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Criminal policy prevails mainly in the field of legislation. Judicial power is an independent power; judges are only subject to the laws. Economic policy is more practical than science, although it has a theoretical background for applied economics. It can be defined as the state's active intervention in the economy, a conscious, coherent and targeted action that affects production, consumption, and exchange and capital formation. The relationship between economic policy and criminal policy in the area of combating economic crime can be characterized by the fact that criminality policy should be more in keeping with economic policy considerations than vice versa. Badly elected criminal policy does not necessarily help the development of the economy, economic policy and criminal policy considerations need to be carefully coordinated. In this essay we will examine the relationship between the economic policy and the criminal policy in the light of the new anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing regulation.

On March 20, 2019, the Appeals Chamber of the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals set aside Radovan Karadžić's prior sentence of forty years and imposed a life sentence. Karadžić was convicted of genocide, crimes against humanity, and violations of the laws or customs of war in March 2016 by a Trial Chamber of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and sentenced to forty years in prison. His crimes relate to war crimes he committed during the 1990s conflicts in the Balkans, in particular the 1995 Srebrenica massacre of 8,000 Bosnian Serbs and the three-year long siege of Sarajevo. The Appeals Chamber reversed part of Karadžić's convictions related to the Overarching JCE and dismissed the rest of his appeal, while also dismissing most of the Prosecution's appeal, aside from the sentence. The Appeals Chamber judges found that the Trial Chamber "committed a discernible error and abused its discretion in imposing a sentence of only 40 years of imprisonment," and consequently imposed a life sentence.

Human trafficking is a pernicious new variation on the ancient theme of slavery and trading in human flesh. It is considered a serious organised crime against humanity, reduces their sense of worth and punctures their ego and sense of dignity. Human trafficking is a transnational crime, a global problem that targets vulnerable individuals and affects every country. Its expansion depends on there being source countries with people demanding better economic living conditions, and destination countries with people or industries demanding cheap labour or cheap prostitution to enlarge their profits. The Protocol to Prevent Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children by United Nations marks the international community's cumulative efforts to deal with this transnational organised crime. The Trafficking Protocol was entered into force on 2003. It has been signed by 117 countries and ratified by 159 parties. This article focuses on the ambiguity of definition of human trafficking given by UNO protocol.

Challenges Christian Gerlach's (2006) contention that the United Nations Convention on Genocide definition of genocide needs to be replaced with an alternative view of the term because of the overlap between concepts of crimes against humanity & extremely violent societies. Consideration is given to Gerlach's criticism of the totalitarian model in light of Hannah Arendt's (1979) critique of state-centric conceptions of the Nazi dictatorship. Gerlach's idea of "extremely violent societies" is analyzed in light of the 1945 Charter of the International Military Tribunal & the 1948 Convention on the Prevention & Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. It is contended that Gerlach's argument for an alternative concept fails to convince, largely because much of his critique is directed at misinterpretations of genocide by scholars rather than the concept itself. However, there is agreement with Gerlach that the failure of scholars to agree upon a working definition of genocide must not be allowed to "confound international efforts to identify & prosecute instances of mass crime & to find ways of preventing others.". References. J. Lindroth

AbstractBetween 1945 and 1946, Poland witnessed three large anti‐Jewish pogroms. The infamous Kielce pogrom of July 4, 1946, which claimed the lives of over 40 Holocaust survivors was preceded by outbursts of collective violence in Rzeszów and in Kraków. All three pogroms were perpetrated by police officers, soldiers of the Polish army, and civilians forming a pogrom mob, and all were preceded and inflamed by rumors about Jews kidnapping and harming Christian children. Studies of widespread antisemitism and the common belief in blood libel do not seem to offer an adequate explanation of how the people of Rzeszów, Kraków, and Kielce could have believed the rumors that Jews were abducting and murdering children. They explain even less what made possible the social mobilization leading toward mass violence against Holocaust survivors in Poland in the immediate aftermath of WWII. We address this issue by using the concept of moral panic as proposed by Erich Goode and Nachman Ben‐Yehuda and examining possible reasons why Polish society after the WWII seems to have been particularly attuned to the fate of children. We argue that in the early postwar years there was a moral panic in Poland associated with the vulnerability of children. It was propelled by wartime experience but also by omnipresent violence and hideous crimes committed against children in the wake of WWII. Although there was no fact‐based connection between these crimes and the Jews, many Polish Christians eagerly put the blame on "the Other," that is, the Jews, and sought facts that could serve as confirmation of an old prejudice—the blood libel. Polish Christians who accepted the blood libel as truth could have found confirmation of their belief when Jewish relatives or Jewish organizations undertook to "recover"—through legal procedures, by payment, by subterfuge or by force—children who had been hidden in Christian families during the Holocaust.

The big social dangerousness of cybercrime and the increase of computer misuse, demand that his problem has to be addressed on certain law provisions. So, new interventions in penal codes are needed, interventions that will deal with this activity. In order to prohibit computer crime, many states are trying to find more efficient tools, methods and acts in this direction. Firstly, it is the juridical-penal regulation that has to be done, seeing the problem as a juridical protection fro the unauthorized interventions in computer systems. There has been discussion among low-making structures, with the approval of laws that has to do with the incrimination of the act of illegal intervention, concerning the moment when that intervention starts to be considered as a penal act. So, different states, see it as a penal act from the moment of the very first unauthorized intervention and some others from the moment that the smallest damage is caused. The aim of this paper is to make an overview of the regulation of cyber crime in Albania in the framework of harmonization of internal legislation with the european legislation. In recent years, Albania has worked for the establishment and implementation of international standards in the fight against organized crime, money laundry and corruption. Enough laws function in the national legislation such as: the law for electronic assignment, classified state information, protection of personal data, electronic communication, communication interception, for books, mail service etc. DOI:10.5901/ajis.2016.v5n1p127

The article deals with the modern scientific approaches of understanding of the scope of such concepts as "struggle against criminality policy", "criminal policy", "criminal law policy". Ukrainian and foreign scientists' positions of the concepts and correlation between these types of the interior policy of a state have been considered. The concept of the policy of the struggle against criminality as the general line of the interior policy of Ukraine has been formulated. The author underlined, that the struggle against criminality policy determines the main lines, goals and the methods of the influence on crime by forming the criminal law, criminal procedure and penal legislation, regulating the practice of their application, developing and realizing the measures of crime prevention. However, the criminal law policy has been understood by the author as the core element of the state policy in the sphere of the struggle against criminality, which devices strategy and tactics of the criminal law influence on criminality and formulates its tasks, principles, lines and goals. The criminal law policy determines the methods of the achievement of the above-mentioned aspects that are depicting in the criminal legislation norms, practice of their application, their official interpretation in the acts of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, in the decisions of the Plenum of the High Specialized Court of Ukraine for Civil and Criminal Cases on problems of the application of the Criminal Code's norms by Ukrainian courts, in the judgments of the Supreme Court of Ukraine on the questions of the irregular application of the norms of substantive law.On the basis of the analysis of the theoretical notions of "science", "branch of science", "the legal science" the author studied the place of the struggle against criminality policy and the criminal law policy in the system of sciences and made the next conclusions:1. The struggle against criminality policy is a multisectoral (legal and political) science that studies state requirements in the sphere of the struggle against criminality and develops proposals of formation of the legislative mechanisms of its realization.2. The criminal law policy is a branch of the criminal law science, which studies the state requirements in the sphere of the most important public relations, benefits and interests of the individual by the way of the criminal law influence with the methods of criminalization and decriminalization (penalization and depenalization) etc.3. Today the basic approaches of the understanding of the score of the struggle against criminality policy have been developed in Ukraine. The conditions for development of its doctrine and the legislative implementation of the concept have been created.4. The development of the doctrine of the theory of the criminal law policy provides an opportunity to adopt on the legislative level the concept of the criminal law policy of Ukraine on the average perspective (e. g. for 10 years). ; Статья посвящена анализу подходов к пониманию в современной науке содержания понятий «политика в сфере борьбы с преступностью», «уголовная политика», «уголовно-правовая политика». Рассматриваются подходы к пониманию содержания и взаимосвязи этих видов внутренней политики государства в трудах отечественных и зарубежных учёных-правоведов. Формулируется понятие политики в сфере борьбы с преступностью как генеральной линии внутренней политики Украинского государства, определяющей основные направления, цели, способы влияния на преступность путём формирования уголовного, уголовного процессуального и уголовно-исполнительного законодательства, регулирования практики их применения, а также разработки и реализации мер, направленных на предупреждение преступлений. При этом уголовно-правовая политика понимается как системообразующий элемент политики государства в сфере борьбы с преступностью, разрабатывающий стратегию и тактику, формулирующий основные задачи, принципы, направления и цели уголовно-правового воздействия на преступность, определение способов их достижения, что выражается в нормах законодательства об уголовной ответственности, практике их применения, актах официального толкования Конституционным Судом Украины уголовно-правовых норм, постановлениях Пленума Высшего специализированного суда Украины по рассмотрению гражданских и уголовных дел по вопросам применения специализированными судами законодательства об уголовной ответственности, судебных решениях Верховного Суда Украины по вопросам неодинакового применения норм материального права.На основании анализа теоретических понятий «наука», «отрасль науки», «правовая наука» анализируется место политики в сфере борьбы с преступностью и уголовно-правовой политики в системе наук, делаются следующие выводы:Политика в сферы борьбы с преступностью представляет собой межотраслевую (юридико-политическую) науку, изучающую потребности государства в сфере борьбы с преступностью, разрабатывающую предложения для формирования законодательных механизмов удовлетворения этих потребностей.Уголовно-правовая политика является отраслевой наукой уголовно-правового цикла, изучающая потребности государства в сфере охраны важнейших общественных отношений, благ и интересов личности способами уголовно-правового воздействия при помощи присущих ей методов криминализации и декриминализации, пенализации и депенализации, разрабатывающая предложения по законодательному обеспечению удовлетворения этих потребностей.На сегодняшний день в Украине разработаны основные подходы к пониманию содержания науки политики в сфере борьбы с преступностью, созданы условия для разработки её доктрины и законодательной концепции реализации. Теория уголовно-правовой политики в Украине получили достаточную разработку, позволившую сформировать её доктрину. Осуществляется разработка её теоретических основ по отдельным направлениям, анализ ряда частных проблем. Это открывает возможности для разработки и принятия на законодательном уровне концепции уголовно-правовой политики Украины на среднечасовую (10-летнюю) перспективу. ; Стаття присвячена аналізу підходів до розуміння в сучасній науці змісту понять «політика в сфері боротьби зі злочинністю», «кримінальна політика», «кримінально-правова політика». Розглядаються підходи до розуміння змісту і взаємозв'язку цих видів внутрішньої політики держави в працях вітчизняних і зарубіжних вчених-правознавців. Формулюється поняття політики в сфері боротьби зі злочинністю як генеральної лінії внутрішньої політики Української держави, що визначає основні напрямки, цілі, способи впливу на злочинність шляхом формування кримінального, кримінального процесуального та кримінально-виконавчого законодавства, регулювання практики їх застосування, а також розробки і реалізації заходів, спрямованих на попередження злочинів. При цьому кримінально-правова політика розуміється як системоутворюючий елемент політики держави в сфері боротьби зі злочинністю, що розробляє стратегію і тактику, формулює основні завдання, принципи, напрями та цілі кримінально-правового впливу на злочинність, визначення способів їх досягнення, що виражається в нормах законодавства про кримінальної відповідальності, практиці їх застосування, актах офіційного тлумачення Конституційним Судом України кримінально-правових норм, постановах Пленуму Вищого спеціалізованого суду України з розгляду цивільних і кримінальних справ з питань застосування спеціалізованими судами законодавства про кримінальну відповідальність, судових рішеннях Верховного суду України з питань неоднакового застосування норм матеріального права.На підставі аналізу теоретичних понять «наука», «галузь науки», «правова наука» аналізується місце політики в сфері боротьби зі злочинністю та кримінально-правової політики в системі наук, робляться такі висновки:1. Політика в сфери боротьби зі злочинністю є міжгалузеву (юридико-політичну) науку, що вивчає потреби держави в сфері боротьби зі злочинністю, розробляє пропозиції для формування законодавчих механізмів задоволення цих потреб.2. Кримінально-правова політика є галузевою наукою кримінально-правового циклу, що вивчає потреби держави в сфері охорони найважливіших суспільних відносин, благ та інтересів особистості способами кримінально-правового впливу за допомогою властивих їй методів криміналізації та декриміналізації, пеналізації та депеналізацію, яка розробить пропозиції щодо законодавчого забезпечення задоволення цих потреб.3. На сьогоднішній день в Україні розроблено основні підходи до розуміння змісту науки політики в сфері боротьби зі злочинністю, створені умови для розробки її доктрини та законодавчої концепції реалізації.4. Теорія кримінально-правової політики в Україні отримали достатню розробку, яка дозволила сформувати її доктрину. Здійснюється розробка її теоретичних основ за окремими напрямами, аналіз ряду приватних проблем. Це відкриває можливості для розробки і прийняття на законодавчому рівні концепції кримінально-правової політики України на середньогодинну (10-річну) перспективу.

This article is a first approach to the study of criminal figures related to the corrupt financing of political parties in Peru. To this end, the text focuses on the analysis of the basic modality of the crime of prohibited financing of political organizations (CP, art. 359-A), which was created by virtue of Law 30997, of August 5, 2019, and that punishes, in short, those who request, accept, deliver or receive financial resources from prohibited sources to benefit a political organization. The incrimination of this conduct is not an isolated case in comparative law, so the work begins with a review of the international anti-corruption policy to determine the state of the art in the fight against the phenomenon of corruption in economic and financial functioning of political parties. Next, some critical considerations are formulated on the treatment provided by both the Constitution and Law 28094, on political organizations, of November 1, 2003, to the problem of the economic support of political parties. The previous topics provide the conceptual and normative bases that allow a better understanding of the elements of the object type and the subjective type of the crime typified in the article 359-A of the Penal Code. This contribution ends with the exposition of the main conclusions that have been reached. ; Este artículo es una primera aproximación al estudio de las figuras delictivas relacionadas con la financiación corrupta de los partidos políticos en el Perú. A tal efecto, el texto se centra en el análisis de la modalidad básica del delito de financiamiento prohibido de organizaciones políticas (CP, art. 359-A), que fue creado en virtud de la Ley N° 30997, de 5 de agosto de 2019, y que castiga, en resumen, a quien solicita, acepta, entrega o recibe recursos económicos procedentes de fuentes prohibidas para beneficiar a una organización política. La incriminación de esta conducta no es un caso aislado en el derecho comparado, por lo que el trabajo comienza con una revisión de la política internacional ...

This paper examines the different dimensions and continuous corrupt practices in the federal government of Nigeria amidst President Buhari administration's anti-corruption songs and war (2015 – date). It is observed that the menaces of infrastructural deficits are persistent and unabated due to billions of dollars that are carted away by both political and public office holders on a seasonal basis, and misfit appointment of public officials popularly referred to as 'favoritism' and the 'lopsidedness.' The study which is qualitative with data gathered from secondary sources. The paper found the fact that political and public office holders across administrations in Nigeria perceived corruption as a worthwhile venture despite the campaign against corruption. It is also noticed that the EFCC created to lead the anti-corruption war only barks without biting. The study advocated, among others, that the National Assembly should immediately reevaluate and review the Nigerian administration of the criminal justice system.

AbstractUsing newly available documents from the PRC Foreign Ministry Archive, this article traces the evolving legacies of the War of Resistance in the first seven years of the People's Republic. Analysis is offered of PRC campaigns against Japanese bacteriological war crimes, criticisms of American dealings with Japanese war criminals, and the 1956 trial of Japanese at Shenyang. Throughout, behind-the-scenes tensions with the Soviet Union and internal bureaucratic struggles over the Japanese legacy regarding these matters are revealed. The article thereby aims to shed light on how the War of Resistance affected post-war China's foreign relations, demonstrating how the young Republic advantageously used wartime legacies as diplomatic tools in relations with the superpowers and within the orchestrated clangour of domestic propaganda campaigns.

The aim of the present treatise is to illustrate the connection between the ever-changing economic situation and the anti-social activity of a group living under a uniform juridical system. In the sphere of anti-social activity which presents so many aspects—numerically summarized in the statistics of morality— the student is confronted with several conflicting theories in causality research. The extremes are repressented by the "indeterminist theory of free will" and the "determinist doctrines of environment and heredity". Whichever theory is accepted is of decisive importance in considering the principles of the policy of criminal law to be applied and its administration at any given period.The present investigation does not confine itself in the matter of deduction to one of the above theories. It also avoids the analysis of isolated cases. It endeavours to obtain some insight into the functional and causal relationships between the two classes of phenomena by comparing data provided by mass statistics relating to economic and anti-social life.After introductory expositions on both the significance and nature of the position of the problems and the method underlying the investigation, the historical part of the study deals with the phenomena of crimes against property and the connection between them and economic conditions in Germany during the years 1882—1936. This period is divided into three sections. The years 1882—1913 cover the period of steady development. The war period (1914—18), owing to lack of statistical data, is only treated summarily. In the post-war section the law reforms begun in 1933 are not taken into account, because they did not yet cover the legislative repression of crimes against property.

The development of narcotics abuse is increasingly increasing. The government has issued regulations governing the handling of children as perpetrators of criminal acts of narcotics abuse, namely Law No. 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics and Law No. 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System. This study will examine and analyze the Tebing Tinggi District Court Decision No. 21/Pid.Sus-Anak/2018/PN.TBT., Which has been decided by the judge for action against the child perpetrator of the crime of narcotics abuse, even though in the case diversion can be carried out, but not done. The problems in this study, namely: the criminal responsibility of child offenders of criminal offenses of narcotics abuse based on the Narcotics Law and the Child Criminal Justice System Law; analysis of decisions used as examples of cases in this study. This research is a descriptive normative legal research analysis. The data used are secondary data and empirical data. Furthermore, analyzed using qualitative analysis methods. The results showed that: First, the criminal act of narcotics crime based on the Narcotics Law and the Juvenile Criminal Justice System Law in both laws have narcotics crime; Second, Tebing Tinggi District Court Decision No. 21/Pid.Sus-Anak/2018/PN.TBT., Diversion was not attempted, which the Law Enforcement Officials, investigators, public prosecutors, and judges can seek diversion based on Article 7 of the Juvenile Criminal Justice System Law to avoid children from the judicial process, but not carried out.

В представленной статье рассматриваются особенности доказывания при расследовании преступлений против половой неприкосновенности. Несмотря на существование множества специально разработанных методик расследования преступлений против половой неприкосновенности, в которых процессу доказывания уделяется должное внимание, организационно-методическая деятельность постоянно нуждается в совершенствовании, а порой и серьезном пересмотре. Данное обстоятельство послужило причиной написания статьи, цель которой совершенствование правового и организационно-методического обеспечения доказывания при расследовании одного из видов половых преступлений преступлений против половой неприкосновенности. Для написания статьи автор использует диалектический метод как всеобщий метод научного познания реальной действительности. Также использован ряд общенаучных методов познания (наблюдение, сравнение, статистический метод, аналогия, абстрагирование, индукция и дедукция, моделирование, гипотетический метод, системно структурный метод). Часть исследуемых отношений лежит в плоскости криминалистики, процессуального и материального права, поэтому использованы также частнонаучные методы познания, в том числе метод конкретно-социологических исследований судебной практики, логический, критический и др. методы. Автор проводит анализ процесса доказывания с позиций теории доказывания и законодательных положений УПК РФ о доказательствах и доказывании в уголовном судопроизводстве. Особое внимание уделено процессу доказывания в отношении преступных посягательств против половой неприкосновенности несовершеннолетних. Детально исследован порядок добывания, фиксации, исследования и оценки доказательств при расследовании сексуальных посягательств против несовершеннолетних. Приводится критика действующего законодательства. Предлагаются новые приёмы для методик расследования. Подчеркивается важность методического обоснования доказательственного процесса на досудебных стадиях не только для правильной квалификации состава преступлений, но и для справедливости назначения наказания, сведения к минимуму судебных ошибок. Исследования автора могут стать темой для широкой дискуссии по проблемам доказательственного процесса как части уголовного процесса, а также служить основой для продолжения научных исследований, имеющих цель разработки современных методик расследования преступлений. Практическая значимость результатов представленного исследования может быть выражена в возможности применения должностными лицами органов предварительного расследования приемов, способов получения, фиксации, оценки доказательств, предложенных автором. Социальными последствиями применения результатов исследования на практике может стать повышение эффективности доказывания преступлений против половой неприкосновенности, что позволит правильно квалифицировать преступные действия и назначать справедливое наказание, поможет правильно толковать нормы уголовного права, сделает единым подход для решения проблем, возникающих у органов предварительного расследования и сведет их к минимуму. Оригинальность исследования заключается в том, что в нем представлены новые способы добывания доказательств при расследовании половых преступлений, которые могут быть включены в новые методики расследования, а также в учебные пособия по криминалистике ; In the present article we discuss the features of evidence in the investigation of crimes against sexual integrity against. Although there are many specially developed techniques of investigation of crimes against sexual integrity in which the process of proof is given due consideration organizational and methodological activities are constantly in need of improvement, and sometimes serious revision. This fact was the reason for writing the article, whose purpose improving the legal and organizational methods of evidence in the investigation of one of the types of sex crimes crimes against sexual integrity. For writing this article the author uses the dialectical method as a universal method of scientific knowledge of reality. Also used a number of scientific methods of knowledge (observation, comparison, statistical method, analogy, abstraction, induction and deduction, modeling a hypothetical method of systemically structural method. Part of the studied relations lies in the plane of criminology, procedural and substantive law, therefore, be used as methods of knowledge chastnonauchnogo, including the method of sociological studies of judicial practice, logical, critical, and others. Methods. The author analyzes the process of proving to the theory of proof and legal provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure and Evidence, evidence in criminal proceedings. Particular attention is paid to the evidence against criminal attacks against sexual inviolability of minors. Studied in detail the procedure for obtaining, recording, research and evaluation of evidence in the investigation of sexual assault against minors. Is a critic of the current legislation. We propose new techniques to methods of investigation. The importance of the methodical study of evidence in the pre-trial stages of the process, not only for the correct qualification of crimes, but also for the fairness of sentencing, to minimize judicial errors. Research author can become a topic of general discussion on the process of evidence as part of criminal proceedings, as well as serve as a basis for further research, with the goal of developing modern methods of crime investigation. The practical significance of the results of the present study may be expressed in the possibility of using officials of preliminary investigation techniques, methods of obtaining, recording, evaluation of evidence proposed by the author. Social consequences of the application of research results in practice may be to increase the efficiency of proof of crimes against sexual integrity, which will correctly classify criminal acts and to appoint a just punishment, will help to interpret provisions of criminal law, to take a unified approach to address the problems arising from the preliminary investigation and will bring them minimized. The originality of the study lies in the fact that it presents new ways of obtaining evidence in the investigation of sexual crimes, which can be incorporated into new methods of investigation, as well as manuals on criminology.

Криминогенная обстановка, сложившаяся в Республике Казахстан, обусловливает необходимость изменения представлений об общественной опасности преступлений в отношении женщин. Проблемы законодательства Республики Казахстан по противодействию насилию в отношении женщин в целом отражают социально-правовую ситуацию в стране. Современное законодательство, нормативно-правовые документы нестабильны, противоречивы, имеют пробелы, отражают несогласованность нормотворческой деятельности. Цель данной статьи постановка и комплексное исследование проблемы насилия в отношении женщин и выработка рекомендаций по совершенствованию правозащитного механизма. Проведенное исследование основывается на подходе материалистической диалектики к анализу предмета исследования как универсальном методе познания реальной действительности в ее естественно-историческом развитии. Рассмотрение проблемы проводилось также на основе метода юридического толкования норм права. ; Crime situation prevailing in the Republic of Kazakhstan, makes it necessary to change perceptions about the public danger of crimes against women. Problems of the Republic of Kazakhstan legislation combating violence against women in general, reflect the social and legal situation in the country. Current legislation, legal documents are unstable, inconsistent, have gaps, inconsistencies reflect the rulemaking. The purpose of this article is to carry out the comprehensive study of the problem of violence against women and to develop recommendations for the improvement of the human rights machinery. The study is based on the approach of materialist dialectics to the analysis of the study of the subject as a universal method of cognition of reality in its natural historical development. Review of the problem was also conducted on the basis of the method of legal interpretation contained therein of the law.