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This paper explores what the main challenges are for Georgia and other non-Annex 1 countries to meet the requirements under the Paris Agreement's Enhanced Transparency Framework, and discusses what the options are for overcoming these challenges. The paper draws on primary data from Georgia's energy sector and on case-based literature from various non-Annex 1 countries. The literature points to challenges such as insufficient budgets, low capacity, and inadequate institutional set-ups, and proposes increased financial and technical support and standardized guidelines for measurement and reporting as best options. Cases from South Caucasus and Georgia are rare. We therefore examine how Georgia's current system for Measurement and Reporting is organized, and what the main technical-administrative challenges are for the sector to meet the transparency requirements as seen from key stakeholders' and implementers' perspectives. In addition to challenges similar to those identified in the literature, we find that the most fundamental challenge is a lack of domestic political motivation and support. The perceived complexity of the transparency requirements is a major deterrent in combination with the limited capacity to deal with it. We therefore focus our discussion on options for how to foster domestic political support, and argue that emphasizing existing and new co-benefits, including increasingly linking Measurement and Reporting to the carbon market, could be a way forward. Given the urgency of reducing emissions, we find that efforts towards reducing the complexity of the requirements, activities and tools for Measurement and Reporting (M&R) could help adapt the Enhanced Transparency Framework to the actual situation of non-Annex 1 countries and make Measurement and Reporting more worthwhile for these countries.

In this study, we build on a recent social data scientific mapping of Danish environmentalist organizations and activists during the COVID-19 lockdown in order to sketch a distinct genre of digital social research that we dub a quali-quantitative micro-history of ideas in real-time. We define and exemplify this genre by tracing and tracking the single political idea and activist slogan of grøn genstart ('green restart') across Twitter and other public–political domains. Specifically, we achieve our micro-history through an iterative and mutual attuning between computational and netnographic registers and techniques, in ways that contribute to the nascent field of computational anthropology. By documenting the serial ways in and different steps through which our inquiry was continually fed and enhanced by crossing over from (n)ethnographic observation to computational exploration, and vice versa, we offer up our grøn genstart case account as exemplary of wider possibilities in this line of inquiry. In particular, we position the genre of micro-history of ideas in real-time within the increasingly wide and heterogeneous space of digital social research writ large, including its established concerns with 'big and broad' social data, the repurposing of computational 'interface' techniques for socio-cultural research, as well as diverse aspirations for deploying digital data within novel combinations of qualitative and quantitative methods. ; In this study, we build on a recent social data scientific mapping of Danish environmentalist organizations and activists during the COVID-19 lockdown in order to sketch a distinct genre of digital social research that we dub a quali-quantitative micro-history of ideas in real-time. We define and exemplify this genre by tracing and tracking the single political idea and activist slogan of grøn genstart ('green restart') across Twitter and other public–political domains. Specifically, we achieve our micro-history through an iterative and mutual attuning between computational and netnographic registers and techniques, in ways that contribute to the nascent field of computational anthropology. By documenting the serial ways in and different steps through which our inquiry was continually fed and enhanced by crossing over from (n)ethnographic observation to computational exploration, and vice versa, we offer up our grøn genstart case account as exemplary of wider possibilities in this line of inquiry. In particular, we position the genre of micro-history of ideas in real-time within the increasingly wide and heterogeneous space of digital social research writ large, including its established concerns with 'big and broad' social data, the repurposing of computational 'interface' techniques for socio-cultural research, as well as diverse aspirations for deploying digital data within novel combinations of qualitative and quantitative methods.

Gennem interviews med diplomater og embedspersoner fra Danmark, Grønland og Færøerne har vi undersøgt det udenrigspolitiske samarbejde i rigsfællesskabet. Med denne artikel ønsker vi at bidrage til en bedre forståelse af, hvordan samarbejdet mellem rigsfællesskabets frontlinjediplomater fungerer, samt hvordan disses handlerum er formet af rigsfællesskabets institutioner og den internationale politiske kontekst. På baggrund af vores data er det vores forventning, at man med relativt få ressourcer kan styrke samarbejdet og dermed rigsfællesskabet. Vi anbefaler, at kontakten mellem Grønlands og Færøernes frontlinjediplomater og Asiatisk Plads øges, samt at Udenrigsministeriet i højere grad arbejder for at udbrede kendskabet til Danmarks forpligtelse til at inddrage og oplyse Grønland og Færøerne om udenrigspolitiske forhold. Grønland og Færøerne og deres respektive frontlinjediplomater bør i videst muligt omfang inkluderes på det udenrigspolitiske område, således af man fra dansk side giver rigsfællesskabets parter reel medindflydelse

This interdisciplinary collection rethinks the political economy of the digital market by asking what came before platforms and suggesting what might come after them. Addressing themes like internet decolonisation, the book makes a timely assessment of the impact of evolving connections between technology, information, society and markets

(...) Callahan, Mary P.: Cracks in the edifice? Changes in military-society relations in Burma since 1988. Selth, Andrew: The future of the Burmese Armed Forces. Steinberg, David I.: The state, power and civil society in Burma-Myanmar. The status and prospects for pluralism. Reynolds, Craig J.: The ethics of academic engagement with Burma. Mya Than: Recent developments in Myanmar. Impacts and implications of ASEAN membership and Asian crisis. Lintner, Bertil: Drugs and economic growth in Burma today. Pedersen, Morten B.: International policy on Burma. Coercion, persuasion, or cooperation? Assessing the claims. Malik, Mohan: Burma's role in regional security

The era of 'big data' studies and computational social science has recently given rise to a number of realignments within and beyond the social sciences, where otherwise distinct data formats – digital, numerical, ethnographic, visual, etc. – rub off and emerge from one another in new ways. This article chronicles the collaboration between a team of anthropologists and sociologists, who worked together for one week in an experimental attempt to combine 'big' transactional and 'small' ethnographic data formats. Our collaboration is part of a larger cross-disciplinary project carried out at the Danish Technical University (DTU), where high-resolution transactional data from smartphones allows for recordings of social networks amongst a freshman class (N = 800). With a parallel deployment of ethnographic fieldwork among the DTU students, this research set-up raises a number of questions concerning how to assemble disparate 'data-worlds' and to what epistemological and political effects? To address these questions, a specific social event – a lively student party – was singled out from the broader DTU dataset. Our experimental collaboration used recordings of Bluetooth signals between students' phones to visualize the ebb and flow of social intensities at the DTU party, juxtaposing these with ethnographic field-notes on shifting party atmospheres. Tracing and reflecting on the process of combining heterogeneous data, the article offers a concrete case of how a 'stitching together' of digital and ethnographic data-worlds might take place.

This paper advocates the use of random linear network coding for storage in distributed clouds in order to reduce storage and traffic costs in dynamic settings, i.e. when adding and removing numerous storage devices/clouds on-the-fly and when the number of reachable clouds is limited. We introduce various network coding approaches that trade-off reliability, storage and traffic costs, and system complexity relying on probabilistic recoding for cloud regeneration. We compare these approaches with other approaches based on data replication and Reed-Solomon codes. A simulator has been developed to carry out a thorough performance evaluation of the various approaches when relying on different system settings, e.g., finite fields, and network/storage conditions, e.g., storage space used per cloud, limited network use, and limited recoding capabilities. In contrast to standard coding approaches, our techniques do not require us to retrieve the full original information in order to store meaningful information. Our numerical results show a high resilience over a large number of regeneration cycles compared to other approaches. ; Danish Council for Independent Research (Green Mobile Cloud Project DFF-090201372B) ; Hungarian National Development Agency (Research and Technology Innovation Fund Grant KMR_12-1-2012-0441) ; European Union (European Social Fund Project FuturICT.hu Grant TAMOP- 4.2.2.C-11/1/KONV-2012-0013)