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Information sharing is a critical element of an effective response to infectious disease outbreaks. The international system of coordination established through the World Health Organization via the International Health Regulations largely relies on governments to communicate timely and accurate information about health risk during an outbreak. This information supports WHO's decision making process for declaring a public health emergency of international concern. It also aides the WHO to work with governments to coordinate efforts to contain cross-border outbreaks. Given the importance of information sharing by governments, it is not surprising that governments that withhold or delay sharing information about outbreaks within their borders are often condemned by the international community for non-compliance with the International Health Regulations. The barriers to rapid and transparent information sharing are numerous. While governments must be held accountable for delaying or withholding information, in many cases non-compliance may be a rational response to real and perceived risks rather than a problem of technical incapacity or a lack of political commitment. Improving adherence to the International Health Regulations will require a long-term process to build trust that incorporates recognizing and mitigating the potential and perceived risks of information sharing.

AbstractPublic health emergency preparedness is an area of growing policy concern with the emergence of new threats. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services issued a proposed rule in 2013 laying out mandates that hospitals and other facilities would have to meet in order to receive federal funding. Hundreds of comments were submitted in response to the rule, which was finalized in 2016. The following study employs content analysis and interpretive policy analysis to investigate the reaction to rule as it was proposed. In doing so, we will consider the different values, beliefs, and feelings regarding the rule that were expressed in public comments submitted in response to it. Along with those aspects, we will also consider the political, economic, and social implications of the proposed rule as expressed in the public comments. These methods will be used to address whether the selected comments represent different coalitions in regard to the CMS rule and if different coalitions represent different themes in their comments. The study will also consider whether the notice‐and‐comment process, in this instance, is in line with the advocacy coalition framework and whether there were clear winners in the process.

Intro -- International Encyclopedia of Public Health -- Copyright -- Editorial Board -- Editoral Board Brief Biographies -- List of Contributors for Volume 1 -- Preface -- Contents of Volume 1 -- Introduction -- Public Health and Epidemiology in a Perilous World -- Key points -- Introduction -- History and definition of public health and epidemiology -- Methods of investigation in public health -- Main advances in public health and epidemiology -- New public health -- Multidisciplinary expertise -- Applications of public health knowledge -- Current and future challenges in public health -- Surveillance of emerging infectious diseases -- Effective statistical measurement of disease and disability -- The rapid growth of megacities -- Conclusion -- References -- History of Epidemiology and Public Health -- Historical Epidemiology -- Background -- Definition of Epidemiology -- Epidemiology in the Bible -- Ancient Roots -- The Fight against the Great Plagues -- The Search for the Cause of Syphilis -- Smallpox: Pitfalls and Victory -- The Epidemiological Avenue -- Evidence-Based Epidemiology -- Cholera, Right or Wrong -- The Public Health Perspective -- Registry-Based Epidemiology -- Causality in the Era of Microbiology -- Vitamins and the Web of Causation -- Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and Evidence-Based Recommendations -- Future Directions -- References -- Relevant Websites -- Historical Bacteriology -- References -- Further Reading -- History of Antibiotic Development and Resistance -- Key points -- Introduction -- The discovery and development of antibacterial drugs -- The germ theory -- Color therapy -- Penicillin and the golden age of antibiotics -- Antimicrobial drug resistance (AMR)11Throughout this chapter, the term antimicrobial resistance (AMR) means bacterial resis ... -- The more antibiotic use, the more antimicrobial resistance.

This paper outlines the development of emergency health planning as a function of government. Ten provinces have the basic responsibility for the organization, preparation and operation of medical, nursing, hospital and public health services in an emergency. The Department of National Health and Welfare is responsible for the provision of advice and assistance to the provincial and municipal governments in such matters. Eight provinces have now hired full-time planning staffs to co-ordinate the health planning of the Provincial Departments of Health and Provincial Emergency Measures Organization.

The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrates how vital it is for the Alberta government to incorporate precision health (PH) planning into its public health ecosystem. Public health shocks demand quick thinking, rapid adaptation and good decision- making driven by data. PH offers all that and more, and not just in health care. In ordinary times, PH tailors diagnosis and treatment to an individual patient's needs. When a crisis arises, PH focuses on assessing risks to provide targeted interventions and treatments to larger populations.