Suchergebnisse

This case study combines James C. Scott?s theory of high-modern social engineering with economic and evolutionary theories of altruism and reciprocal altruism to analyze and interpret the text and quantitative data in reports spanning 1887 through 1963 from the Kansas Orphans? Home.

In two centuries of vaccination in the U.S., the last five decades constituted a unique era. American children received more vaccines than any previous generation, and laws requiring their immunization against a litany of diseases became common. Vaccination rates soared, preventable infections plummeted, and popular acceptance of vaccines remained strong--even as an increasingly vocal cross-section of Americans questioned the safety and necessity of vaccines and the wisdom of related policies. This dissertation examines how and why, between the 1960s and 2000s, Americans came to accept the state-mandated vaccination of all children against a growing number of infections despite the growing prominence of vaccine doubts. I argue that vaccines and vaccine policies fundamentally changed the ways health experts and lay Americans perceived the diseases they were designed to prevent. Second, I demonstrate that vaccination policies and their acceptance throughout this period were as contingent on political, social, and cultural concerns as they were on scientific findings. Thirdly, I show how, as new vaccine policies took shape, feminism, environmentalism, and other social movements laid challenge to scientific and governmental authority, with profound--but previously overlooked--implications for how Americans perceived vaccination. Finally, I argue that the relationship between vaccination beliefs and political ideology is more complex than historians have heretofore asserted, for selective and blanket vaccination doubts at the end of the twentieth century were as informed by leftist critiques of capitalism and social hegemonies as by traditional American libertarian ethics. This work draws on a diverse set of sources, including presidential archives; government agency records and publications; popular and scientific print media; television broadcasts; newsletters; internet archives; documents and publications at chiropractic libraries; and the personal files of vaccine scientists and critics. It contributes to the histories of disease, women, the environment, and health politics, as well as the sociology of social movements. By placing public health knowledge in historical context, this dissertation illuminates the many meanings of vaccination that lay between that of gold-standard disease preventive and hotly contested enterprise at the end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first.

Even though French as a Foreign Language was acknowledged as a science only in the late 1950's, its first fruits are to be sought in the post Second World War years, when a great renovation took place in the French cultural policy and the teaching of French. At the instigation of the Foreign Office, private protagonists of the French dissemination, international organisations for cultural cooperation (European Council and UNESCO), and newly independent francophone countries, is spread in that field the idea of an efficient, pragmatic and vivid French language, supplanting the one of a cultural language, which tended to ossify as well as the image of French civilisation itself. Nevertheless, far from opposing these two ideologies, the French as a Foreign Language field is going to try and conciliate them. Thanks to the exteritorialisation of French and to the interest for alterity that goes with it, francophony appears as the pragmatic and humanist melting-pot which revitalizes the universal messianic myth of French. ; Bien que la didactique du français langue étrangère ne soit reconnue comme telle qu'au début des années 1960, ses prémisses sont à chercher dans les années d'après-guerre, période d'une rénovation en profondeur de la politique culturelle française à l'extérieure et de l'enseignement de la langue, sous l'influence de nouvelles représentations de la langue française. À l'instigation conjointe du ministère des Affaires étrangères, des acteurs privés de la diffusion du français, des organisations de coopération culturelle internationale (Conseil de l'Europe et Unesco) et des pays francophones nouvellement indépendants, se répand dans le champ du FLE l'idéologie du français utile, pratique, courant – vivant, en somme – supplantant celle du français langue de culture qui tendait à se scléroser en même temps que l'image de la civilisation française. Pourtant, loin d'opposer ces deux idéologies linguistiques – français langue de culture / langue pratique – le champ du FLE va chercher à les concilier. Grâce ...

Even though French as a Foreign Language was acknowledged as a science only in the late 1950's, its first fruits are to be sought in the post Second World War years, when a great renovation took place in the French cultural policy and the teaching of French. At the instigation of the Foreign Office, private protagonists of the French dissemination, international organisations for cultural cooperation (European Council and UNESCO), and newly independent francophone countries, is spread in that field the idea of an efficient, pragmatic and vivid French language, supplanting the one of a cultural language, which tended to ossify as well as the image of French civilisation itself. Nevertheless, far from opposing these two ideologies, the French as a Foreign Language field is going to try and conciliate them. Thanks to the exteritorialisation of French and to the interest for alterity that goes with it, francophony appears as the pragmatic and humanist melting-pot which revitalizes the universal messianic myth of French. ; Bien que la didactique du français langue étrangère ne soit reconnue comme telle qu'au début des années 1960, ses prémisses sont à chercher dans les années d'après-guerre, période d'une rénovation en profondeur de la politique culturelle française à l'extérieure et de l'enseignement de la langue, sous l'influence de nouvelles représentations de la langue française. À l'instigation conjointe du ministère des Affaires étrangères, des acteurs privés de la diffusion du français, des organisations de coopération culturelle internationale (Conseil de l'Europe et Unesco) et des pays francophones nouvellement indépendants, se répand dans le champ du FLE l'idéologie du français utile, pratique, courant – vivant, en somme – supplantant celle du français langue de culture qui tendait à se scléroser en même temps que l'image de la civilisation française. Pourtant, loin d'opposer ces deux idéologies linguistiques – français langue de culture / langue pratique – le champ du FLE va chercher à les concilier. Grâce à la déterritorialisation du français et à l'ouverture à l'altérité linguistique qui la caractérise, la francophonie fait figure de creuset à la fois pragmatique et humaniste qui donne un souffle nouveau au mythe messianique et universel du français.

The geopolitical relationship of India and China is replete with a long and pernicious history which had culminated in the 1962 Indo-China war. I propose to examine the war from the point of view which bears upon the Indian-state's relation with its citizens. One of the aims of the paper was to return on one hand to the Indian parliamentary debates around the changes in the Foreigner's laws which turned Indian-Chinese nationals into Foreigners almost overnight and results in a collective loss of state citizenship and patronage. I also recount the ethnographic aspect of the people who had lived through the experience of being forced to deport, surveillance and curfews which also resulted in en masse internment from their homes to internment camps in Deoli in Rajasthan. The narrative of the people and the state are placed in the relief of discussion of the State's notion of power, more specifically the notion of Bio-power as discussed in the works of Foucault and Agamben. The paper further brings in the trope of collective remembrance and memory narratives of the Indian-Chinese people as a means of unearthing how citizenship rights of minorities/foreigners has played out in the instance of the 1962 war.