Suchergebnisse

We present a map of the total intrinsic reddening across similar or equal to 34 deg(2) of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) derived using optical (ugriz) and near-infrared (IR; YJK(s)) spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of background galaxies. The reddening map is created using a subsample of 29 274 galaxies with low levels of intrinsic reddening based on the LEPHARE chi(2) minimization SED-fitting routine. We find statistically significant enhanced levels of reddening associated with the main body of the SMC compared with regions in the outskirts [Delta E(B - V) similar or equal to 0.3 mag]. A comparison with literature reddening maps of the SMC shows that, after correcting for differences in the volume of the SMC sampled, there is good agreement between our results and maps created using young stars. In contrast, we find significant discrepancies between our results and maps created using old stars or based on longer wavelength far-IR dust emission that could stem from biased samples in the former and uncertainties in the far-IR emissivity and the optical properties of the dust grains in the latter. This study represents one of the first large-scale categorizations of extragalactic sources behind the SMC and as such we provide the LEPHARE outputs for our full sample of similar to 500 000 sources. ; European Research Council (ERC) 682115 ERC consolidator grant project STARKEY 615604 National Science Foundation (NSF) AST 1655677 Spanish Ministry for Science, Innovation and Universities AYA2016-81065-C2-2 European Commission AYA2016-81065-C2-2 State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the 'Centre of Excellence Severo Ochoa' award SEV-2017-0709 PGC2018-095049B-C21 Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT) CONICYT PIA/BASAL AFB-170002 Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT) CONICYT FONDECYT 1170364 Science and Engineering Research Board, India through a Ramanujan Fellowship UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) VISTA at the La Silla Paranal Observatory 179.B-2003 United States Department of Energy (DOE) National Science Foundation (NSF) Spanish Government UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) Higher Education Funding Council for England National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago Ohio State University Ciencia Tecnologia e Inovacao (FINEP) Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPQ) Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia e Inovacao German Research Foundation (DFG) Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy at Texas AM University United States Department of Energy (DOE) University of Chicago University of California at Santa Cruz University of Cambridge Centro de Investigaciones Energeticas, Medioambientales y Tecnologicas-Madrid University of Chicago University College London DES-Brazil Consortium University of Edinburgh ETH Zurich United States Department of Energy (DOE) University of Chicago University of Illinois atUrbanaChampaign Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai (IEEC/CSIC) Institut de Fisica d'Altes Energies United States Department of Energy (DOE) Ludwig-Maximilians Universitat Munchen associated Excellence Cluster Universe University of Michigan System National Science Foundation (NSF) NSF - Directorate for Mathematical & Physical Sciences (MPS) University of Nottingham Ohio State University University of Pennsylvania University of Portsmouth Stanford University United States Department of Energy (DOE) Stanford University University of Sussex Texas AM University

1. The negative impacts of drought on forest growth and productivity last for several years generating legacies, although the factors that determine why such legacies vary across sites and tree species remain unclear. 2. We used an extensive network of tree-ring width (RWI, ring-width index) records of 16 tree species from 567 forests, and high-resolution climate and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) datasets across Spain during the common period 1982‒2008 to test the hypothesis that climate conditions and growth features modulate legacy effects of drought on forests. Legacy effects of drought were calculated as the differences between detrended-only RWI and NDVI series (i.e. after removing long-term growth trends) and pre-whitened RWI and NDVI series predicted by a model including drought intensity. Superposed Epoch Analysis (SEA) was used to estimate whether legacy effects differed from random. Finally, legacy effects were related to water balance, growth persistence and variability, and tree species identity. 3. We found a widespread occurrence of drought legacy effects on both RWI and NDVI, but they were seldom significant. According to SEA, first-year drought legacies were negative and different from random in 9% and 5% of the RWI and NDVI series respectively. The number of significant second- and third-year legacies was substantially lower. Differences between RWI and NDVI legacies indicate that canopy greenness and radial growth responses to drought are decoupled. We found variations in legacies between tree species with gymnosperms presenting larger first-year drought legacies than angiosperms, which were exposed to less severe droughts. Greater growth variability can explain the presence of first-year RWI legacies in gymnosperms from dry sites despite that the relationship between growth variability and legacies was complex. 4. Synthesis. Accounting for species and site responses to drought provides a better understanding of the magnitude and duration of drought legacies on forest growth and productivity. Despite the widespread occurrence of growth reductions in the years during and after drought occurrence, significant legacies were not very common, mostly lasted one year, and were more widespread in gymnosperms. These are relevant factors to be considered in the future when studying the consequences of drought on forest productivity and tree growth. ; This study was financially supported by: Xunta de Galicia, Grant/ Award Number: PGIDIT06PXIB502262PR, GRC GI-1809; INIA, Grant/Award Number: RTA2006-00117; CANOPEE, 2014-2020- FEDER funds; and Spanish Science Ministry: RTI2018-09688 4- B-C31, RTI2018-096884-B-C33, AGL2017-83828-C2-2R and ENV4-CT97-0641 projects. GSB was supported by a 'Juan de la Cierva Formación' grant from MINECO (FJCI 2016-30121). This re - search was supported by the BERC 2018-2021 program, and by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities t hrough the BC3 María de Maeztu excellence accreditation (MDM-2017- 0714) and the IBERYCA (CGL2017-84723-P) project. R.S.S. was s up - ported by VULBOS project (UPO-1263216, FEDER Funds, And alusia Regional Government, Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad 2014-2020), and A.H. by PinCaR pro ject (UHU-1266324, FEDER Funds, Andalusia Regional Government Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad 2014-2020). K.N. was supported by the Ministry of Educatio n, Science and Sports (Republic of Slovenia, Raziskovalci-2.1- UL-BF- C3330-19-952011). We sincerely thank the in-depth analyse s and comments provided by the reviewers.

The Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) is the closest and most studied example of an irregular galaxy. Among its principal defining morphological features, its off-centred bar and single spiral arm stand out, defining a whole family of galaxies known as the Magellanic spirals (Sm). These structures are thought to be triggered by tidal interactions and possibly maintained via gas accretion. However, it is still unknown whether they are long-lived stable structures. In this work, by combining photometry that reaches down to the oldest main sequence turn-off in the colour-magnitude diagrams (CMD, up to a distance of ∼4.4 kpc from the LMC centre) from the SMASH survey and CMD fitting techniques, we find compelling evidence supporting the long-term stability of the LMC spiral arm, dating the origin of this structure to more than 2 Gyr ago. The evidence suggests that the close encounter between the LMC and the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) that produced the gaseous Magellanic Stream and its Leading Arm also triggered the formation of the LMC's spiral arm. Given the mass difference between the Clouds and the notable consequences of this interaction, we can speculate that this should have been one of their closest encounters. These results set important constraints on the timing of LMC-SMC collisions, as well as on the physics behind star formation induced by tidal encounters. © ESO 2020. ; TRL, CG, MM, FS and LM acknowledge financial support through grants (AEI/FEDER, UE) AYA201789076-P, AYA2016-77237-C3-1-P (RAVET project) and AYA2015-63810-P, as well as by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades (MCIU), through Juan de la Cierva - Formacion grant (FJCI-2016-30342) and the State Budget and by Consejeria de Economia, Industria, Comercio y Conocimiento of the Canary Islands Autonomous Community, through Regional Budget. TRL also acknowledges support from the Spanish Public State Employment Service (SEPE). Y.C. acknowledges support from NSF grant AST 1655677. SC acknowledges support from Premiale INAF "MITIC" and grant AYA201342781P from the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain, he has also been supported by INFN (Iniziativa specifica TAsP). M-RC acknowledges support from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No. 682115). SRM acknowledges support through NSF grant AST-1909497. DMD acknowledges support through grant AYA2016-81065-C2-2 and through the "Centre of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award for the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709) and from grant PGC2018-095049-B-C21. AM acknowledges financial support from FONDECYT Regular 1181797 and funding from the Max Planck Society through a Partner Group grant. R.R.M. acknowledges partial support from project BASAL AFB-170002 as well as FONDECYT project Nffi1170364. This research makes use of python (http://www.python.org); Matplotlib (Hunter 2007) and Astropy (Astropy Collaboration 2013, 2018). Based on observations at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO Prop. ID: 2013A-0411 and 2013B0440; PI: Nidever), which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. This project used data obtained with the Dark Energy Camera (DECam), which was constructed by the Dark Energy Survey (DES) collaboration. Funding providers for the DES Projects can be found in https://www.darkenergysurvey.org/collaboration-and-sponsors/ ; Peer reviewed

Phase 1 of the Colorado Plateau Coring Project (CPCP-I) recovered a total of over 850m of stratigraphically overlapping core from three coreholes at two sites in the Early to Middle and Late Triassic age largely fluvial Moenkopi and Chinle formations in Petrified Forest National Park (PFNP), northeastern Arizona, USA. Coring took place during November and December of 2013 and the project is now in its post-drilling science phase. The CPCP cores have abundant detrital zircon-producing layers (with survey LA-ICP-MS dates selectively resampled for CA-ID-TIMS U-Pb ages ranging in age from at least 210 to 241 Ma), which together with their magnetic polarity stratigraphy demonstrate that a globally exportable timescale can be produced from these continental sequences and in the process show that a prominent gap in the calibrated Phanerozoic record can be filled. The portion of core CPCP-PFNP13-1A for which the polarity stratigraphy has been completed thus far spans similar to 215 to 209Ma of the Late Triassic age, and strongly validates the longer Newark-Hartford Astrochronostratigraphic-calibrated magnetic Polarity Time-Scale (APTS) based on cores recovered in the 1990s during the Newark Basin Coring Project (NBCP). Core recovery was similar to 100% in all holes (Table 1). The coreholes were inclined similar to 60-75 degrees approximately to the south to ensure azimuthal orientation in the nearly flat-lying bedding, critical to the interpretation of paleomagentic polarity stratigraphy. The two longest of the cores (CPCP-PFNP13-1A and 2B) were CT-scanned in their entirety at the University of Texas High Resolution X-ray CT Facility in Austin, TX, and subsequently along with 2A, all cores were split and processed at the CSDCO/LacCore Facility, in Minneapolis, MN, where they were scanned for physical property logs and imaging. While remaining the property of the Federal Government, the archive half of each core is curated at the NSF-sponsored LacCore Core Repository and the working half is stored at the Rutgers University Core Repository in Piscataway, NJ, where the initial sampling party was held in 2015 with several additional sampling events following. Additional planned study will recover the rest of the polarity stratigraphy of the cores as additional zircon ages, sedimentary structure and paleosol facies analysis, stable isotope geochemistry, and calibrated XRF core scanning are accomplished. Together with strategic outcrop studies in Petrified Forest National Park and environs, these cores will allow the vast amount of surface paleontological and paleoenvironmental information recorded in the continental Triassic of western North America to be confidently placed in a secure context along with important events such as the giant Manicouagan impact at similar to 215.5 Ma (Ramezani et al., 2005) and long wavelength astronomical cycles pacing global environmental change and trends in atmospheric gas composition during the dawn of the dinosaurs. ; NSF [EAR 0958976, 0958859, 0959107, 0958723, 958915]; ICDP (International Scientific Continental Drilling Program) [05-2010]; FRINATEK [213985, 244926/BG]; Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences at the University of Oslo (Norway); Lamont-Climate Center; National Natural Science Foundation of China [41730317]; Special Basic Program of Ministry of Science and Technology of China [2015FY310100]; Bureau of Geological Survey of China; National Committee of Stratigraphy of China [DD20160120-04]; [EAR 1649254]; [EAR 1462297]; [EAR 0949962]; [EAR 1338322]; [EAR 1258878] ; Open access journal. ; This item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at repository@u.library.arizona.edu.

I tre capitoli in cui è suddiviso il lavoro cercano di offrire una ricognizione delle questioni che ruotano intorno alla sussistenza o meno di prerogative presidenziali riguardo l'attività legislativa, e in generale sulle eventuali trasformazioni avvenute, soprattutto negli ultimi anni, nel ruolo del Presidente della Repubblica all'interno del sistema costituzionale italiano. Il lavoro esordisce con una premessa metodologica con cui si tenta di valorizzare la questione relativa ai diversi approcci metodologici che si possono seguire nello studio delle tematiche presidenziali: ossia, tenere nettamente distinti il piano delle norme da quello delle prassi oppure analizzarli e valutarli congiuntamente. Il primo capitolo è dedicato all'analisi della figura presidenziale così come delineata dalla Costituzione e arricchita dagli oltre sessant'anni di letteratura costituzionale. Vengono quindi analizzate le disposizioni costituzionali di riferimento e viene dato conto delle principali teorie costituzionali espresse dalla letteratura giuridica. Il secondo capitolo è dedicato a quella che viene offerta come una delle possibili cause da cui traggono origine le evoluzioni registrate in questi ultimi anni dalla figura presidenziale: ossia, il mutamento del sistema costituzionale di rappresentanza politica. Tale elemento è analizzato soprattutto nel suo ambito istituzionale, vale a dire il modello di forma di governo rappresentato dal circuito parlamento-governo. Il terzo capitolo entra direttamente nelle due questioni di fondo della ricerca: da un lato lo studio della generale attività presidenziale di intervento nelle questioni politiche, attraverso comunicati o esternazioni; dall'altro lato l'analisi di alcuni specifici casi paradigmatici di intervento presidenziale in sede di emanazione o promulgazione (o, comunque, discussione) degli atti legislativi del governo e del parlamento, accaduti tra il 2006 e il 2013. Inoltre, il lavoro è arricchito da una importante sezione (allegata) di "case studies" contenente il risultato di una ricerca effettuata su oltre tremila documenti presidenziali, dal 2006 al 2013, resi pubblici dagli uffici del Quirinale. ; The three parts of the job try to offer a recognition of the issues connected the existence of the presidential prerogatives about the legislative activity, and in general terms on the eventual happened transformations, above the last few years, to the role of the President of the Republic inside of the Italian constitutional system. The job start with one methodological premise that aims to value the relative issue to the various methodological approaches that can be followed in the study of presidential thematic: that is, to hold clearly distinguished the plan of the norms from that one of the praxes or to analyze them and to estimate them jointly. The first chapter is dedicated to the analysis of the delineated from Constitution and enriched presidential figure therefore like from beyond sixty years of constitutional literature. The second chapter is dedicated to one of the possible causes from which the evolutions recorded from the presidential figure draw origin in the past few years: that is, the change of the constitutional system of political representation. Such element is analyzed above all in its institutional within, that is to say the model of shape of government represented by the circuit parliament-government. The third chapter directly analyzes the two main issues of the research: on one side the study of the general presidential activity of participation in the political issues, through his communicates; on the other hand, the analysis of some specific case studies of presidential participation during emanation or enactment of the legislative actions deriving by the government and the parliament, between 2006-2013. Moreover, the job is enriched from one important section (attached) of "case studies" containing the result of a research carried out on more than 3000 presidential documents, from 2006 to 2013, published from the offices of the Quirinale.

Leseprobe: Die Basishypothese dieser Arbeit ist die von Barcelona als einem Kulturstandort. Dass die Stadt ein solcher Standort ist, und dass dieses auch durch das Kulturmanagement und die Stadtplanung Barcelonas so projektiert wurde, soll im Verlauf der Arbeit belegt werden. Die Dynamik der diesbezüglichen Planung wird insbesondere im Hinblick auf den Stand der Gegenwart und den Zielsetzungen für die Zukunft analysiert. Gang der Untersuchung: Da das Verhältnis von Kultur und Raum in Barcelona besonderer Natur ist, wird auch die städtebauliche und raumstrukturelle Umsetzung der Kulturstandortpolitik und dessen Konsequenzen im Stadtraum von Barcelona untersucht werden. Der Stadtraum Barcelonas wird dabei als kulturelles, urbanes Artefakt betrachtet. Dabei werden auch diejenigen geographischen Eigenheiten des Stadtraumes berücksichtigt, die einen Beitrag zur Erklärung der Verteilung und Anordnung kultureller Standorte leisten. Ergänzt wird dies durch die Darstellung wichtiger städtebaulicher Erneuerungsprozesse, die Auswirkungen auf den Kulturstandort haben. Der Darstellung der formalen Lageverhältnisse und Verbreitungsmuster der urbanen Kulturstandorte kommt jedoch kein spezifisches Gewicht zu. Vielmehr geht es schwerpunktmäßig um die Untersuchung des vorhandenen (kulturellen) Standortpotentials und dessen konzeptioneller Einbindung in die Inszenierung des Stadtraumes Barcelonas als Kulturstandort. Deshalb wird sowohl die Frage nach der dahinterliegenden theoretischen Fundierung der Kulturstandortplanung bzw. der kulturpolitischen Zielsetzungen (Leitlinien), als auch die nach der Umsetzung (Kulturmanagement und Kommunikationspolitik) aufgeworfen. Weitere Schwerpunkte bilden die Untersuchungen zu den Strukturen der Kulturpolitik in Barcelona (Akteure, Verwaltungen, etc.) und denen des (öffentlich-rechtlichen) Kulturbetriebes. Dabei werden die kulturellen Aktivitäten bzw. die ´großen Ereignisse´ des Kulturbetriebes im besonderen analysiert. Die Erläuterung der Dimension der barcelonesischen Kulturindustrie wird sich auf die Darstellung der öffentlich-rechtlichen Förderung dieser Industrie konzentrieren. Es werden aber auch die Grundzüge der privatwirtschaftlich-kommerziellen Kulturindustrie dargestellt. In dem Kapitel 2.5 werden einige Besonderheiten der barcelonesischen bzw. katalanischen Kulturpolitik erläutert. Dies betrifft insbesondere den Aspekt Kultur und Katalanismus, da diesem eine gewisse Schlüsselrolle bei der Klärung der Frage nach dem ´Warum´ des hohen Stellenwertes der barcelonesischen Kulturpolitik zukommt. Die unternommene Profilierung Barcelonas als Kulturstandort von europaweiter bzw. internationaler Bedeutung wird hinsichtlich des Gelingens dieser Image-Kampagne begutachtet werden. Dies soll zum einen anhand der Darstellung der Wahrnehmung und Bewertung der Kulturpolitik bzw. des Leitbildes in der lokalen, regionalen, nationalen und internationalen -wissenschaftlichen wie nicht-wissenschaftlichen Öffentlichkeit geschehen. Zum anderen anhand der Darstellung der von den unterschiedlichen Kräften des Kultursektors ausgehenden Synergieeffekte für die Stadtentwicklung Barcelonas zu Anfang des 21. Jahrhunderts. Indirekt geht es in diesem Zusammenhang auch um die Frage, ob Barcelona wirklich die Stadt ist, die für die "Gleichheit der Möglichkeiten, für Integration und Solidarität" arbeitet und ob die Zusammenarbeit zwischen den öffentlichen Kulturinstitutionen, den zivilgesellschaftlichen Gruppen und der Öffentlichkeit wirklich so reibungslos verläuft wie es die Stadt bewirbt (AJUNTAMENT -BARCELONA INFORMACIÓ-, 1999). Die Arbeit schließt mit einem Ausblick und einem Resümee ab. Inhaltsverzeichnis:Inhaltsverzeichnis: ErklärungI DanksagungII Einleitendes ZitatIII Einleitungsfoto (Foto 1)IV InhaltsverzeichnisV-VIII 1.Einleitung1 1.1Der Aufbau der Arbeit1 1.1.1Ziel der Arbeit1 1.1.2Vorgehensweise1 1.1.3Einleitende Anmerkungen2 1.1.4Methodisches Vorgehen4 1.1.5Zur Frage der Messbarkeit der Dimension des Kultursektors5 1.1.6Theoriebezug6 1.2Grundlegende Aspekte der räumlichen Verhältnisse Barcelonas11 1.2.1Topographische Rahmenbedingungen Barcelonas11 1.2.2Die urbane Struktur Barcelonas12 1.2.3Administrative und territoriale Gliederung Barcelonas14 1.2.4Der metropolitane Großraum Barcelona16 1.3Neueste Projekte in der Stadtentwicklung Barcelonas18 1.3.1Plan del Delta del Llobregat20 1.3.2Transformation der altindustriellen Zone im Nordosten von Barcelona - der Plan 22@BCN21 1.3.3TAV S24 1.3.4Pla d´actuació Municipal (2000-2003)24 2.1Zum Begriff der Kultur25 2.2Kulturpolitik in Barcelona26 2.2.1Institutionelle Rahmenbedingungen der lokalen Kulturpolitik26 2.2.2Die Akteure der Kulturpolitik27 2.3Kulturmanagement in Barcelona29 2.3.1Kulturpolitische Zielsetzungen des Kulturmanagements der Diputació de Barcelona29 2.3.1Kulturpolitische Zielsetzungen des Kulturmanagements des Ajuntament de Barcelona30 2.4Kommunikationspolitik der Kulturverwaltungen33 2.4.1Schaffung von kulturellen Netzwerken35 2.4.2Überregionale Netzwerke auf Initiative der Diputació de Barcelona35 2.4.3Fòrum Metropolità de Regidors de Cultura (FMRC)35 2.4.4Canal Cultura36 2.4.5Comunitat Cultura36 2.4.6Kulturdebatten im Palau de la Virreina37 2.4.7Taula d´associacions culturals37 2.5Besonderheiten der politischen Kultur in Barcelona37 2.5.1Dauerhafte Konsenspolitik37 2.5.2Zum Verhältnis von Kultur und Nation in Katalonien39 a)Nationalismus und katalanistische Kulturpolitik39 b)Identität und katalanistische Kulturpolitik41 c)Europa und katalanistische Kulturpolitik43 d)Die besondere Bedeutung der Traditions- und Volkskultur44 2.6Ökonomische Bedingungen der Kulturpolitik46 2.6.1Kommerzialisierung der Kultur46 2.6.2Kultur als Wirtschaftsfaktor47 2.6.3Wirtschaft als Kulturfaktor49 2.6.4Finanzierung der Kulturpolitik49 2.6.5Die öffentlich-rechtliche Kultur- und Künstlerförderung51 2.6.6Die Förderung des Kulturtourismus in Barcelona55 2.7Der Kulturbetrieb in Barcelona56 2.7.1Beziehungen zum privatrechtlichen Kulturbereich57 2.7.2Der privatrechtlich-kommerzielle Kulturbetrieb59 2.7.3Der privatrechtlich-gemeinnützige Kulturbetrieb60 2.7.4Der öffentlich-rechtliche Kulturbetrieb62 a)Einrichtungen/Kulturstandorte62 b)Kulturelle Aktivitäten- Festivals und Große Ereignisse63 c)Fòrum de les Cultures 2004 Barcelona67 2.8Leitlinien für den 'Kulturstandort Barcelona' zu Beginn des 21.Jahrhunderts72 2.8.1Leitbilder72 2.8.2Kultur als Imagefaktor der Stadt73 2.8.3Die Inszenierung Barcelonas als Kulturstandort74 2.8.4Die Fundierung des 'Kulturstandortes Barcelona'75 2.8.5Die Formulierung der Leitlinien für den 'Kulturstandort Barcelona'-der Plan estratégico del sector cultural de Barcelona (PESC)77 a)Phase 1 des PESC: Diagnose80 b)Phase 2 des PESC: Festlegung der Basisstrategien82 c)Vision für 201082 2.9Städtebauliche Umsetzung zur Schaffung des 'Kulturstandortes Barcelona'84 2.9.1Kultur-Cluster84 2.9.2Kulturdistrikte87 2.9.3Kulturrouten87 2.9.4Kulturpolitik für Stadtquartier und metropolitane Region88 2.9.5Die Highlights unter den Kultureinrichtungen89 2.10Zielgruppen bei der Schaffung des 'Kulturstandortes Barcelona'90 2.11Wahrnehmung des 'Kulturstandortes Barcelona' in der Öffentlichkeit93 2.11.1Lokale Wahrnehmung93 2.11.2Der Zusammenhang zwischen dem 'Kulturstandort Barcelona' und dem Städtetourismus94 2.11.3Internationale Wahrnehmung94 2.12Generierte Synergieeffekte am 'Kulturstandort Barcelona'96 2.13Perspektiven für den 'Kulturstandort Barcelona'98 2.14Resümee101 2.14.1Bewertung der Leitlinienplanung101 2.14.2Defizite des Kulturstandortes102 2.14.3Abschließende Bemerkungen103 3.1Bücher107 3.2Aufsätze und Artikel109 3.3Gesetze116 3.4Internetquellen117 3.5Cd-Roms123 3.6Weitere Quellen123 3.7Liste der Face to Face-Experteninterviews127 3.8Liste der telefonisch geführten Experteninterviews128 3.9Verwendete Abkürzungen128 a)Allgemeine Abkürzungen128 b)Namensbezeichnungen128 c)Verkürzte Schreibweisen130 d)Glossar katalanischer bzw. spanischer Wörter131

-Anthony P. Maingot, Eric Williams, Forged from the love of liberty: selected speeches of Dr. Eric Williams. Compiled and introduced by Paul K. Sutton. Trinidad: Longman Caribbean, 1981. 473 pp.-Sue N. Greene, Selwyn R. Cudjoe, Resistance and Caribbean literature. Athens OH, Chicago and London: Ohio University Press. 1980. xii + 319 pp.-Sue N. Greene, O.R. Dathorne, Dark Ancestor: the literature of the Black man in the Caribbean. Baton Rouge and London: Louisiana State University Press, 1981. x + 288 pp.-Charles V. Carnegie, Jane C. Beck, To windward of the land: the occult world of Alexander Charles. Foreword by Roger D. Abrahams. Bloomington IN and London: Indiana University Press, 1979. 1 + 309 pp.-Pedro A. Cabán, Labor migration under capitalism; the Puerto Rican experience. History Task Force, Centro de Estudios Puertorriquenos. New York and London: Monthly Review Press, 1979. 287 pp.-Pedro Cabán, Manuel Maldonado-Denis, The emigration dialectic: Puerto Rico and the U.S.A. (Translated from the Spanish by Roberto Simon Crespi.) New York: International Publishers, 1980. 156 pp.-Matthew Edel, Arthur MacEwan, Revolution and economic development in Cuba. New York: St. Martins Press, 1981. xvi + 265 pp.-Matthew Edel, Carmelo Mesalago, The economy of socialist Cuba: a two-decade appraisal. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1981. xvi + 235 pp.-Percy C. Hintzen, Carl Stone, Democracy and clientelism in Jamaica. New Brunswick NJ and London: Transaction Books, 1980. 262 pp.-Frank E. Manning, Colin A. Hughes, Race and politics in the Bahamas. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1981. 229 pp.-W. Marvin Will, Earl Gooding, The West Indies at the crossroads: the search for a viable future. Cambridge MA: Schenkman Publishing Company, 1981. xviii + 243 pp.-Trevor W. Purcell, Michael Lieber, Street scenes: Afro-American culture in urban Trinidad. Cambridge MA: Schenkman Publishing Co., 1981. xv + 119 pp.-Michael Lieber, Keith Q. Warner, Kaiso! the Trinidad calypso. Washington D.C.: Three Continents Press, 1982. xi + 155 pp.-Virginia R. Domínguez, Bernardo Vega, Ensayos sobre cultura dominicana. Santo Domingo: Museo del Hombre Dominicano, 1981. 245 pp.-H. Hoetink, Bernardo Vega, Los Estados Unidos y Trujillo: colección de documentos del Departamento de Estado y de las Fuerzas Armadas Norteamericanas. Santo Domingo: Fundación Cultural Dominicana, 1982. Ano 1945 - 352 pp.; Ano 1946 (2 vols.) - 507 + 171 pp.-Ronald R. Smith, Martha Ellen Davis, Voces del purgatorio: estudio de la salve dominicana. Santo Domingo: Museo del Hombre Dominicano, Investigaciones Antropológicas No. 15, 1981. xv + 106 pp.-Nancie L. González, Ruy Galvao de Andrade Coelho, Los Negros Caribes de Honduras. Translated from the English by Guadalupe Carias Zapata. Tegucigalpa, Honduras: Editorial Guaymuras, 1981. 208 pp.-Silvia W. de Groot, Nina S. de Friedemann ,Ma Ngombe: guerreros y ganaderos en Palenque. Bogotá: Carlos Valencia Editores, 1979., Richard Cross (eds)-Irving Rouse, Marcio Veloz Maggiolo, Las sociedades arcaicas de Santo Domingo. Santo Domingo: Museo del Hombre Dominicano, Serie Investigaciones Antropológicas No. 16; Fundación García Arévalo, Serie Investigaciones No. 12, 1980. 100 pp.-Irving Rouse, Marcios Veloz Maggiolo ,Los modos de vida Meillacoides y sus posibles origenes (un estudio interpretativo). Santo Domingo: Museo del Hombre Dominicano, 1981. 433 oo., Elpidio Ortega, Angel Caba Fuentes (eds)-A.H. Versteeg, E.H.J. Boerstra, De precolumbiaanse bewoners van Aruba, Curacao en Bonaire. Zutphen: De Walburg Pers, 1982. xl + 79 pp.-Alexis M. Gardella, Philip Baker ,Isle de France Creole: affinities and origins. Ann Arbor MI: Karoma Publishers, 1982. viii + 299 pp., Chris Corne (eds)

Objectives: We investigated the association between outdoor air pollutants exposure in the first trimester of pregnancy, and growth and cardio-metabolic risk at four years of age, and evaluated the mediating role of birth weight. Methods: We included mother-child pairs (N = 1,724) from the Spanish INMA birth cohort established in 2003–2008. First trimester of pregnancy nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and fine particles (PM2.5) exposure levels were estimated. Height, weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, and lipids were measured at four years of age. Body mass index (BMI) trajectories from birth to four years were identified. Results: Increased PM2.5 exposure in the first trimester of pregnancy was associated with decreased z-scores of weight (zWeight) and BMI (zBMI) (zWeight change per interquartile range increase in PM2.5 exposure = −0.12; 95% CI: −0.23, −0.01; zBMI change = −0.12; 95% CI: −0.23, −0.01). Higher NO2 and PM2.5 exposure was associated to a reduced risk of being in a trajectory with accelerated BMI gain, compared to children with the average trajectory. Birth weight partially mediated the association between PM2.5 and zWeight and zBMI. PM2.5 and NO2 were not associated with the other cardio-metabolic risk factors. Conclusions: This comprehensive study of many growth and cardio-metabolic risk related outcomes suggests that air pollution exposure during pregnancy may be associated with delays in physical growth in the early years after birth. These findings imply that pregnancy exposure to air pollutants has a lasting effect on growth after birth and require follow-up at later child ages. ; This study was funded by grants from the Eulji University (grant numbers ESCAPE project FP7-ENV-2007-1-211250, DENAMIC project FP7-ENV-2011-282957, HELIX project FP7-ENV-2012-308333, and MEDALL project HEALTH.2010.2.4.5-1), from the Spanish Instituto de Salud Carlos III (grant numbers Red INMA G03/176; CB06/02/0041; PI03/1615 incl. FEDER funds, PI04/1112 incl. FEDER funds, PI041436, PI04/1509 incl. FEDER funds, PI04/1931 incl. FEDER funds, PI042018 incl. FEDER funds, PI05/1079 incl. FEDER funds, PI05/1052 incl. FEDER funds, FIS-PI06/0867, PI06/1213 incl. FEDER funds, PI07/0314 incl. FEDER funds, PI081151 incl. FEDER funds, FIS-PI09/00090, PI09/02311 incl. FEDER funds, PI09/02647 incl. FEDER funds, PI11/01007 incl. FEDER funds, PI11/02591 incl. FEDER funds, PI11/02038 incl. FEDER funds, PI13/1944 incl. FEDER funds, PI13/2032 incl. FEDER funds, PI13/02429 incl. FEDER funds, PI14/00891 incl. FEDER funds, PI14/01687 incl. FEDER funds, PI15/00118 incl. FEDER funds, PI16/1288 incl. FEDER funds, and PI17/00663 incl. FEDER funds, PI18/00547 incl. FEDER funds, PI18/00909 incl. FEDER funds; CP11/00178 , CP15/00025, and CPII16/00051; MS13/00054 incl. FEDER funds), CIBERESP, Department of Health of the Basque Government (grant numbers 2005111093, 2013111089), Generalitat de Catalunya-CIRIT (grant numbers 1999SGR 00241), Generalitat Valenciana: FISABIO (grant numbers UGP 15-230, UGP-15-244, and UGP-15-249), Provincial Government of Gipuzkoa (grant number DFG06/002), Alicia Koplowitz Foundation 2017, Fundació La marató de TV3 (grant number 090430), Obra Social Cajastur/Fundación Liberbank, Universidad de Oviedo, and annual agreements with the municipalities of the study area of the Gipuzkoa sub-cohort (Zumarraga, Urretxu , Legazpi, Azkoitia, Azpeitia and Beasain). ISGlobal is a member of the Agency for the Research Centres of Catalonia (CERCA) Programme, Generalitat de Catalunya.

Czwarta część Leben grosser Helden des gegenwärtigen Krieges (1759, Halle) - publikacji, wydanej drukiem, w dziewięciu tomach na przestrzeni 1758-1764, zawierającej biografie wielkich bohaterów wojennych, za czasów rządów Fryderyka Wilhelma I (1688-1740) - od 1713 roku króla Prusa i elektora Brandenburgii, twórcy militarnej potęgi Prus oraz jego następcy Fryderyka II Wielkiego (1712-1768) - króla Prus w latach 1740-1786, pod którego rządami Prusy stały się jednym z najpotężniejszych państw europejskich. Autorem dokumentu jest niemiecki prawnik i historyk Karl Friedrich Pauli (1723-1778). W niniejszej części znajdują się opisy losów życia i przebiegu kariery wojskowej kilkunastu uczestników, a zarazem bohaterów wojen śląskich (określenie XVIII-wiecznych konfliktów zbrojnych między Austrią a Prusami, wraz ze zmieniającymi się sojusznikami, których przedmiotem była walka o panowanie nad Śląskiem) oraz wojny siedmioletniej (1756-1763) etc. Należą do nich m.in. Karl Erhard von Kalnein (1687-1757) - pruski generał major (1745) , następnie generał porucznik (1753), rycerz Orderu Pour le Mérite - najwyższego pruskiego orderu wojskowego do 1918 roku, początkowo żołnierz w służbie duńskiej, uczestnik wojny o sukcesję hiszpańską, w 1717 roku przyjęty do służby pruskiej przez króla Fryderyka Wilhelma I, uczestnik wojen śląskich i wojny siedmioletniej; Heinrich Adolph von Kurssel (1693-1758) - pruski generał, od 1710 roku w służbie pruskiej, uczestnik kampanii pomorskiej 1715/1716, odznaczony orderem De la Générosité - pruskie odznaczenie nadawane w latach 1687-1740, a za rządów Fryderyka II odznaczony orderem Pour le Mérite, uczestnik wojen śląskich i wojny siedmioletniej, ranny w bitwie pod Pragą (1757) oraz w 1758 roku w bitwie pod Sarbinowem (niem. Zandorf), wkrótce potem zmarł; Johann Friedrich Herwarth von Bittenfeld (1696-1757) - pruski pułkownik (1757), kawaler orderu Pour le Mérite , od 1711 roku w armii Wirtembergii, ranny podczas oblężenia Messyny w 1719 roku, uczestnik wojny siedmioletniej, brał udział w bitwie pod Pragą (1757) i starciu pod Kolinem (1757), gdzie został śmiertelnie postrzelony przez kulę armatnią, pochowany jeszcze na polu bitwy; Erdmann Ernst von Rüitz (1693-1756) - pruski generał porucznik (1753), kawaler orderu Pour le Mérite, od 1710 roku w armii pruskiej, uczestnik kampanii pomorskiej 1715/1716, uczestnik wojen śląskich; Hans Kaspar von Krockow (1700-1759) - pruski generał major (1750), uczestnik wojny siedmioletniej, brał udział m.in. w bitwie pod Pragą (1757), starciu pod Kolinem (1757), a w październiku 1758 roku w bitwie pod Hochkirch, gdzie został postrzelony; jego rana uległa jednak zakażeniu, wskutek czego zmarł w lutym 1759 roku; Georg Konrad Freiherr von der Goltz (1704-1747) - pruski generał major (1743), rycerz joannitów, od 1744 roku honorowy członek Akademii Nauk w Berlinie, od 1725 roku w służbie króla sasko-polskiego Augusta II, od 1729 roku w armii pruskiej, w 1734 roku brał udział w kampanii reńskiej, w 1740 roku został sprowadzony do Berlina przez nowego króla Fryderyka II, uczestnik wojen śląskich, w czasie I wojny śląskiej negocjował warunki kapitulacji Wrocławia, uczestnik szturm na Głogów (niem. Glogau) w marcu 1741 roku, za co otrzymał order Pour le Mérite, bitwy pod Chotusitz i oblężeniu Pragi, w bitwie pod Hohenfriedbergiem (1745) udało mu się osobiście pojmać saskiego generała majora von Schlichtinga, zmarł wskutek ciężkiej choroby w sierpniu 1747 roku. W materiale znajdują się również biogramy takich postaci jak: Johann Ernst von Alemann (1684 -1757), Jacob Keith (1696-1758), Balthasar Friedrich von der Goltz (1708-1757), Henning Berndt von Goltz (1718-1757), Friedrich Rudpolph von Rotenburg (1710-1751), którego biografię poprzedza obszerna genealogia rodu von Rotenburg oraz Joachim Leopold von Bredow (1699-1759). Dokument zawiera ponadto uzupełnienie do wcześniejszych części Leben grosser Helden des gegenwärtigen Krieges…

During the day of October 7-8, the congress has invited experts from the sector of Smart Cities to organize a sectoral debate. This debate will be composed of prestigious companies in the sector, Public Administration, as well as specialized consultants. The aim is to give a business point of view around Smart Cities. CYTED is the Ibero-American Program of Science and Technology for Development, created by the governments of Ibero-American countries to promote cooperation on issues of science, technology and innovation for the harmonious development of Ibero-America. CYTED achieves its objectives through different financing instruments that mobilize Ibero-American entrepreneurs, researchers and experts and allow them to be trained and generate joint research, development and innovation projects. Thus, the countries that make up the CYTED Program are able to keep up to date with the most recent advances and scientific-technological developments.

During the day of October 7-8, the congress has invited experts from the sector of Smart Cities to organize a sectoral debate. This debate will be composed of prestigious companies in the sector, Public Administration, as well as specialized consultants. The aim is to give a business point of view around Smart Cities. CYTED is the Ibero-American Program of Science and Technology for Development, created by the governments of Ibero-American countries to promote cooperation on issues of science, technology and innovation for the harmonious development of Ibero-America. CYTED achieves its objectives through different financing instruments that mobilize Ibero-American entrepreneurs, researchers and experts and allow them to be trained and generate joint research, development and innovation projects. Thus, the countries that make up the CYTED Program are able to keep up to date with the most recent advances and scientific-technological developments.

Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. ; [Importance] Plasma phosphorylated tau at threonine 181 (p-tau181) has been proposed as an easily accessible biomarker for the detection of Alzheimer disease (AD) pathology, but its ability to monitor disease progression in AD remains unclear. ; [Objective] To study the potential of longitudinal plasma p-tau181 measures for assessing neurodegeneration progression and cognitive decline in AD in comparison to plasma neurofilament light chain (NfL), a disease-nonspecific marker of neuronal injury. ; [Design, Setting, and Participants] This longitudinal cohort study included data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative from February 1, 2007, to June 6, 2016. Follow-up blood sampling was performed for up to 8 years. Plasma p-tau181 measurements were performed in 2020. This was a multicentric observational study of 1113 participants, including cognitively unimpaired participants as well as patients with cognitive impairment (mild cognitive impairment and AD dementia). Participants were eligible for inclusion if they had available plasma p-tau181 and NfL measurements and at least 1 fluorine-18–labeled fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) or structural magnetic resonance imaging scan performed at the same study visit. Exclusion criteria included any significant neurologic disorder other than suspected AD; presence of infection, infarction, or multiple lacunes as detected by magnetic resonance imaging; and any significant systemic condition that could lead to difficulty complying with the protocol. ; [Exposures] Plasma p-tau181 and NfL measured with single-molecule array technology. ; [Main Outcomes and Measures] Longitudinal imaging markers of neurodegeneration (FDG PET and structural magnetic resonance imaging) and cognitive test scores (Preclinical Alzheimer Cognitive Composite and Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale–Cognitive Subscale with 13 tasks). Data were analyzed from June 20 to August 15, 2020. ; [Results] Of the 1113 participants (mean [SD] age, 74.0 [7.6] years; 600 men [53.9%]; 992 non-Hispanic White participants [89.1%]), a total of 378 individuals (34.0%) were cognitively unimpaired (CU) and 735 participants (66.0%) were cognitively impaired (CImp). Of the CImp group, 537 (73.1%) had mild cognitive impairment, and 198 (26.9%) had AD dementia. Longitudinal changes of plasma p-tau181 were associated with cognitive decline (CU: r = –0.24, P < .001; CImp: r = 0.34, P < .001) and a prospective decrease in glucose metabolism (CU: r = –0.05, P = .48; CImp: r = –0.27, P < .001) and gray matter volume (CU: r = –0.19, P < .001; CImp: r = –0.31, P < .001) in highly AD-characteristic brain regions. These associations were restricted to amyloid-β–positive individuals. Both plasma p-tau181 and NfL were independently associated with cognition and neurodegeneration in brain regions typically affected in AD. However, NfL was also associated with neurodegeneration in brain regions exceeding this AD-typical spatial pattern in amyloid-β–negative participants. Mediation analyses found that approximately 25% to 45% of plasma p-tau181 outcomes on cognition measures were mediated by the neuroimaging-derived markers of neurodegeneration, suggesting links between plasma p-tau181 and cognition independent of these measures. ; [Conclusions and Relevance] Study findings suggest that plasma p-tau181 was an accessible and scalable marker for predicting and monitoring neurodegeneration and cognitive decline and was, unlike plasma NfL, AD specific. The study findings suggest implications for the use of plasma biomarkers as measures to monitor AD progression in clinical practice and treatment trials. ; This work was supported by the "Miguel Servet" program grant CP19/00031 of the Spanish Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Dr Grothe); research fellowship A202f0812F from the Brightfocus Foundation, grant AF-930627 from the Swedish Alzheimer Foundation, grant FO2020-0240 from the Swedish Brain Foundation, grant 2020-00124 from the Agneta Prytz-Folkes & Gösta Folkes Foundation, and support from the Swedish Dementia Foundation, the Aina (Ann) Wallströms and Mary-Ann Sjöbloms Foundation, the Anna Lisa and Brother Björnsson's Foundation, Gamla Tjänarinnor, and the Gun and Bertil Stohnes Foundation (Dr Karikari); the Paulo Foundation and the Orion Research Foundation (Dr Snellman); grant 752310 from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie action grant agreement, grant PI19/00155 from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, and grant IJC2018-037478-I from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (Juan de la Cierva Programme) (Dr Suárez-Calvet); grant 2018-02532 from the Swedish Research Council, 681712 from the European Research Council, ALFGBG-720931 from the Swedish State Support for Clinical Research, 201809-2016862 from the Alzheimer Drug Discovery Foundation USA, and the UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London (Dr Zetterberg); grant 2017-00915 from the Swedish Research Council, RDAPB-201809-2016615 from the Alzheimer Drug Discovery Foundation USA, AF-742881 from the Swedish Alzheimer Foundation, FO2017-0243 from Hjärnfonden, Sweden, the Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish government and the County Councils, ALFGBG-715986 from the ALF-agreement, and JPND2019-466-236 from the European Union Joint Program for Neurodegenerative Disorders (Dr Blennow); KAW 2014.0363 from the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, 2017-02869 from the Swedish Research Council, ALFGBG-813971 from the Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish government and the County Councils, the ALF-agreement, and AF-740191 from the Swedish Alzheimer Foundation (Dr. Schöll). Data collection and sharing for this project was funded by the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) (grant AG024904) and Department of Defense ADNI (grant W81XWH-12-2-0012). ADNI is funded by the National Institute on Aging, the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, and through generous contributions from the following: AbbVie, Alzheimer's Association; Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation; Araclon Biotech; BioClinica, Inc; Biogen; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; CereSpir, Inc; Cogstate; Eisai Inc; Elan Pharmaceuticals, Inc; Eli Lilly and Company; EuroImmun; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd and its affiliated company Genentech, Inc; Fujirebio; GE Healthcare; IXICO Ltd; Janssen Alzheimer Immunotherapy Research & Development, LLC; Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC; Lumosity; Lundbeck; Merck & Co, Inc; Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC; NeuroRx Research; Neurotrack Technologies; Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation; Pfizer Inc; Piramal Imaging; Servier; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company; and Transition Therapeutics. The Canadian Institutes of Health Research is providing funds to support ADNI clinical sites in Canada. Private sector contributions are facilitated by the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (www.fnih.org). The grantee organization is the Northern California Institute for Research and Education, and the study is coordinated by the Alzheimer's Therapeutic Research Institute at the University of Southern California. ; Peer reviewed

<p align="justify"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Arial, serif;"><span><span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;"><span lang="en-US">El presente ensayo reflexiona en torno a experiencias propias al interior de las universidades en las cuales desarrollamos actividades de docencia e investigaci</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;">ó</span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;"><span lang="en-US">n en contexto de pandemia por Covid- 19. Se nutre del di</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;">á</span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;"><span lang="en-US">logo e intercambio con colegas de los espacios acad</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;">é</span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;"><span lang="en-US">micos a partir de la reflexi</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;">ó</span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;"><span lang="en-US">n en relación con las condiciones, obst</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;">á</span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;"><span lang="en-US">culos y posibilidades para investigar en este nuevo entorno, atendiendo a las formas propias de nuestras universidades (consideradas perif</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;">é</span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;"><span lang="en-US">ricas para el sistema cient</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;">í</span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;"><span lang="en-US">fico estatal) y los registros propios de quienes investigamos bajo el paraguas de los estudios de g</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;">é</span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;"><span lang="en-US">nero y comunicaci</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;">ó</span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;"><span lang="en-US">n. En esta l</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;">ínea, la reflexió</span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;"><span lang="en-US">n sobre y desde el propio lugar de enunciaci</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;">ó</span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;"><span lang="en-US">n se vuelve crucial;</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;"><span lang="en-US"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;">¿Có</span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;"><span lang="en-US">mo es el trabajo en las universidades durante el per</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;">í</span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;"><span lang="en-US">odo de pandemia? </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;">¿</span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;"><span lang="en-US">Qu</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;">é </span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;"><span lang="en-US">tipo de datos y reflexiones emergen de esta at</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;">í</span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;"><span lang="en-US">pica situaci</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;">ó</span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;"><span lang="en-US">n? </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;">¿</span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;"><span lang="en-US">Qu</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;">é </span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;"><span lang="en-US">aportes podemos hacer a los an</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;">á</span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;"><span lang="en-US">lisis desde nuestro lugar como investigadoras? </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;">¿</span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;"><span lang="en-US">Por qu</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;">é </span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;"><span lang="en-US">resulta imprescindible una lectura de g</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;">é</span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;"><span lang="en-US">nero para considerar las condiciones de producci</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;">ó</span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;"><span lang="en-US">n? </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;">¿Có</span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;"><span lang="en-US">mo se vinculan los cuidados a estas din</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;">á</span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;"><span lang="en-US">micas? Estas resultan </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;">ser </span><span style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', serif;"><span lang="en-US">algunas preguntas que dan origen a este ensayo y desde las cuales nos interesa recuperar saberes y experiencias.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

Lake Hawassa is a topographically closed lake in the Central Main Ethiopian Rift Valley. The water level of this lake has been rising significantly with an average rate of 4.9 cm/year over the study period (1970-2010). The cause of this rise is not yet sufficiently investigated. The main target of this study is to investigate causal variables for lake level variability in general, and its resultant rise in particular. The study is based on two main hypotheses. The first is concerned with the effect of climate variability on the lake level variability; and the second is related to the effect of sedimentation on the storage capacity of the lake. The first hypothesis (the effect of climate variability) was investigated through the application of diverse statistical techniques. It comprises the coherence analysis to study the linear relationship between the 3.4 ENSO index and lake level changes. A sequential regime shift algorithm was employed to investigate the variations in the mean values of some selected hydro-climatic variables. Trend test was also used to investigate the variability of the hydro-climatic variables overtime. A simple water balance approach was applied to simulate the lake level variability so as to examine how the model behaves throughout the study period. The second hypothesis (the effect of sedimentation) was approached by conducting a new bathymetric survey. The result of the new survey was compared with the existing bathymetric map of 1999. The Pacific-Southwest Inter-Agency Committee (PSIAC) model was also employed to identify the "hot-spots" of sediment production in the watershed. In this semi-quantitative model, nine factors affecting sediment yielding the watershed were characterized, rated, and an overlay analysis was performed. Participatory assessment of anthropogenic factors that affect the hydrological status of the lake was conducted through the application of DPSIR (Drivers-Pressures-State-Impact-Response) analytical framework. The result of the coherence analysis between the monthly lake level changes and the corresponding changes in the ENSO index reveals that the two variables have significant linear relationship over frequencies ranging from 0.13 to 0.14 cycles/month or 1.56 to 1.68 cycles/year. This corresponds to a dominant average periodicity (coincident cycle) of about 7.4 months. Furthermore, the result of sequential regime shift detections show that most of the significant change points coincide with the occurrences of ENSO events and climate shifts. Generally, the lake level tends to be high during El Niño and low during La Niña years. The typical example is the coincidence of extreme historical maximum lake level to the strongest El Niño event of the century that occurred in 1997/98. The coincidence of climate regime shift in the Pacific Ocean in 1976/77 with an equivalent regime shift in the lake level and rainfall records of this period is considered as additional evidence. The study further reveals the existence of sequential regime shifts in stream flow, runoff coefficient, and lake evaporation which clearly coincide with the occurrences of ENSO phenomena. Results of the Mann-Kendall trend analyses also reveal the significant increasing trend of the lake level and streamflow. On the contrary, decreasing trend of evaporation was observed while rainfall exhibits no trend over the study period. The long-term increasing trend of streamflow from Tikur Wuha sub-watershed without the corresponding increment in rainfall is found to explain the role of land use/cover changes at least in modifying the impact of climate. The application of simple spreadsheet water balance model estimates the long-term (1986-2006) average annual magnitudes of the water balance components as follows: over-lake precipitation (89 Mm3), evaporation from the lake surface (132 Mm3), streamflow from the Tikur Wuha sub-watershed (94 Mm3), and streamflow from the un-gauged sub-watershed (77 Mm3) and storage changes (3 Mm3). Comparison of the two bathymetric maps shows that the average accumulated sediment between the years 1999 and 2010 was estimated as 14 ± 5cm or 13.3 x106 m3. Assuming a constant rate, the mean annual average rate of sedimentation in the lake is about 1.2 cm/year or 1.1 x106 m3. Accordingly, the mean annual reduction in storage capacity of the lake due to siltation is 0.08 %. The attempt to link sediment yield estimate of the bathymetric approach with the estimates of the PSIAC model results in a considerable disagreement as the former estimates 967 m3/km2/year whereas the latter estimates the sediment yield to be in the range of 95-250 m3/km2/yr. The result of participatory assessment of anthropogenic factors and review of previous studies shows that anthropogenic factors show considerable impact on the hydrological status of the lake. Sedimentation and increased runoff are perceived as pressures (immediate causes) for the lake level rise (state). These pressures are perceived to arise from drivers (land use changes, deforestation and misuse/mistreatment of land resources). These drivers in turn had resulted from indirect drivers that comprised population growth and density, agricultural development, the use of wood as fuel, socio-economic changes, and the existing land tenure system. The interesting finding of this assessment of anthropogenic factors is the presence of promising policy instruments (responses) that support the integrated management of the lake and the watershed. The failure of implementation of these policy instruments is the commonly complained issues among the stakeholders. ; Der Einfluss von Sedimentation und Klimavariabilität auf die Hydrologie des Hawassa-Sees, Südäthiopien Der Hawassa-See ist ein Endsee im afrikanischen Grabenbruch, dessen Wasserstand im Zeitraum dieser Studie (1970-2010) jährlich im Durchschnitt um 4,9 cm gestiegen ist. Der Grund für diesen Anstieg ist noch nicht ausreichend erforscht. Das Hauptziel dieser Studie ist die Untersuchung der Ursachen für die Variabilität des Seewasserstandes im Allgemeinen und für den beobachteten Anstieg insbesondere. Dieser Arbeit liegen zwei Hypothesen zugrunde. Die erste bezieht sich auf die Auswirkungen der Klimavariabilität und die zweite auf die Auswirkung der Sedimentation auf die Speicherkapazität des Hawassa-Sees. Für die Untersuchung der ersten Hypothese (Auswirkung der Klimavariabilität) wurden verschiedene statistische Verfahren eingesetzt, darunter die Kohärenzanalyse, um die lineare Beziehung zwischen dem 3.4 ENSO-Index und der Wasserstandsänderung zu prüfen. Der sequential regime shift algorithm wurde verwendet, um zu untersuchen, ob die Kipppunkte der Mittelwerte ausgewählter hydro-klimatischer Variablen mit dem Auftreten bzw. der Intensität der ENSO-Ereignisse übereinstimmen. Weiterhin wurde eine Trendanalyse durchgeführt, um die zeitliche Variabilität klimatischer Parameter zu bestimmen. Mittels eines einfachen Wasserbilanzverfahrens wurden die Wasserstandsänderungen simuliert, um das Modellverhalten im Untersuchungszeitraum zu analysieren. Für die Analyse der zweiten Hypothese (Sedimentationseffekt) wurde eine neue bathymetrische Untersuchung durchgeführt und mit einer existierenden Bathymetrie aus dem Jahr 1999 verglichen. Das Pacific-Southwest Inter-Agency-Committee-Modell (PSIAC) wurde für die Bestimmung von "Hot-Spots" der Sedimentproduktion eingesetzt. In diesem Modell werden neun Faktoren der Erosion und Sedimentation im Einzugsgebiet berücksichtigt, flächenhaft berechnet und überlagert. Abschließend wurde eine partizipative Bewertung der beeinflussenden anthropogenen Faktoren im Rahmen der DPSIR-Methode (Drivers-Pressures-State-Impact-Response) durchgeführt. Das Ergebnis der Kohärenzanalyse zwischen monatlichen Wasserstandsänderungen und den entsprechenden ENSO-Indices zeigt, dass die beiden Variablen eine signifikante lineare Beziehung im Frequenzbereich von 0,13 bis 0,14 Zyklen/Monat bzw. 1,56 bis 1,68 Zyklen/Jahr aufweisen. Dies entspricht einer dominierenden mittleren Periodizität von ca. 7,4 Monaten. Darüber hinaus zeigen die Ergebnisse der sequential regime shift detection, dass die überwiegenden Kipppunkte der ENSO-Ereignisse und der Klimaparameter übereinstimmen. Der Seewasserstand tendiert in El Niño-Jahren zu höheren und in La Niña-Jahren zu niedrigeren Werten. Ein typisches Beispiel ist die Übereinstimmung des historisch höchsten Seewasserstandes mit dem stärksten El Niño-Ereignis des letzten Jahrhunderts im Winter 1997/1998. Eine weitere Evidenz ist die Übereinstimmung der Verschiebung des Klimaregimes im pazifischen Ozean 1976/1977 mit einer entsprechenden Verschiebung des Seewasserstände und der Niederschläge im gleichen Zeitraum. Die Untersuchung zeigt auch die Existenz von weiteren Regimeverschiebungen in Abfluss, Abflussbeiwert und Evaporation in Übereinstimmung mit ENSO-Ereignissen. Die Ergebnisse der Mann-Kendall-Trendanalyse zeigen eine Übereinstimmung zwischen Seewasserstand und gemessenem Zufluss, wohingegen die Evaporation abnimmt und der Niederschlag keinen Trend zeigt. Die langfristige Zunahme der beobachteten Zuflüsse am Pegel Tikur-Wuha ohne Änderung des Niederschlags ist ein Hinweis auf die Bedeutung von Landnutzungs- und Landbedeckungsänderungen im Einzugsgebiet. Die Anwendung einer einfachen Tabellenkalkulation ergibt die langfristigen (1986-2006) mittleren Jahresbilanzen: Niederschlag über dem See (89 Mm 3 ), Evaporation des Sees (132 Mm 3 ), Zufluss des Tikur-Wuha Einzugsgebietes (94 Mm 3 ), und Zufluss des nicht instrumentierten Einzugsgebietes (77 Mm 3 ) sowie Speicheränderung (3 Mm 3 ). Der Vergleich der beiden Bathymetrien ergibt eine Sedimentakkumulation in der Zeit von 1999 bis 2010 in Höhe von 14 ± 5cm oder 13.3 x10 6 m 3 , was einem mittleren Wert von 1.2 cm/a oder 1.1x10 6 m 3 entspricht. Dies bedeutet einen Verlust an Speichervolumen in Höhe von 0.08% pro Jahr. Beim Versuch, die Ergebnisse der Bathymetrie (967 m 3 /km 2 /a) mit denen des PSIAC Modells (95-250 m 3 /km 2 /a) zu vergleichen, werden klare Unterschiede deutlich. Die Analyse vorheriger Studien und die teilnehmende Bewertung der anthropogenen Einflussfaktoren zeigen einen deutlichen Einfluss derselben auf die Hydrologie des Sees. Sedimentation und zunehmender Gebietsabfluss werden als Belastung (pressure) für den Seewasserstand (Status, state) angesehen. Diese Belastung ist eine Folge verschiedener Treiber (drivers: Landnutzungsänderung, Abholzung, unangemessene Nutzung der Landressourcen). Diese direkten Treiber werden von indirekten Treibern wie Bevölkerungswachstum, landwirtschaftliche Entwicklungen, Feuerholznutzung, sozio-ökonomische Änderungen sowie den existierenden Besitzverhältnissen beeinflusst. Interessanterweise existieren vielversprechende politische Instrumente (response), die das integrierte Management des Sees und seines Einzugsgebietes unterstützen. Das Versagen der Implementierung dieser politischen Instrumente wird von den betroffenen Stakeholdern beklagt.

Full author list: L. Tartaglia, A. Pastorello, J. Sollerman, C. Fransson, S. Mattila, M. Fraser, F. Taddia, L. Tomasella, M. Turatto, A. Morales-Garoffolo, N. Elias-Rosa, P. Lundqvist, J. Harmanen, T. Reynolds, E. Cappellaro, C. Barbarino, A. Nyholm, E. Kool, E. Ofek, X. Gao, Z. Jin, H. Tan, D. J. Sand, F. Ciabattari, X. Wang, J. Zhang, F. Huang, W. Li, J. Mo, L. Rui, D. Xiang, T. Zhang, G. Hosseinzadeh, D. A. Howell, C. McCully, S. Valenti, S. Benetti, E. Callis, A. S. Carracedo, C. Fremling, T. Kangas, A. Rubin, A. Somero and G. Terreran ; In this paper we report the results of the first ~four years of spectroscopic and photometric monitoring of the Type IIn supernova SN 2015da (also known as PSN J13522411+3941286, or iPTF16tu). The supernova exploded in the nearby spiral galaxy NGC 5337 in a relatively highly extinguished environment. The transient showed prominent narrow Balmer lines in emission at all times and a slow rise to maximum in all bands. In addition, early observations performed by amateur astronomers give a very well-constrained explosion epoch. The observables are consistent with continuous interaction between the supernova ejecta and a dense and extended H-rich circumstellar medium. The presence of such an extended and dense medium is difficult to reconcile with standard stellar evolution models, since the metallicity at the position of SN 2015da seems to be slightly subsolar. Interaction is likely the mechanism powering the light curve, as confirmed by the analysis of the pseudo bolometric light curve, which gives a total radiated energy ≳ 1051 erg. Modeling the light curve in the context of a supernova shock breakout through a dense circumstellar medium allowed us to infer the mass of the prexisting gas to be ≂ 8 MO , with an extreme mass-loss rate for the progenitor star ≂ 0.6 MO yr-1, suggesting that most of the circumstellar gas was produced during multiple eruptive events. Near- and mid-infrared observations reveal a fluxexcess in these domains, similar to those observed in SN 2010jl and other interacting transients, likely due to preexisting radiatively heated dust surrounding the supernova. By modeling the infrared excess, we infer a mass ≳ 0.4 × 10-3 MO for the dust. ; The Oskar Klein Centre is funded by the Swedish Research Council. We acknowledge the support of the staff of the Xinglong 2.16 m telescope. This work was partially supported by the Open Project Program of the Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences. M.F. is supported by a Royal Society – Science Foundation Ireland University Research Fellowship. J.H. acknowledges financial support from the Finnish Cultural Foundation and the Vilho, Yrjö and Kalle Väisälä Foundation of the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters. Research by D.J.S. is supported by NSF grants AST-1821987, AST-1821967, AST-1813708, AST-1813466 and AST-1908972. S.B., L.T.and M.T. are partially supported by the PRIN-INAF 2016 with the project "Towards the SKA and CTA era: discovery, localisation, and physics of transient sources" (PI: M. Giroletti). N E.-R. acknowledges support from the Spanish MICINN grant ESP2017–82674–R and FEDER funds. D.A.H., C.M., and G.H. were supported by NSF AST-1313484 The work of X.W. is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC grants 11325313, 11633002, and 11761141001), and the National Program on Key Research and Development Project (grant no. 2016YFA0400803). Research by S.V. is supported by NSF grant AST-1813176. J.Z. is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, grants 11773067, 11403096), the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the CAS (grants 2018081), and the Western Light Youth Project. Based on observations collected at: ESO La Silla Observatory under program "Optical & NIR monitoring of bright supernovae with REM" during AOT30. The Gemini Observatory, under program GN– 2016B-Q-57, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under a cooperative agreement with the NSF on behalf of the Gemini partnership: the National Science Foundation (United States), the National Research Council (Canada), CONICYT (Chile), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva (Argentina), and Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (Brazil). Tthe Nordic Optical Telescope, operated by the Nordic Optical Telescope Scientific Association and the Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC), both installed at the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofìsica de Canarias, on the island of La Palma (Spain). The Copernico Telescope (Asiago, Italy) operated by INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova. The 3 m Shane Reflector, located at the Lick Observatory (7281 Mt Hamilton Rd, Mt Hamilton, CA 95140, USA.) owned and operated by the University of California. This work makes use of observations from the Las Cumbres Observatory network of telescopes. We acknowledge the support of the staff of the Li–Jiang 2.4 m telescope (LJT). Funding for the LJT has been provided by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and the People's Government of Yunnan Province. The LJT is jointly operated and administrated by Yunnan Observatories and Center for Astronomical Mega–Science, CAS. This research has made use of the Keck Observatory Archive (KOA), which is operated by the W. M. Keck Observatory and the NASA Exoplanet Science Institute (NExScI), under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Some of the data presented herein were obtained at the W. M. Keck Observatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Observatory was made possible by the generous financial support of the W. M. Keck Foundation. The authors wish to recognize and acknowledge the very significant cultural role and reverence that the summit of Mauna Kea has always had within the indigenous Hawaiian community. We are most fortunate to have the opportunity to conduct observations from this mountain. This publication makes use of data products from NEOWISE, which is a project of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, founded by the Planetary Science Division of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This research has made use of the Keck Observatory Archive (KOA), which is operated by the W. M. Keck Observatory and the NASA Exoplanet Science Institute (NExScI), under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED) which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This research has made use of the NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive, which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This publication makes use of data products from the Two Micron All Sky Survey, which is a joint project of the University of Massachusetts and the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Science Foundation. Funding for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the Participating Institutions, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Energy, the Japanese Monbukagakusho, and the Max Planck Society. The SDSS Web site is http://www.sdss.org/. This publication makes use of data products from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, which is a joint project of the University of California, Los Angeles, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory/California Institute of Technology, funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The SDSS is managed by the Astrophysical Research Consortium (ARC) for the Participating Institutions. The Participating Institutions are The University of Chicago, Fermilab, the Institute for Advanced Study, the Japan Participation Group, The Johns Hopkins University, Los Alamos National Laboratory, the Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy (MPIA), the Max-Planck-Institute for Astrophysics (MPA), New Mexico State University, University of Pittsburgh, Princeton University, the United States Naval Observatory, and the University of Washington. The intermediate Palomar Transient Factory project is a scientific collaboration among the California Institute of Technology, Los Alamos National Laboratory, the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, the Oskar Klein Center, the Weizmann Institute of Science, the TANGO Program of the University System of Taiwan, and the Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe. IRAF is distributed by the National Optical Astronomy Observatory, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. SNOOPY is a package for SN photometry using PSF fitting and/or template subtraction developed by E. Cappellaro. A package description can be found at http:// sngroup.oapd.inaf.it/snoopy.html. FOSCGUI is a graphic user interface aimed at extracting SN spectroscopy and photometry obtained with FOSC-like instruments. It was developed by E. Cappellaro. A package description can be found at http://sngroup.oapd.inaf.it/foscgui.html