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During the nineteenth century, in France, the conditions & the modes of the identification of the individuals & of their social belonging are deeply changing. Such changes have confused the identities -- individual & collective -- & have given rise in intellectual world to some attempt to build theories, concepts & criteria, that could reveal, behind the apparent chaos of the attributes, status or belongings, an order of identities that can be considered as objective & fundamental. As the case of Balzac shows it, biology -- more precisely natural history -- appears to be, for a lot of thinkers, a powerful tool for such an enterprise. Under this light, biologically inspired views about women & men seem to be formulated in the semiological register of the signs of the identity, as well as in the naturalistic & causal register of the organic roots of the dispositions & the behaviours. Adapted from the source document.