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Purpose. This study evaluated similarities and differences of enrollment rates using two different recruitment strategies for a tobacco control trial in rural and urban African-American (AA) elementary school families. Design. A comparative study, nested within a larger randomized controlled trial, was used to test the effectiveness of two recruitment approaches on enrollment rates in rural and urban AA families. Setting. The study was conducted in 14 Title 1 elementary schools in the southeastern United States: 7 rural and 7 urban. Subjects. There were 736 eligible AA families, and 332 (45%) completed informed consent and were enrolled into the study. Intervention. The Facilitate, Open and transparent communication, Shared benefits, Team and tailored, Educate bilaterally, and Relationships, realistic and rewards (FOSTER) approach guided the two recruitment strategies: (1) written informational packets provided to fourth graders to take home to parents; and (2) proactive, face-to-face family information sessions held at schools. Measures. Enrollment rates were based on responsiveness to the two recruitment strategies and completion of the informed consent process. Analysis. Chi-square, Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel, and Breslow-Day tests were performed. Results. Higher enrollment rates occurred during the family session for both rural and urban families (100% rural, 93.6% urban; p = .0475) than informational packets alone (28.7% rural, 22% urban; p < .0001). Rural family enrollment rates were overall higher than urban rates regardless of recruitment strategy (52.0% rural vs. 39.6% urban; p = .0008). Conclusion. The findings suggest the FOSTER approach, although effective in both rural and urban settings, was more successful in recruiting rural families.

The Pittsburgh Youth Study is a prospective longitudinal survey of three samples of Pittsburgh boys (each containing about 500 boys) initially studied in first, fourth, and seventh grades. The first two data collection waves yielded self‐reported delinquency and combined delinquency seriousness scores (the combined scores based on information from boy, mother, and teacher) for the middle sample (up to an average age of 10.7 years) and oldest sample (up to an average age of 13.9 years). These scores were compared with records of petitions to the Allegheny County Juvenile Court for delinquency offenses before and up to six years after the assessments. The area under the ROC curve was used as a measure of validity. Concurrent validity was higher than predictive validity. The combined scale had similar concurrent validity but greater predictive validity than the self‐report scale, and the combined scale also identified a greater number of boys as serious delinquents. Concurrent validity for admitting offenses was higher for Caucasians, but concurrent validity for admitting arrests was higher for African‐Americans. There were no consistent ethnic differences in predictive validity. There was an increase in predictive validity, for both African‐Americans and Caucasians, by combining self‐report data with information from other sources. Afrer controlling for delinquency measures, African‐Americans were more likely than Caucasians to be petitioned in the future, but not in the past. In this research, ethnic differences in official delinquency were partly attributable to ethnic differences in delinquent behavior and were not attributable to differential ethnic attrition or differential ethnic validity of measures of delinquent behavior.

Rosa Parks was an amazing woman. She stood up for herself and her beliefs. One day, Parks refused to give up her seat to a white man on a bus. Her actions helped spark the civil rights movement. Today, Americans have more freedom because of her actions.

"This book examines the academic study of the African and Native American contact, African cultural change in Native America, as well as the existence of African Americans with Native American ancestry and Native Americans with African ancestry in the Western Hemisphere. Drawing upon the fields of anthropology, history, and sociology that initiated research into these areas, this book attempts to provide understandings of how scholars have studied and continue to understand the experiences of African-Native Americans or individuals of blended-culturally and/or racially-African and Native American ancestry in the North, Central, and South America. It aims to illuminate problems, perspectives, and prospects for interdisciplinary research. The first part is structured to cover the problems - past and present - encountered in investigating the scope of the topic and presents an overview of the most important academic findings. The second part provides both anthropological and interdisciplinary perspectives on the lived experiences of African-Native Americans with both Native Americans and non-Native Americans. And, finally, it sketches out future directions in scholarship. This book will be of interest to anthropologists, historians, sociologists and Ethnic Studies and Native American and Indigenous Studies scholars, from undergraduates interest in the topic to graduate students and researchers seeking to interrogate past research or fill explanatory gaps in the literature with new research"--