting events, major European sporting events from antiquity up to today are considered in the theoretical part. The study examines what enduring elements, triggered by major sports festivals, are recognized in the city and how they continued to develop. They are classified and then analyzed according to urban development and festival customs of the respective epoch. In order to confirm the indicators for the study, major sports events are therefore limited to the modern Summer Olympic Games and the course of their urban development effects considered and discussed in detail. In the empirical part of the study, these indicators, which arise from the theoretical part and the application books of the individual cities, are derived. Based on this, the urban development effects of unsuccessful applications, their place in the respective urban development of the candidate cities and the background for their implementation are explored. A combination of methods from the analysis of three reference cities, 'Berlin 2000', 'Stockholm 2004', 'New York City 2012', and a detailed case study, 'Leipzig 2012' is selected for the study. Since this is a qualitative and exploratory research process, no general characteristic results of unsuccessful applications and urban development effects should be expected. Rather, the results must be specifically related to the individual cities studied. Background information on the application process and strategies, as well as letters of intent for application goals for urban development politics, provide context for four interviews with experts as guideline discussions. Based on the results of the empirical analysis, it can be shown that the cities have recognized the 'instrument' Olympics applications over the course of time. They are consciously used for preparation, planning, construction and land acquisition in urban development politics. The tight IOC schedule, the media presence as well as external financial aid support the municipalities with the difficult urban planning tasks and their implementation. Even without receiving the award, it is possible for the candidate cities to implement the formerly planned Olympics measures to an appropriate degree afterwards. They can advantageously be integrated strategically into already scheduled urban development plans and through this be performed faster. Conclusions from the theoretical and empirical results provide a conclusive link of Olympics applications, their urban development results and the 'festivalization theory' mentioned above. The contemporary, often problematic subsequent uses of sports venues from major events are criticized; these are explained on the basis of the historical derivation of sports facility construction. However, an additional fact can be clearly identified: one usually finds that behind applications for major events, there is the sharp competition to host the image, pioneer status, location advantages, intensified by globalization and its 'global cities'.

Taiwan inherits the cultural traditions from various indigenous people who have inhabited here for thousands years. For exploiting such the cultural benefits, the Taiwan government has launched several research projects to collect indigenous traditional cultural expressions (TCEs) created by native Taiwanese people. As many databases have been formed, it is very important to further create some business models to add economic value to the databases. This article provides one model. That is, use digital books with a "license to read" contract. A "digital book" can work with a form of software protection to prevent unlicensed uses, willful copyright infringement, or unwanted content dissemination. This article began with an analysis of copyrightability of TCEs in Part II. Part III discusses ideas of digital books as a way to exploit and protect TCEs at the same time, and it also analyzes the legal framework of copyright protection of digital books under the Taiwan Copyright Act. Finally, Part VI provides a project plan about how to implement the idea. Briefly, the idea of using digital books is based on the trend of some commercial electronic products, such as Apple's iPad, smart phones, or tablets. These products create a platform of digital contents. Customers can read digital contents through Apple's iPad, for example. It is very convenient to do so while the customers are sitting in any place. In terms of copyright protection, TCEs might not be a protected subject, because artistic parts of TCEs might have been within the public domain. However, by using a digital book format, TCEs might be transformed into a new copyrightable subject matter. Moreover, by some software technology and the copyright law of anti-circumvention, copyright owners of digital books could prevent their properties from freely dissemination throughout the Internet. For example, a digital book file could be embedded with a code. The code could be read by certain software which is installed into those digital platforms. So, customers can only access to copyrighted digital book. Also, the digital format might add some interactive features into TCEs which cannot be executed in a paper format. Such the features could be more attractive to customers. The product benefit further inhibits physical dissemination of printed digital books. In conclusion, to further exploit works of indigenous traditional cultural expressions, digital books could be a best way in terms of copyright protection. ; Taiwan hereda las tradiciones culturales de diversos pueblos indígenas que han habitado aquí durante miles de años. Para aprovechar las ventajas tales culturales, el gobierno de Taiwán ha puesto en marcha varios proyectos de investigación para recoger las expresiones culturales tradicionales indígenas (ECT) creados por los taiwaneses nativos. Como se han formado muchas bases de datos, es muy importante la creación de más algunos modelos de negocio para agregar valor económico a las bases de datos. Este artículo proporciona un modelo. Es decir, usar los libros digitales con una "licencia para leer" contrato. Un "libro digital" puede trabajar con una forma de protección de software para evitar usos no autorizados, deliberada infracción de derechos de autor, o difusión de contenido no deseado. Este artículo comienza con un análisis de copyrightability de ECT en la Parte II. Parte III se analizan las ideas de los libros digitales como una manera de explotar y proteger las expresiones culturales tradicionales, al mismo tiempo, y también analiza el marco jurídico de protección de los derechos de autor de los libros digitales en virtud de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual de Taiwán. Por último, la Parte VI ofrece un plan de proyecto sobre cómo implementar la idea. En pocas palabras, la idea de usar los libros digitales se basa en la tendencia de algunos productos electrónicos comerciales, tales como iPad de Apple, teléfonos inteligentes o tabletas. Estos productos crean una plataforma de contenidos digitales. Los clientes pueden leer el contenido digital a través de iPad de Apple, por ejemplo. Es muy conveniente para hacerlo, mientras que los clientes se sientan en cualquier lugar. En cuanto a la protección del derecho de autor, las ECT no puede ser un objeto de protección, ya que las piezas artísticas de las ECT podrían haber estado en el dominio público. Sin embargo, mediante el uso de un formato de libro digital, las ECT puede ser transformado en un nuevo tema de derechos de autor. Por otra parte, mediante una tecnología de software y la ley de derechos de autor de los anti-elusión, los propietarios de derechos de autor de los libros digitales pueden evitar que sus propiedades de libre difusión a través de Internet. Por ejemplo, un archivo de libro digital podría ser incrustado con un código. El código puede ser leído por un determinado software que se instala en esas plataformas digitales. Así, los clientes sólo pueden acceder a los libros digitales con derechos de autor. Además, el formato digital puede agregar algunas características interactivas en las ECT que no se pueden ejecutar en un formato de papel. Tales características podrían ser más atractivos para los clientes. El beneficio del producto inhibe una mayor difusión física de los libros digitales impresos. En conclusión, para explotar mejor las obras de las expresiones culturales tradicionales indígenas, los libros digitales podrían ser una mejor manera en términos de protección de los derechos de autor.

Zmiana instytucjonalna jest nieodłącznym procesem wpisującym się w rozwój społeczeństwa i gospodarki. Najistotniejszym procesem w ramach transformacji instytucji wydaje się dopasowywanie (się) instytucji formalnych i nieformalnych. Jest to niezbędne, aby system instytucjonalny działał sprawnie, aby generował odpowiednie bodźce na rzecz aktywności gospodarczej (niski koszt transakcyjny, przewidywalność, zaufanie). Efektem takich dostosowań jest ład instytucjonalny, który jest warunkiem trwałości rozwoju gospodarczego. Cechą instytucji jest długookresowe trwanie, choć jednocześnie odbywa się ich nieprzerwana ewolucja. Powstaje pytanie, w jaki sposób kształtuje się ład instytucjonalny, jaką rolę odgrywają w nim instytucje nieformalne. Za cel artykułu przyjęto określenie roli instytucji nieformalnych w kreowaniu ładu instytucjonalnego. Można wysunąć przypuszczenie, że instytucje nieformalne wraz z upływem czasu stają się trwałą podstawą ładu instytucjonalnego. W artykule wskazano również przejawy niesprawności systemu instytucji w Polsce, w tym instytucji nieformalnych. ; Institutional change is an integral process in the development of the society and economy. The seemingly most significant process in the transformation of institutions is the adjustment (also, mutual adjustment) of formal and informal institutions. This is critical to the proper functioning of the institutional system, so that it generates sufficient stimuli for economic activity (low transaction costs, predictability, trust). The result of such adjustments is institutional order which is a prerequisite of sustainable economic growth. One of the features of imitations is their longevity, even though they are constantly evolving. The question arises about how institutional order is formed and what the role of informal institution in this process is. The aim of the article is to determine the role of informal institutions in the formation of institutional order. It is possible that, given time, informal institutions become a solid foundation of institutional order. 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