Suchergebnisse

Problem setting. The low level of road safety remains in recent years in Ukraine in comparison with the countries of the European Union. From road traffic accidents there are significant human, social and economic losses ($4.5 billion per year), widespread of injuries and disabilities among population and a decline in labor productivity, which requires an increase of emergency medical and pharmaceutical costs.Recent research and publications analysis. To the research of the problem concerning the prevention, detection and combating of crimes committed by persons under the influence of psychoactive substances, investigation of criminal cases with the use of forensic methods, protection of the constitutional rights of citizens devoted the publications of Borisov V.Y., Hetman A.P., Golin V.V., Zhuravel V.A., Konovalova V.O., Tatsiy V.Y., Shepitko V.Y., who suggested conducting multidisciplinary study of the mentioned problem. To the questions of medical treatment and pharmaceutical provision to various categories of citizens devoted the publications of Volokh D.S., Efremova A.A., Linsky I.V., Maruta N.O., Marchenko V.G., Minko O.I., Ponomarenko M.S., Sosin I.K., Tikhonov O.I., Tolochko V.M., Khvisyuk O.M., Chernykh V.P., however, there were no multidisciplinary studies concerning forensic and pharmaceutical, forensic and medical, forensic and narcological, forensic and criminal study of causes and conditions of road traffic accidents under the influence of psychoactive substances.Paper objective. The purpose of the work is to review of the situation in Ukraine as a result of road traffic accidents, which were committed under the influence of the psychoactive substances of various classification and legal groups.Paper main body. An analysis of UN and WHO data from 180 countries suggests that as of 2015, the total number of fatal cases due to road traffic accidents is 1.25 million per year and 50 million citizens are injured with varying degrees of severity. According to the forecasts by 2030, among the causes of all fatal cases, namely the death of a person as a result of road traffic accident, will be the seventh in the significance of the cause of death. It is important to note that the high rate of deaths (up to 90%) as a result of road traffic accidents observed in low-income countries. At the same time, experts point out that estimates of the cost of citizens suffering from injuries of various degrees (injuries, chronic illnesses, etc.) as a result of road traffic accidents account for approximately 3% of their gross national product, and this figure will increase to 5% in countries with low and middle-income citizens. One of the harsh reasons for road traffic accidents is to locate road users in the state of alcohol, narcotic intoxication or under the influence of the psychoactive substances. The risk of being involved in road traffic accident significantly increases with the concentration of alcohol in the blood at a rate of 0.04 ppm.Conclusions of the research. From the position of pharmaceutical law and forensic pharmacy reviewed the situation concerning the road traffic accidents, happened with drivers in the state of alcohol intoxication, narcotic influence or other psychoactive substances abuse to improve the criminal and law methods for combating of such accidents, as well as the application of social, economic, medical and pharmaceutical (emergency) measures to protect the rights of affected citizens and criminals. Proposed legislative initiatives to increase criminal liability for driving under the influence of drugs (to the Article 286 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) and improvement of the term "road traffic accident" in the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of 10 October 2001 No. 1306 "Concerning the road traffic rules". ; В статье проведен углубленный судебно-фармацевтический обзор совершения дорожно-транспортных происшествий, причинами которых является управление транспортными средствами в состоянии алкогольного опьянения или под воздействием психоактивных веществ. С целью усовершенствования уголовно-правовых методов борьбы с дорожно-транспортными происшествиями предложено внести определенные изменения в ст. 286 Уголовного кодекса Украины и Постановление Кабинета Министров Украины «О Правилах дорожного движения» от 10.10.2001 г. № 1306. ; У статті здійснено поглиблений судово-фармацевтичний аналіз причин дорожно-транспортнх пригод, які сталися в результаті керування транспортними засобами у стані алкогольного сп'яніння або під впливом психоактивних речовин. Запропоновано внести відповідні зміни до ст. 286 Кримінального кодексу України та Постанови Кабінету Міністрів України «Про Правила дорожнього руху» від 10.10.2001 р. № 1306.

Problem setting. The low level of road safety remains in recent years in Ukraine in comparison with the countries of the European Union. From road traffic accidents there are significant human, social and economic losses ($4.5 billion per year), widespread of injuries and disabilities among population and a decline in labor productivity, which requires an increase of emergency medical and pharmaceutical costs.Recent research and publications analysis. To the research of the problem concerning the prevention, detection and combating of crimes committed by persons under the influence of psychoactive substances, investigation of criminal cases with the use of forensic methods, protection of the constitutional rights of citizens devoted the publications of Borisov V.Y., Hetman A.P., Golin V.V., Zhuravel V.A., Konovalova V.O., Tatsiy V.Y., Shepitko V.Y., who suggested conducting multidisciplinary study of the mentioned problem. To the questions of medical treatment and pharmaceutical provision to various categories of citizens devoted the publications of Volokh D.S., Efremova A.A., Linsky I.V., Maruta N.O., Marchenko V.G., Minko O.I., Ponomarenko M.S., Sosin I.K., Tikhonov O.I., Tolochko V.M., Khvisyuk O.M., Chernykh V.P., however, there were no multidisciplinary studies concerning forensic and pharmaceutical, forensic and medical, forensic and narcological, forensic and criminal study of causes and conditions of road traffic accidents under the influence of psychoactive substances.Paper objective. The purpose of the work is to review of the situation in Ukraine as a result of road traffic accidents, which were committed under the influence of the psychoactive substances of various classification and legal groups.Paper main body. An analysis of UN and WHO data from 180 countries suggests that as of 2015, the total number of fatal cases due to road traffic accidents is 1.25 million per year and 50 million citizens are injured with varying degrees of severity. According to the forecasts by 2030, among the causes of all fatal cases, namely the death of a person as a result of road traffic accident, will be the seventh in the significance of the cause of death. It is important to note that the high rate of deaths (up to 90%) as a result of road traffic accidents observed in low-income countries. At the same time, experts point out that estimates of the cost of citizens suffering from injuries of various degrees (injuries, chronic illnesses, etc.) as a result of road traffic accidents account for approximately 3% of their gross national product, and this figure will increase to 5% in countries with low and middle-income citizens. One of the harsh reasons for road traffic accidents is to locate road users in the state of alcohol, narcotic intoxication or under the influence of the psychoactive substances. The risk of being involved in road traffic accident significantly increases with the concentration of alcohol in the blood at a rate of 0.04 ppm.Conclusions of the research. From the position of pharmaceutical law and forensic pharmacy reviewed the situation concerning the road traffic accidents, happened with drivers in the state of alcohol intoxication, narcotic influence or other psychoactive substances abuse to improve the criminal and law methods for combating of such accidents, as well as the application of social, economic, medical and pharmaceutical (emergency) measures to protect the rights of affected citizens and criminals. Proposed legislative initiatives to increase criminal liability for driving under the influence of drugs (to the Article 286 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) and improvement of the term "road traffic accident" in the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of 10 October 2001 No. 1306 "Concerning the road traffic rules". ; В статье проведен углубленный судебно-фармацевтический обзор совершения дорожно-транспортных происшествий, причинами которых является управление транспортными средствами в состоянии алкогольного опьянения или под воздействием психоактивных веществ. С целью усовершенствования уголовно-правовых методов борьбы с дорожно-транспортными происшествиями предложено внести определенные изменения в ст. 286 Уголовного кодекса Украины и Постановление Кабинета Министров Украины «О Правилах дорожного движения» от 10.10.2001 г. № 1306. ; У статті здійснено поглиблений судово-фармацевтичний аналіз причин дорожно-транспортнх пригод, які сталися в результаті керування транспортними засобами у стані алкогольного сп'яніння або під впливом психоактивних речовин. Запропоновано внести відповідні зміни до ст. 286 Кримінального кодексу України та Постанови Кабінету Міністрів України «Про Правила дорожнього руху» від 10.10.2001 р. № 1306.

Introducción: La metodología de carga de enfermedad calcula el indicador de años vida ajustados por discapacidad (AVAD) para conocer la brecha entre el estado de salud y el estado de salud ideal de la población. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las desigualdades existentes en la carga de infección respiratoria aguda (IRA) y enfermedad diarreica aguda (EDA) por régimen contributivo, subsidiado, sexo y departamentos en menores de 5 años en Colombia durante el 2010. Metodología: Estudio ecológico en el que se estimó el AVAD de IRA y EDA como la suma de años de vida con algún tipo de pérdida de la salud de corto o largo plazo, ajustados por su gravedad\(APD) y años de vida perdidos por mortalidad prematura (AVP). Se calculó el riesgo absoluto por régimen y la fracción atribuible por sexo, régimen y departamento para identificar desigualdades. Se usaron datos agrupados de morbilidad y mortalidad de los 32 departamentos. Resultados: La prevalencia de IRA y EDA fue de 4% (IC3.4-4.7) y 1,11% (IC0.8-1.5) respectivamente. EDA presenta mayores APD, mientras que IRA presenta mayores AVP. Se evidencian desigualdades estadísticamente significativas entre los dos tipos de regímenes p0,001 para IRA y EDA. Con la estimación del riesgo absoluto, el régimen subsidiado aporta mayor carga (21,21 AVAD) para IRA y el contributivo aporta mayor carga para EDA (-1,18AVAD). Discusión: La carga de enfermedad y desigualdad más alta se presenta en IRA comparada con EDA. Existen comportamientos atípicos en algunos departamentos con mayor carga de enfermedad en el régimen contributivo que subsidiado. Esto puede obedecer al alto índice de heterogeneidad al interior de cada régimen, a las prácticas de la vida cotidiana y al alto índice de subregistro de eventos. Conclusiones: Reducir carga de enfermedad en Colombia implica análisis de los determinantes sociales en salud por régimen de afiliación, la mejora de los sistemas de información y el seguimiento de eventos en salud, así como también, el mejoramiento de estrategias de prevención y de atención en salud. Contar con evidencia sobre la carga de la enfermedad es importante para los procesos de toma de decisiones dentro del sector de la salud, a fin de tomar decisiones pertinentes y establecer las prioridades adecuadas. ; Abstract: Background: The methodology for measuring burden of disease calculates the DALYs to assess the gap between the health status and the ideal health status of the population. This study aimed to describe the inequalities in acute respiratory infection and acute diarrheal diseases by contributory and subsidized regime, stratified by departments and sex in children younger than 5 years old in 2010. Methods: Ecological study in which DALYs for acute respiratory infection and acute diarrheal diseases were calculated as the sum years of life lived with any health loss of short or long term, adjusted by YLDs and YLLs. In order to evaluate inequalities, attributable Fraction was calculated by sex, regime and department. Morbidity and mortality of pooled data were used in the 32 departments. Results: The prevalence of acute respiratory infection and acute diarrheal diseases in 2010 was 4% (IC3.4-4.7) and 1,11% (IC0.8-1.5) respectively. Acute diarrheal diseases have higher YLDs, whereas acute respiratory infection has higher YLLs. Statistically significant differences were found in both type of regime (p0.001). With the estimation of absolute risk, the subsidized regime has a higher burden for acute respiratory infection (AR 21,21) and the contributory regime has a higher burden for acute diarrheal diseases (AR - 1,18). Discussion: Higher burden of disease and inequalities are found with acute respiratory infection compared to acute diarrheal disease. When analyzing the regimes, the contributory shows a higher burden of disease in some of the studied departments. This could be explained by the heterogeneity within the regimes, lifestyles of people, and the high rate of underreporting of cases. Conclusions: Decreasing the burden of disease in Colombia needs an analysis of the social determinants of health by regime, improvement of information systems and health events follow up, as well as the improvement of prevention and promotion strategies in health.It is important to have evidence about burden disease in order to go through decision-making processes and to prioritize the most relevant issues in the health sector. ; Maestría

Статтю присвячено висвітленню систем координат, що склалися під впливом правових особливостей застосування випереджувальної інформації у вигляді орієнтування, яке скеровується правоохоронними органами України на адресу митниць Державної фіскальної служби України з метою проведення посадовими особами митниць митного огляду товарів при їх митному оформленні та товарів, що переміщуються через митний кордон України чи митною територією України платниками податків, які здійснюють зовнішньоекономічну діяльність. ; Статья посвящена освещению систем координат, которые сформировались под воздействием правовых особенностей применения предупредительной информации в виде ориентировок, которые направляются правоохранительными органами Украины в адрес таможен Государственной фискальной службы Украины с целью проведениях должностными лицами таможен таможенного досмотра товаров при их таможенном оформлении, а также товаров, перемещаемых через таможенную границу Украины или таможенной территорией Украины плательщиками налогов, которые осуществляют внешнеэкономическую деятельность. ; The article is devoted to the coverage of defined frames of references, developed under the influence of legal application features of warning information in the form of suggestion which are forwarded to customs houses of State Fiscal Service of Ukraine by law enforcement authorities of Ukraine for the purpose of carrying out the custom examination of goods on their custom registration by officers of custom houses; goods which are moved across the customs border of Ukraine and along customs territory of Ukraine by tax payers carrying out international economic activity.The present article provides the legal analysis of definitions «suggestion», «risk indicator», «risk profile».Based on analysis of current legislation of Ukraine on state customs affair it is found that the suggestion – it is the information about people and/or vehicles, with the aid of which offenses of the legislation of Ukraine on state customs affair may be committed, and the information about goods that may be objects of an offense, which was created independently by customs authorities as a result of analytical work or was received by the customs authorities. It is found that a goal of the suggestion is detection, prevention and suspension of offences of the legislation of Ukraine on state customs affair, and no allowance of release for free circulation of goods in the customs territory of Ukraine with offenses of the legislation of Ukraine on state customs affair.It is also proved that directing by law enforcement authorities to authorities of incomes and fees, which are the customs houses of State Fiscal Service of Ukraine, information about offenses of order of foreign goods transference with the subsequent requirement of customs examination of these goods by customs houses of State Fiscal Service of Ukraine is one of the forms of cooperation between law enforcement authorities and authorities of incomes and fees.Taking the results of the research into account, the author notes that the decision on the use of certain customs formalities (forms of control) is realized only on the grounds of actualizing lists of risk indicators – criteria with in advance specified parameters, using of which gives an opportunity to choose the object of control which is a risk.The author concludes that the suggestion directed by law enforcement authorities of Ukraine to the customs houses of State Fiscal Service of Ukraine does not always have reasonable grounds for the customs examination of goods which are transporting through the customs border of Ukraine. It leads to less effective decision-makings by officials of customs houses of State Fiscal Service of Ukraine that usually end with a zero result during a customs examination of goods initiated by law enforcement authorities. Herewith, the resources of customs houses of State Fiscal Service of Ukraine are spent, the customs houses of State Fiscal Service of Ukraine staff is personally responsible for the violation of legality during the determination of forms and volume of customs control, time norms introduced by legislation of Ukraine on state customs affair for realization of customs formalities are groundlessly violated and a certain negative public outcry is formed.In addition, the attention is focused on the fact that the customs officer of State Fiscal Service of Ukraine, deciding on the application of additional customs formalities on the base of lists of risk indicators, should take into account commitments of the Government of Ukraine within the framework of the EU Sector Budget Support Program of customs examinations not more than 5 % of customs declarations.

Organic farming is a high potential strategic activity for the Portuguese agricultural sector. It generates differentiated value-added products increasingly demanded by consumers, based on environmentally friendly production techniques, thus sustainably managing rural development. Portugal enjoys a renewed interest in organic farming as result of the current economic crisis, the existence of young generations with strong environmental awareness and facing difficulties in finding employment in more traditional activities and the reformed EU agricultural policy backing-up organic farming. However, Portuguese organic farming is far from reaching its potential, showing up a modest weight to agricultural economy. This work aims to contribute to the growth of organic farming in Portugal. To this end it analyses the evolution (1994-2014) and main constraints of Portuguese organic farming, based on statistical data published by Direção Geral de Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural and other secondary sources, including academic and industry studies regarding this subject. Portuguese organic farming starts flourishing in the nineties, as the land and number of organic farmers had average annual growth rates above 20% and 40%, respectively. However, recent data show that it lost momentum, being highly dependent of the European Union - EU and national government financial support policy. In Portugal, organic production is concentrated mainly in the regions of Alentejo, Beira Interior and Trás-os-Montes. In 2014, more than 85.5% of livestock breeders and 66.5% of farmers were located in these regions, representing approximately 84% of the total organic farming land. In this year, there were 3,132 farmers dedicated to organic crops, occupying 228,841 hectares, particularly, grasslands and olive trees, and 1,003 livestock breeders, mainly cattle and sheep. In the last decade, the aromatic plants show up a high dynamism among crop production, while for livestock production the highlight is for beekeeping. Nowadays organic production is already present in the main grocery store chains and became widespread in speciality retailers, such as natural and healthy food stores, gourmet food stores and street markets. Nevertheless, the penetration rate in the market is low. In 2014, Portugal was responsible for 2.23% of the EU organic farming land. However, Portugal had a share of only 0.8% of the European organic market (FiBL, 2016). Also, the domestic market share of organic products was the lowest in Europe, accounting for only 0.2% of the national market, due to a low per capita consumption of organic products (€2). Overall Portuguese organic producers refer struggling with production and marketing difficulties as the major barriers their growth (Barrote, n/d; Cabo et al., 2013, 2014; FiBL, 2014; Ribeiro et al., 2014; Simões et al., 2008). Those producers relate having difficulty in buying production factors approved for organic farming and its high price. This is recurring problem. The market demand is undersized, due to the low number of organic producers, which makes unprofitable for commercial companies to develop therapeutic drug products suitable to organic farming. The scarce supply discourages the entry of new organic producers in the business. Furthermore, since organic farming is primarily based on prevention actions, it needs further monitoring by producers, thus rising labour costs. The farmer's marketing competences can define the success or failure of a farm business. This proves to be the main constraint to the expansion of organic production since the market of organic products is yet small and very fragile. Offer is sparse, scattered and does not guarantee regularity in supply, due to the small size of farms and the lack of organization in the production. The lack of specialized marketing channels for organic products and the distance to the main consumer centres withhold producers, particularly, in the case of perishable products. Finally, the high consumer prices are not reflected in the producer prices and also make organic products only accessible to a minority of population. This price barrier, combined with the economic recession, and the lack of information and knowledge by consumers about the advantages of organic products, holds back consumption growth. However, it is possible to highlight success stories able to break this cycle that traps organic production, by focusing on producers organizations to achieve scale, creating their own marketing channels and adopting differentiation strategies, either by developing their product range or by making use of both organic and geographical certification, such as the Montesinho Protected Designation of Origin and Organic Farming honey.

La irresponsable y descontrolada vorágine crediticia de los años de bonanza, unida a la crisis económica desatada en 2007-2008, ha desembocado en una avalancha de ejecuciones hipotecarias y en el desahucio de su vivienda habitual de miles de deudores incapaces de hacer frente a sus préstamos. Nuestro legislador, poco preocupado a su debido tiempo de articular mecanismos de prevención del sobreendeudamiento del consumidor de crédito (test de solvencia, información contractual y precontractual, transparencia bancaria), ha tratado luego, cuando el llamado "sinhogarismo" se había ya convertido en una auténtica lacra social, de parchear la situación con medidas ex post (suspensión de lanzamientos, quitas, dación en pago,.) que, en determinados casos, pueden enturbiar algunos postulados básicos del Derecho privado; todo ello sin perjuicio de que, activado el aparato del Estado Social, se hayan también puesto en marcha medidas paliativas de cariz público (prestaciones económicas de urgencia social, bolsas de alquiler social y hasta medidas expropiatorias, declaradas inconstitucionales, del uso temporal de viviendas desocupadas, propiedad de las entidades bancarias).Con estas premisas, y ante la indiscutible y rabiosa "actualidad" de los sistemas alternativos de resolución de litigios en materia de consumo, moda auspiciada desde la propia Unión Europea, en este trabajo se deja constancia del limitadísimo, por no decir nulo, papel del arbitraje de consumo en el campo de los desahucios hipotecarios y del relativo grado de éxito de la mediación hipotecaria. A tal fin, se examina cada una de ambas vías extrajudiciales en su proyección particular a los deudores hipotecarios atrapados por la coyuntura económica y en riesgo de perder su vivienda; estudio, cuyo enfoque técnico-jurídico es acompañado de una óptica socio-económica de los costes y riesgos que juegan como incentivos o, por el contrario, y con mayor intensidad, como trabas fácticas a la viabilidad y eficiencia en la práctica de tales mecanismos alternativos. Junto a la normativa estatal en la materia, se atenderá también al Código de Consumo catalán que, llevando el fomento de esos sistemas hasta sus últimos extremos, ha instaurado una (dudosamente constitucional) presunción de sumisión al arbitraje de las entidades que otorgan créditos hipotecarios sobre la vivienda habitual y ha impuesto una mediación obligatoria, de discutible conveniencia, como trámite preceptivo previo al procedimiento judicial de ejecución hipotecaria.Irresponsible and uncontrolled credit overfall in years of prosperity, followed by the economic crisis of 2007-2008, it has produced an avalanche of foreclosures and eviction from his habitual housing of thousands of debtors unable to pay their loans. Our legislator did not regulate timely mechanisms for the prevention of over-indebtedness consumer credit (solvency tests, pre-contractual and contractual information, bank transparency), and he has tried after, when the so-called "homelessness" has become a serious social problem, relieve the situation with ex post measures (suspension of eviction, debt reduction, payment with housing,.) which, in certain cases, may jeopardize some basic principles of private law; but also, based on the system of social state, have launched mitigation measures in this public order (economic benefits of social urgency, social rents and even expropriatory measures, declared unconstitutional, temporary use of housing unoccupied, property of banks). From these premises, and at the obvious "fashion" of alternative dispute resolution systems in the field of consumer -fashion sponsored from the European Union-, this paper explains the very little, or none, paper consumer arbitration in the field of mortgage foreclosures and the relative success of the mortgage mediation. For that, I examined each of the two-judicial procedures in their particular application to mortgage debtors at risk of becoming homeless; study, whose technical and legal approach is accompanied by a socio-economic point of costs and risks playing as incentives or, on the contrary, and with greater intensity, as factual obstacles to the viability and efficiency in practical of such alternative mechanisms. In addition to state regulations, also study the Consumer Code of Cataluña that, with excessive promotion of these systems, he has established a (questionably constitutional) presumption of submission to arbitration of institutions providing mortgage credit housing and imposed a mandatory mediation, whose desirability is debatable, as a prerequisite for the judicial mortgage foreclosure process.

"El presente proyecto planteo realizar una investigación con una especie exótica que lleva más de 450 años en México, es el caso de Schinus molle L., comúnmente conocido como Pirul. Esta especie arbórea originaria de la región Andina (Perú y Bolivia) de Sudamérica, actualmente se encuentra ampliamente distribuido en el territorio nacional, pero también ha sido introducida en regiones del mundo. Dada la antigüedad y la extensión de esta invasión biológica en México, la efectividad de las acciones de prevención y/o control que se pueden plantearse para el Pirul dependerán de la información científica disponible sobre su distribución en el país. Sin embargo, a pesar de los esfuerzos de las agencias gubernamentales y de las instituciones científico-académicas, la información sobre el número de especies exóticas e invasoras en México sigue siendo incompleta. Por tanto, es necesario generar conocimientos sobre las especies exóticas que se encuentran en el país con el objetivo de tener información de referencia para identificar las causas y consecuencias de su introducción. Esto permitiría diseñar estrategias y medidas de control eficaces para aquellas con impactos negativos sobre la biota nativa o las actividades humanas. Por tal motivo, se realizó una revisión del estado del arte en materia de las invasiones biológicas en México, incluyendo un listado actualizado de las especies exóticas e invasoras que hay en el país. Para ello se recopiló un total de 582 referencias bibliográficas, incluyendo desde la referencia más antigua de la cual se tuvo registro hasta julio de 2016. La temática principal en estos estudios es la historia natural y patrones de distribución de las especies exóticas, seguidos por estudios de perspectivas y análisis de riesgo, mientras que solo una minoría analiza el impacto de estas especies sobre la biota y los ecosistemas nativos. Estas publicaciones reportan un total de 2192 especies exóticas para México, de las cuales menos del 40% son consideradas como especies invasoras. Los principales motivos por los cuales estas especies exóticas fueron introducidas en México son su uso alimenticio, ornamental o mascotas, aunque muchas de ellas también fueron introducidas de forma accidental." ; "This project proposes perform with an exotic species that has over 450 years in Mexico, is the case of Schinus molle L., commonly known as Peruvian peppertree. This tree species is native to the Andean region (Peru and Bolivia) in South America. It is now widely distributed in the country, but also has been introduced in others regions of the world. Given the age and extent of this biological invasion in Mexico, the effectiveness of prevention and / or control that can be raised for the Peruvian peppertree depend on the available scientific information on their distribution in the country. However, despite the efforts of government agencies and scientific and academic institutions, the information on the number of exotic and invasive species in Mexico it remains incomplete. It is therefore necessary to generate knowledge on alien species found in the country with the aim of having reference information to identify the causes and consequences of their introduction. This would allow to design effective strategies and measures for those with negative impacts on native biota or human activities. Therefore, a review of the state of the art of biological invasions in Mexico was done, including an updated list of exotic and invasive species in the country. A total of 582 references were compiled, including from the oldest reference until July 2016. The main theme in these studies is the natural history and distribution patterns of invasive species, followed by studies of perspectives and risk analysis, while only a minority analyzes the impact of these species on native biota and ecosystems. These references report a total of 2192 exotic species for Mexico, of which less than 40% are considered invasive species. The main reasons why these exotic species were introduced in Mexico are its food, pets or ornamental use, although many of them were also introduced unitentionally. These data show that alien species continue to invade the country, suggesting that there is an urgent need to develop strategies to minimize their impact on native biota, as well as developing environmental education to increase public awareness of this problem."

ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the efforts to control illegal gold mining activities, whether conducted by a licensed company or society that done conventionally. The background of this thesis is based on facts that show that Bengkayang is one district that is very rampant illegal gold mining activities, especially those carried out by the community. It is not independent of the various factors which led to the illegal gold mining activities, both as social, legal and economic factors. Since the enactment of Law No. 4 Year 2009 on Mineral and Coal Mining, requires each community to conduct mining activities has artisanal mining license (IPR) issued by the local government. However, the difficulty of publishing mechanism causes people reluctant to file IPR, as a result of illegal gold mining practices often happens in Bengkayang. As for the impact of these activities can be felt well physically, such as damage to the ecosystem environment, pollution of river water and soil, mine accidents to the spread of diseases due to the use of hazardous chemicals in the process of illegal gold mining, while the impact of non-physical including the loss of government revenue from the mining sector, investment climate that is not conducive to the emergence of social conflict.However, it is undeniable that today there are still many barriers faced by the police, especially the Police Bengkayang in tackling the rampant activities of illegal gold mining, which were related to the limited resources of the police, still overlapping issuance of a mining permit, yet the realization of synergy between law enforcement officers in the handling of criminal acts in the field of mining to the legal culture of society with regard to the lack of public knowledge of the legislation. In response to these conditions, to optimize the response activities of illegal gold mining, then steps are taken by the Police Bengkayang through the efforts of penal, including increased resource capabilities police in tackling the crime of illegal gold mining, increase intensive coordination with relevant agencies and seek the application of Article plated against perpetrators of illegal gold mining. As efforts intensify non penal done through guidance andsupervision of mining community, encouraging governments to provide convenience for the mining community and change the mindset of people to carry out mining environment concept (good mining practice).Keywords: prevention of illegal mining, law enforcementABSTRAKTesis ini membahas mengenai upaya penanggulangan aktivitas penambangan emas ilegal, baik yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan berizin maupun masyarakat yang dilakukan secara konvensional. Latar belakang penulisan tesis ini didasarkan pada fakta yang menunjukkan bahwa Kabupaten Bengkayang merupakan salah satu Kabupaten yang sangat marak aktivitas penambangan emas ilegal, terutama yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat. Hal tersebut tidak terlepas dari berbagai faktor yang mendorong timbulnya aktivitas pertambangan emas ilegal, baik faktor sosial, hukum maupun faktor ekonomi. Sejak diberlakukannya UU No. 4 Tahun 2009 tentang Pertambangan Mineral dan Batubara, mewajibkan setiap masyarakat yang melakukan kegiatan pertambangan untuk memiliki izin pertambangan rakyat (IPR) yang diterbitkan pemerintah daerah. Akan tetapi, sulitnya mekanisme penerbitan IPR menyebabkan masyarakat enggan mengajukan IPR, akibatnya praktek penambangan emas ilegal semakin marak terjadi di Kabupaten Bengkayang. Adapun dampak yang ditimbulkan dari aktivitas tersebut dapat dirasakan baik secara fisik, seperti kerusakan ekosistem lingkungan hidup, pencemaran air sungai dan tanah, kecelakaan tambang hingga penyebaran penyakit akibat penggunaan bahan kimia berbahaya dalam proses penambangan emas ilegal, sementara dampak non fisik diantaranya hilangnya pendapatan pemerintah dari sektor pertambangan, iklim investasi yang tidak kondusif hingga timbulnya konflik sosial.Namun demikian, tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa hingga saat ini masih banyak hambatan yang dihadapi oleh jajaran kepolisian, khususnya Polres Bengkayang dalam menanggulangi maraknya aktivitas penambangan emas ilegal, diantaranya terkait dengan keterbatasan sumber daya Polri, masih adanya tumpang tindih penerbitan izin usaha pertambangan, belum terwujudnya sinergitas antar aparat penegak hukum dalam penanganan tindak pidana dibidang pertambangan hingga budaya hukum masyarakat yang berkaitan dengan kurangnya pengetahuan masyarakat terhadap peraturan perundang-undangan. Menyikapi kondisi tersebut, maka untuk mengoptimalkan upaya penanggulangan kegiatan penambangan emas ilegal, maka dilakukan langkah-langkah oleh Polres Bengkayang melalui upaya penal, meliputi peningkatan kemampuan sumber daya Polri dalam menanggulangi tindak pidana penambangan emas ilegal, meningkatkan koordinasi intensif denganinstansi terkait dan mengupayakan penerapan pasal berlapis terhadap pelaku penambangan emas ilegal. Adapun upaya non penal dilakukan melalui mengintensifkan pembinaan dan pengawasan terhadap masyarakat penambang, mendorong pemerintah untuk memberi kemudahan bagi masyarakat penambang serta mengubah pola pikir masyarakat untuk melaksanakan penambangan berwawasan lingkungan (good mining practice).Kata kunci : penanggulangan penambangan ilegal, penegakan hukum

The article is devoted to the coverage of defined frames of references, developed under the influence of legal application features of warning information in the form of suggestion which are forwarded to customs houses of State Fiscal Service of Ukraine by law enforcement authorities of Ukraine for the purpose of carrying out the custom examination of goods on their custom registration by officers of custom houses; goods which are moved across the customs border of Ukraine and along customs territory of Ukraine by tax payers carrying out international economic activity.The present article provides the legal analysis of definitions «suggestion», «risk indicator», «risk profile».Based on analysis of current legislation of Ukraine on state customs affair it is found that the suggestion – it is the information about people and/or vehicles, with the aid of which offenses of the legislation of Ukraine on state customs affair may be committed, and the information about goods that may be objects of an offense, which was created independently by customs authorities as a result of analytical work or was received by the customs authorities. It is found that a goal of the suggestion is detection, prevention and suspension of offences of the legislation of Ukraine on state customs affair, and no allowance of release for free circulation of goods in the customs territory of Ukraine with offenses of the legislation of Ukraine on state customs affair.It is also proved that directing by law enforcement authorities to authorities of incomes and fees, which are the customs houses of State Fiscal Service of Ukraine, information about offenses of order of foreign goods transference with the subsequent requirement of customs examination of these goods by customs houses of State Fiscal Service of Ukraine is one of the forms of cooperation between law enforcement authorities and authorities of incomes and fees.Taking the results of the research into account, the author notes that the decision on the use of certain customs formalities (forms of control) is realized only on the grounds of actualizing lists of risk indicators – criteria with in advance specified parameters, using of which gives an opportunity to choose the object of control which is a risk.The author concludes that the suggestion directed by law enforcement authorities of Ukraine to the customs houses of State Fiscal Service of Ukraine does not always have reasonable grounds for the customs examination of goods which are transporting through the customs border of Ukraine. It leads to less effective decision-makings by officials of customs houses of State Fiscal Service of Ukraine that usually end with a zero result during a customs examination of goods initiated by law enforcement authorities. Herewith, the resources of customs houses of State Fiscal Service of Ukraine are spent, the customs houses of State Fiscal Service of Ukraine staff is personally responsible for the violation of legality during the determination of forms and volume of customs control, time norms introduced by legislation of Ukraine on state customs affair for realization of customs formalities are groundlessly violated and a certain negative public outcry is formed.In addition, the attention is focused on the fact that the customs officer of State Fiscal Service of Ukraine, deciding on the application of additional customs formalities on the base of lists of risk indicators, should take into account commitments of the Government of Ukraine within the framework of the EU Sector Budget Support Program of customs examinations not more than 5 % of customs declarations. ; Статья посвящена освещению систем координат, которые сформировались под воздействием правовых особенностей применения предупредительной информации в виде ориентировок, которые направляются правоохранительными органами Украины в адрес таможен Государственной фискальной службы Украины с целью проведениях должностными лицами таможен таможенного досмотра товаров при их таможенном оформлении, а также товаров, перемещаемых через таможенную границу Украины или таможенной территорией Украины плательщиками налогов, которые осуществляют внешнеэкономическую деятельность. ; Статтю присвячено висвітленню систем координат, що склалися під впливом правових особливостей застосування випереджувальної інформації у вигляді орієнтування, яке скеровується правоохоронними органами України на адресу митниць Державної фіскальної служби України з метою проведення посадовими особами митниць митного огляду товарів при їх митному оформленні та товарів, що переміщуються через митний кордон України чи митною територією України платниками податків, які здійснюють зовнішньоекономічну діяльність.

Tesis (Doctorado en Ciencias Ambientales) ; "El presente proyecto planteo realizar una investigación con una especie exótica que lleva más de 450 años en México, es el caso de Schinus molle L., comúnmente conocido como Pirul. Esta especie arbórea originaria de la región Andina (Perú y Bolivia) de Sudamérica, actualmente se encuentra ampliamente distribuido en el territorio nacional, pero también ha sido introducida en regiones del mundo. Dada la antigüedad y la extensión de esta invasión biológica en México, la efectividad de las acciones de prevención y/o control que se pueden plantearse para el Pirul dependerán de la información científica disponible sobre su distribución en el país. Sin embargo, a pesar de los esfuerzos de las agencias gubernamentales y de las instituciones científico-académicas, la información sobre el número de especies exóticas e invasoras en México sigue siendo incompleta. Por tanto, es necesario generar conocimientos sobre las especies exóticas que se encuentran en el país con el objetivo de tener información de referencia para identificar las causas y consecuencias de su introducción. Esto permitiría diseñar estrategias y medidas de control eficaces para aquellas con impactos negativos sobre la biota nativa o las actividades humanas. Por tal motivo, se realizó una revisión del estado del arte en materia de las invasiones biológicas en México, incluyendo un listado actualizado de las especies exóticas e invasoras que hay en el país. Para ello se recopiló un total de 582 referencias bibliográficas, incluyendo desde la referencia más antigua de la cual se tuvo registro hasta julio de 2016. La temática principal en estos estudios es la historia natural y patrones de distribución de las especies exóticas, seguidos por estudios de perspectivas y análisis de riesgo, mientras que solo una minoría analiza el impacto de estas especies sobre la biota y los ecosistemas nativos. Estas publicaciones reportan un total de 2192 especies exóticas para México, de las cuales menos del 40% son consideradas como especies invasoras. Los principales motivos por los cuales estas especies exóticas fueron introducidas en México son su uso alimenticio, ornamental o mascotas, aunque muchas de ellas también fueron introducidas de forma accidental." ; "This project proposes perform with an exotic species that has over 450 years in Mexico, is the case of Schinus molle L., commonly known as Peruvian peppertree. This tree species is native to the Andean region (Peru and Bolivia) in South America. It is now widely distributed in the country, but also has been introduced in others regions of the world. Given the age and extent of this biological invasion in Mexico, the effectiveness of prevention and / or control that can be raised for the Peruvian peppertree depend on the available scientific information on their distribution in the country. However, despite the efforts of government agencies and scientific and academic institutions, the information on the number of exotic and invasive species in Mexico it remains incomplete. It is therefore necessary to generate knowledge on alien species found in the country with the aim of having reference information to identify the causes and consequences of their introduction. This would allow to design effective strategies and measures for those with negative impacts on native biota or human activities. Therefore, a review of the state of the art of biological invasions in Mexico was done, including an updated list of exotic and invasive species in the country. A total of 582 references were compiled, including from the oldest reference until July 2016. The main theme in these studies is the natural history and distribution patterns of invasive species, followed by studies of perspectives and risk analysis, while only a minority analyzes the impact of these species on native biota and ecosystems. These references report a total of 2192 exotic species for Mexico, of which less than 40% are considered invasive species. The main reasons why these exotic species were introduced in Mexico are its food, pets or ornamental use, although many of them were also introduced unitentionally. These data show that alien species continue to invade the country, suggesting that there is an urgent need to develop strategies to minimize their impact on native biota, as well as developing environmental education to increase public awareness of this problem."

Based on the analysis of implementation of the policy of state debt management, the paper offers ways to improve the state debt policy of Ukraine and gives recommendations on the possibilities of adaptation of relevant experience of some EU countries. The research discloses the essence of government debt policy, identifies the main factors that contribute to the growth of public debt in Ukraine and analyzes the obstacles to its effective management. For example, in Ukraine during the years of independence the formation of debt was influenced by a number of factors, the most important of which are significant budget deficits, dependence on imported energy, the need to increase foreign exchange reserves to ensure stability of national currency; military conflict in the Donbas and Crimea occupation, the need for technical upgrading of industries and structural reforms. Over the years of independence, there has been a significant accumulation of public debt and an increase of debt burdens, investors have noted the inefficient use of funds raised, these factors as well as unfavorable conditions on international money markets caused worsening of loan conditions turning debt management into one of the priorities of state financial policy. The latter should be based on the adoption of the Law of Ukraine "On State Duty", the development of both medium and long-term debt policy; improvement of the assessment system and prevention from the negative impact of risks; forming a modern information infrastructure of state debt management; focus on the domestic state debt market; establishment of a system of power separation between the institutions dealing with state debt; development and implementation of a system of indicators to measure the effectiveness of management decisions in the field of state debt. ; В статье, на основании анализа практики реализации политики управления государственным долгом, разработаны направления совершенствования государственной долговой политики Украины. Рекомендации приведены с учетом возможностей адаптации соответствующего опыта некоторых стран ЕС. Раскрыт вопрос сущности государственной долговой политики, выделены основные факторы, которые способствуют росту государственного долга в Украине, проанализированы препятствия к эффективному управлению им. В Украине за годы ее независимости формирование долга происходило под воздействием ряда факторов, важнейшими из них являются: значительный бюджетный дефицит, зависимость от импорта энергоносителей, необходимость увеличения валютных резервов для обеспечения стабильности национальной денежной единицы; военный конфликт на Донбассе и оккупация Крыма, необходимость технического перевооружения отраслей экономики и проведения структурных реформ. За годы независимости произошло накопление значительного по размеру государственного долга, усиление долговой нагрузки, инвесторы констатировали нерациональное использование привлеченных средств, эти факторы, а также неблагоприятная конъюнктура на международных денежных рынках вызвали ухудшение условий заимствования и превратили управление государственным долгом в один из приоритетов финансовой политики государства. Он должен базироваться на: принятии Закона Украины «О государственном долге», разработке как среднесрочной, так и долгосрочной долговой политики; совершенствовании системы оценки и предупреждения негативного действия рисков; формировании современной информационной инфраструктуры управления государственным долгом; ориентации на внутренний рынок государственных заимствований; установлении системы разграничения полномочий между институтами, которые осуществляют управление государственным долгом; разработке и внедрении системы показателей оценки эффективности управленческих решений в сфере государственного долга. ; У статті, на підставі аналізу практики реалізації політики управління державним боргом, розроблено напрями вдосконалення державної боргової політики України. Рекомендації наведено з урахуванням можливостей адаптації відповідного досвіду певних країн ЄС. Розкрито питання сутності державної боргової політики, виділено основні чинники, які сприяють зростанню державного боргу в Україні, проаналізовано перешкоди до ефективного управління ним. Так, в Україні за роки її незалежності формування боргу відбувалося під впливом низки чинників, найважливіші з яких: значні бюджетні дефіцити, залежність від імпорту енергоносіїв, необхідність збільшення валютних резервів для забезпечення стабільності національної грошової одиниці; військовий конфлікт на Донбасі та окупація Криму, необхідність технічного переозброєння галузей економіки і проведення структурних реформ. За роки незалежності відбулося накопичення значного державного боргу, посилення боргового тягаря, інвестори констатували нераціональне використовування залучених коштів, ці фактори, а також несприятлива кон'юнктура на міжнародних грошових ринках, викликали погіршення умов запозичення і перетворили управління державним боргом в один з пріоритетів фінансової політики держави. Він повинен базуватися на: прийнятті Закону України «Про державний борг», розробці як середньострокової, так і довгострокової боргової політики; вдосконаленні системи оцінки і попередження негативної дії ризиків; формуванні сучасної інформаційної інфраструктури управління державним боргом; орієнтації на внутрішній ринок державних запозичень; встановленні системи розмежування повноважень між інститутами, що здійснюють управління державним боргом; розробці і впровадженні системи показників оцінки ефективності управлінських рішень у сфері державного боргу.

El presente estudio identifica las medidas previstas por la Administración de Castilla y León entre los años 2007-2011 para la prevención y lucha contra el abandono temprano de la educación y la formación, analiza qué concepción tiene el profesorado sobre el fenómeno, qué sabe sobre dichas medidas y cómo valora su grado de implantación y efectividad. Esta comunidad destaca por sus buenos resultados en la evaluación internacional PISA, la evaluación Diagnóstico, y por ser una de las CCAA que más medidas ha arbitrado para prevenir y combatir el abandono temprano. Pero su tasa desde el 1998 roza la media nacional y la sobrepasa en el 2011. Tras un análisis documental sobre las medidas contempladas en los Convenios y documentos relacionados con el ATEF, se diseña un cuestionario de evaluación de expertos para conocer la valoración del profesorado sobre la ejecución de medidas; otro cuestionario para una muestra de 67 centros en CyL, y un grupo de discusión. Los resultados obtenidos permiten contrastar la visión institucional y la del profesorado, dimensión clave para la movilización y articulación de las medidas en la prevención y paliación del abandono temprano. Concluimos reflexionando sobre la necesidad de realizar un mayor esfuerzo en la ejecución de medidas, ampliar la coordinación con otras Consejerías y agentes externos al ámbito educativo, dar más apoyo a los centros y realizar una amplia difusión del problema del ATEF y sus consecuencias educativas, económicas y socio-laborales. ; Abstract: This study identifies the measures provided by the government of Castile and Leon in the years 2007-2011 to prevent and combat early school leaving. It also conceptualises teachers' views about the phenomenon, what they know about these measures and how they rate their degree of implementation and effectiveness. This community is known for its educational success considering international benchmarks such as PISA assessment or diagnosis evaluations. However, its dropout rate has touched the national average since 1998 and went over it in 2011. After a documentary analysis of the measures referred to in the Agreements with the Ministry of Education and related documents on ESL, we designed an evaluation questionnaire validated by experts in order to know the implementation of the measures to combat early school leaving; another questionnaire with a sample of 67 High Schools schools in Castile and Leon and a group discussion were also used. Results allow us to contrast institutional and teachers' views, a key dimension for the mobilisation and coordination of measures for the prevention and mitigation of ESL. Our study concludes that further efforts are to be made in the implementation of measures, in improving coordination with other ministries and agents outside the field of education, in giving more support to schools, and in performing a wide dissemination of the problem and its educational, economic, social and labour consequences. ; Résumé: La présente étude cherche à identifier les mesures prévues par l'Administration de Castille-et-Léon entre 2007 et 20011 pour la prévention et la lutte contre l'abandon scolaire précoce, à analyser comment le phénomène est-il perçu par les professeurs, la connaissance qu'ils ont de ces mesures ainsi que leurs opinions sur leur mise en place et leur efficacité. Castille-et-Léon se distingue par l'obtention de bons résultats dans le cadre de l'évaluation internationale PISA, de l'évaluation diagnostique et pour être une des communautés autonomes ayant pris le plus de mesures pour prévenir et lutter contre l'abandon scolaire précoce. Cependant, son taux, depuis 1998, frôle celui de la moyenne nationale et ne le dépasse qu'en 2011. Après avoir analysé les mesures envisagées dans les Conventions et les documents relatifs à l'ASP, nous avons élaboré un questionnaire d'évaluation d'experts afin de cerner la perception de l'ensemble des professeurs sur la mise en place de ces mesures ; un autre questionnaire à l'attention de 67 établissements scolaires de C-et-L ainsi qu'un groupe de discussion. Les résultats obtenus nous permettront de contraster la vision institutionnelle avec celle de l'ensemble des professeurs, une étape clé pour une meilleure mobilisation et articulation des mesures dans le cadre de la prévention et de la diminution de l'abandon scolaire précoce. Nous conclurons par une réflexion sur les nécessités d'un plus grand effort dans la mise en place de mesures, d'une plus ample coordination entre d'autres Consejerías et des agents extérieurs au domaine éducatif, d'un soutien majeur aux établissements et d'une plus grande diffusion des problèmes de l'ASP et de ses conséquences éducatives, économiques et socio-professionnelles.

RIASSUNTO Nell'ambito delle filiere produttive degli alimenti, ogni organismo animale non desiderato deve essere considerato infestante e il suo ingresso nei luoghi di produzione/deposito degli alimenti deve essere impedito. La presenza dei pest potrebbe infatti compromettere la qualità e la salubrità dei prodotti alimentari, determinando, oltre a problematiche di natura economica e sanitaria, anche un importante danno all'immagine dell'azienda. Secondo la normativa vigente il responsabile di un'industria alimentare è quindi tenuto ad attivare sistemi di prevenzione per la produzione di alimenti igienicamente idonei, attuando un piano di autocontrollo secondo il sistema HACCP. Questo si basa sulla valutazione del processo produttivo, su una corretta e precisa analisi dei pericoli e sul controllo ed il monitoraggio continui, al fine di prevenire, eliminare o ridurre a un livello accettabile tutti i rischi evidenziati. La lotta ai pest nell'industria alimentare, si è basata per molti anni solo sull'impiego delle sostanze chimiche, con trattamenti eseguiti a calendario, oppure, d'urgenza rincorrendo un problema. Le sempre più diffuse preoccupazioni per l'ambiente e l'esigenza dell'industria alimentare di applicare metodiche preventive efficaci, hanno portato a un notevole progresso tecnologico del settore pest control. In quest'ottica il "Centro Freschi" di Unicoop Firenze, ubicato a Pontedera, presso il quale ho svolto la mia attività di tesi, ha deciso di implementare nuovi sistemi di gestione degli animali infestanti. In particolare sono stati installati dispositivi per la gestione dei roditori, nell'area interna ed esterna che, in caso di cattura, inviano in tempo reale una mail all'Ufficio Qualità. Un'altra importante innovazione è rappresentata dal web reporting, ossia un sistema di gestione informatizzato del monitoraggio, che permette di avere una planimetria interattiva online sempre aggiornata, schede tecniche materiali associate ad ogni singola postazione, soglie infestanti per singola postazione, statistiche e grafici. Nel presente lavoro sono stati analizzati i limiti delle vecchie procedure ed è stata effettuata un'analisi dei dati relativi alla situazione dell'anno 2014. Tale innovazione è risultata estremamente efficace, permettendo un controllo in tempo reale e di conseguenza una gestione immediata delle problematiche legate ai pest. ABSTRACT Within the productive spinnerets of the foods every not desiderate animal organism must be considered infesting and its entry in the places of production/ deposit of the foods severely goes prevented. The presence of the pests would be able in fact to jeopardize the quality and salubriousness of the alimentary products, determining, besides problem list of economic and sanitary nature, also an important damages to the image of the firm. According to the normative in force the person responsible of a food industry is therefore kept to hygienically activate systems of prevention for the production of fit foods, effecting a plane of self-control according to the system HACCP. This founds him on the evaluation of the productive trail, on a correct and precise analysis of the dangers and on a control and a monitoring you continue, whit the purpose to prevent, to eliminate or to reduce all the underlined risks to an acceptable level. The struggle to the pest in the food industry, is founded only for many years on the employment of the chemical substances, with treatments performed to calendar, or, of urgency running after a problem. The more and more diffused worries for the environment and application from the legislators for best practices in the industry have brought to have to contrive infesting new methods of control. In this optics the "Centro Freschi" of Unicoop Firenze, situated in Pontedera, near which I have developed my activity of theses, decided to implement new of systems of management of the infesting animals. Particularly they have been installed devices, in the inside and external area, that, in case of capture, they send in real time a mail to Quality Office. Another important innovation is represented by the web reporting or rather a system of computerized system for monitoring, that allows to have an interactive planimetry online always adjourned, in partnership material technical cards to every single posting, thresholds infesting for single posting, statistic and graphs. In the present job I analyzed the limits of the old procedures and effected an analysis of the data related to situation of the year 2014. Such innovation results extremely effective, allowing a control in real time and accordingly an immediate management of the problem list to the pests.

In this review we analyzed and systematized modern studies on phantom pain (FP) due to amputation of extremities of different etiologies. An appearance of FP after amputation of extremity or of its part is a complicated medical and social problem which has not any optimal solution till now. In this article we reviewed relevance, etiology, clinical picture , pathogenesis, prevention and treatment of FP using non-drug methods. Relevance of FP problem stipulates increasing number of victims of military conflicts, natural disasters, man-made disasters as well as significant specific weight of occlusive lesions of the lower extremities vessels and tumors. In the structure of its spreading more than half amount of cases of FP takes mine-explosive and fragmentув injuries of the extremities. To preconditions of FP belongs inadequate anesthesia during surgery, advanced age, the dominant limb amputation, previous psychologi­cal disorders, pain in the stump under conditions of inflammatory and degenerative changes in muscles, somatic burdeness. The au­thors presented the complex of treatment for this pathology which includes invasive methods of treatment, pharmacotherapy, using of physical factors, reflexotherapy, functional rehabilitation, methods of biofeedback therapy, psyhotherapy. There was underlined the lack of a unified view of experts on the effectiveness of different methods of conservative treatment, sequence, combination and duration of their using. The authors concluded that for achieve­ment of optimal therapeutic effect it is possible just by individual multimodal and integrated approach where an important role play factors of non-drug treatment. There was outlined some promising areas of research in medical rehabilitation of patients with FP in order to determine the role, sequence and combination of methods of conservative therapy. ; В статье проанализированы и систематизированы современные исследования по фантомному болевому синдрому (ФБС) вследствие ампутации конечностей различной этиологии. Возникновение ФБС после ампутации конечности или ее части является сложной медицинской и социальной проблемой, не имеющей до сих пор оптимального решения. В обзоре рассмотрены актуальность, этиология, клиническая картина, патогенез, профилактика и лечение фантомных болей с использованием немедикаментозных методов. Актуальность проблемы ФБС обусловлена ростом числа пострадавших в боевых конфликтах, стихийных бедствиях, техногенных катастрофах, а также значительным удельным весом окклюзионных поражений сосудов нижних конечностей и опухолей. В структуре распространенности более половины случаев развития ФБС занимает минно-взрывная и осколочная травмы конечностей. К предпосылкам развития ФБС принадлежат неадекватная анестезия во время операции, пожилой возраст, ампутация доминантной конечности, предыдущие психологические расстройства, боли в культе в условиях воспалительных и дегенеративных изменений в мышцах, соматическая отягощенность. Авторы представили комплекс терапии этой патологии, в который входят инвазивные методы лечения, фармакотерапия, использование физических факторов, рефлексотерапия, функциональная реабилитация, методика биологической обратной связи, психотерапия. Подчеркнуто отсутствие единого взгляда у специалистов на эффективность различных методов консервативной терапии, последовательность, сочетание и продолжительность их использования. Авторы пришли к выводу, что достичь оптимального терапевтического эффекта можно только путем индивидуального мультимодального и комплексного подхода, где важную роль играет привлечение немедикаментозных факторов лечения. Определены перспективные направления исследований в области медицинской реабилитации пациентов с ФБС для определения роли, последовательности и сочетания методов консервативной терапии. ; У статті проаналізовано та систематизовано сучасні дослідження щодо фантомного больового синдрому (ФБС) внаслідок ампутації кінцівок різної етіології. Виникнення ФБС після ампутації кінцівки або її частини є складною медичною та соціальною проблемою, яка не має дотепер оптимального вирішення. В огляді розглянуто актуальність, етіологію, клінічну картину, патогенез, профілактику та лікування фантомних болів з використанням немедикаментозних методів. Актуальність проблеми ФБС обумовлена зростанням кількості постраждалих у бойових конфліктах, стихійних лихах, техногенних катастрофах, а також значною питомою вагою оклюзійних уражень сосудів нижніх кінцівок та пухлин. У структурі поширеності понад половини випадків розвитку ФБС займає мінно-вибухова та осколкова травми кінцівок. До передумов розвитку ФБС належать неадекватна анестезія під час операції, похилий вік, ампутація домінантної кінцівки, попередні психологічні розлади, біль у культі за умов запальних та дегенеративних змін у м'язах, соматична обтяжливість. Автори представили комплекс терапії цієї патології, до якого входять інвазивні методи лікування, фармакотерапія, використання фізичних факторів, рефлексотерапія, функціональна реабілітація, методика біологічного зворотного зв'язку, психотерапія. Підкреслена відсутність єдиного погляду у фахівців на ефективність різних методів консервативної терапії, послідовність, поєднання і тривалість їх використання. Автори дійшли висновку, що досягти оптимального терапевтичного ефекту можна тільки шляхом індивідуального мультимодального та комплексного підходу, де важливу роль відіграє залучення немедикаментозних факторів лікування. Окреслено перспективні напрямки досліджень у галузі медичної реабілітації пацієнтів з ФБС для визначення ролі, послідовності й поєднання методів консервативної терапії.

Papua New Guinea (PNG) is the largest developing country in the Pacific. In 2008, PNG had a population of 6.5 million, with an estimated 5.3 million living in rural villages. Travelling to rural areas is difficult, slow and expensive as only 3 per cent of the country's roads are paved, and many villages can be accessed only on foot or by plane. This undermines the accessibility and use of health care services, including services related to reproductive health. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are used as a measure of reproductive health in PNG. The MDGs are widely accepted by governments, donors and practitioner agencies throughout the world as a framework for improving the livelihood of the world's poorest population by 2015. MDG 5, which aims to improve maternal health by reducing maternal mortality by three-quarters between 1990 and 2015, is particularly relevant to reproductive health. While PNG's maternal mortality ratio has fallen over the past 15 years- from 370 deaths per 100,000 live births in 1990 to 330 in 2005, compared with other Pacific nations it has not improved dramatically. PNG's high maternal mortality can be largely attributed to insufficient antenatal care and the lack of skilled birth attendants, inadequate family planning, and a high rate of infant mortality and adolescent pregnancy. The PNG government is the largest provider of health services in PNG. The government's national health system provides health services through its 2,400 aid posts (half of which were closed down in 2003 due to lack of staff and supplies), 500 health centres, 18 provincial hospitals, a national hospital, and 45 urban clinics. However, government services related to reproductive health tend to have an emphasis on services for mothers and children, and emergency obstetric care, rather than on family planning and preventative measures. Further, the government has made abortion illegal, which has a negative effect on reproductive health and maternal mortality. The PNG government receives funding and assistance from international development partners, including the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID), with 15 per cent of the total official development assistance going to the health sector. AusAID, PNG's biggest donor in the health sector, provides assistance in hospital management and operation, and training health professionals. However, AusAIDs' policy of not allowing aid money to be used for abortion may contribute to maternal mortality by increasing the risk of women using traditional or unsafe abortion methods. In PNG, church health services account for 50 per cent of rural health services, and employ 16 per cent ofhealth workers. The churches, provide a range of health services, and play an important part in providing services relating to HIV I AIDS, which indirectly influences reproductive health. However, the churches' stance against abortion and family planning for adolescents makes contraception hard to access, increasing the risk of abortion and maternal mortality. While the churches support the use of condoms, they see the role of condoms as being to prevent sexually transmitted disease, rather than pregnancy. Apart from the PNG government, intern~tional governments and the churches, there are also non-faith-based NGOs providing family planning services, the prevention and management of sexually transmitted infections and other reproductive health services independently of the PNG government, or in collaboration with the PNG government. Government policies and the attitudes of health providers are not the only factors undermining the improvement of reproductive health in PNG. Problems such as the country's economic decline, mismanagement of health funds, and high levels of corruption also help explain PNG's high maternal mortality. Conservative cultural and religious beliefs on the issues of sex and reproductive health in PNG, along with the disempowerment of women in making decisions about their reproductive health, hinder the use of reproductive health services such as family planning. Other cultural sensitivities and taboos also play part in discouraging women to attend health clinics. Such beliefs may help explain the low priority placed on family planning and preventative measures to improve reproductive health in PNG. All the above factors work against an improvement of reproductive health in PNG, and help to explain PNG's high maternal mortality. At present, PNG's reproductive health figures are not meeting the MDGs challenge and, unless the problems outlined in this report are tackled, PNG will not achieve the MDGs by 2015.