Suchergebnisse

Objectives This study seeks to comparatively assess the consequences of men's migration for gender roles and relations in Armenia and Guatemala. Methods We use 29 in-depth interviews conducted with women in Guatemala and 27 interviews conducted in Armenia, complemented with field observations. Results Men's migration exerts diverse effects on their wives' lives, and these effects are mediated by the sociocultural milieu in which the women live and by the context in which the men generate incomes. As do other studies, we find that women take on added responsibilities when their partners migrate for work, but unlike most other studies, our data do not show that these new responsibilities significantly transform women's status and relationships. Conclusions On balance, the division of labor established through the husbands' migration further reinforces gender inequality. Men's role as breadwinners and primary decisionmakers is further strengthened, as is women's subordinate position in the household. Adapted from the source document.

Objectives This study seeks to comparatively assess the consequences of men's migration for gender roles and relations in Armenia and Guatemala. Methods We use 29 in-depth interviews conducted with women in Guatemala and 27 interviews conducted in Armenia, complemented with field observations. Results Men's migration exerts diverse effects on their wives' lives, and these effects are mediated by the sociocultural milieu in which the women live and by the context in which the men generate incomes. As do other studies, we find that women take on added responsibilities when their partners migrate for work, but unlike most other studies, our data do not show that these new responsibilities significantly transform women's status and relationships. Conclusions On balance, the division of labor established through the husbands' migration further reinforces gender inequality. Men's role as breadwinners and primary decisionmakers is further strengthened, as is women's subordinate position in the household. Adapted from the source document.

AbstractIn this article we analyse the dynamics of marriage and childbearing in Uzbekistan through the prism of the recent socioeconomic and political history of that country. After becoming an independent nation in 1991, Uzbekistan abandoned the Soviet modernization project and aspired to set out on a radically different course of economic, social, and political development. We argue, however, that not only independence but also the preceding period of perestroika reforms (1985–91) had a dramatic effect on social conditions and practices and, consequently, the demographic behaviour of the country's population. Using data from the 1996 Uzbekistan Demographic and Health Survey we apply event–history analysis to examine changes in the timing of entry into first marriage, first and second births over four periods: two periods of pre–perestroika socialism, the perestroika years, and the period since independence. We investigate the factors that influenced the timing of these events in each of the four periods among Uzbeks, the country's eponymous and largest ethnic group, and among Uzbekistan's urban population. In general, our results point to a dialectic combination of continuity and change in Uzbekistan's recent demographic trends, which reflect the complex and contradictory nature of broader societal transformations in that and other parts of the former Soviet Union.

AbstractConnections between labour migration and food security of left‐behind households are still poorly understood. Using data from two waves of a longitudinal survey conducted among ever‐married women in rural Mozambique, we employ multi‐level ordered logit and negative binomial regressions to examine over time three possible pathways linking men's migration and its economic success to food security of left‐behind households—agricultural investment, household material assets and women's local gainful employment. Our analyses find a significant positive association between migration's success, proxied by remittances, and food security and show that this association is largely mediated by household's possession of material assets.

AbstractWe examine how the discontinuation of schooling among left‐behind children is related to multiple dimensions of male labour migration: the accumulation of migration experience, the timing of these migration experiences in the child's life course, and the economic success of the migration. Our setting is rural southern Mozambique, an impoverished area with massive male labour out‐migration. Results show that fathers' economically successful labour migration is more beneficial for children's schooling than unsuccessful migration or non‐migration. There are large differences, however, by gender: compared with sons of non‐migrants, sons of migrant fathers (regardless of migration success) have lower rates of school discontinuation, while daughters of migrant fathers have rates of school discontinuation like those of daughters of non‐migrants. Furthermore, accumulated labour migration across the child's life course is beneficial for boys' schooling, but not girls'. Remittances sent in the past year reduce the rate of discontinuation for sons, but not daughters.

Men's labor migration has been shown to affect marital stability in various contexts, but heterogeneity in the relationship between migration and marital outcomes is not well understood. This study employs longitudinal data from rural Mozambique, a rapidly changing setting with massive yet diverse male labor out-migration, to examine the associations between husband's migration and union dissolution. It analyzes variation in the likelihood of dissolution according to the success of migration and assesses the degree to which this association is influenced by women's decision-making autonomy. Results show no overall association between husband's migration status and the likelihood of dissolution but substantial differences between unions of more successful and less successful migrants. Women's decision-making autonomy is associated with an increased risk of divorce for women married to migrants but greater marital stability for women married to nonmigrants. Implications of these findings for union stability in sub-Saharan and similar developing settings are discussed.

This study explores challenges and obstacles in providing effective family planning services to HIV‐positive women as described by staff of maternal and child health (MCH) clinics. It draws upon data from a survey of service providers carried out from late 2008 to early 2009 in 52 MCH clinics in southern Mozambique, some with and some without HIV services. In all clinics, surveyed providers reported that practical, financial, and social barriers made it difficult for HIV‐positive clients to follow protocols to prevent mother‐to‐child transmission of the virus. Likewise, staff were skeptical of their seropositive clients' ability to adhere to recommendations to cease childbearing and to use condoms consistently. Providers' recommendations to HIV‐positive clients and their assessment of barriers to adherence did not depend on availability of HIV services. Although integration of HIV and reproductive health services is advancing in Mozambique, service providers do not feel that they can influence the behaviors of HIV‐positive women effectively.

Combining data from two Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in Ghana in 1991 and 1993 and information from focus group discussions held in four rural areas of that country, we analyze how the prevalence of polygyny in an area affects the gender hierarchy and relations within the family, and spousal attitudes to and communication on issues of reproduction and family planning. We find that in areas with higher levels of polygyny, where women and their roles in the household are seen as easily replaceable, gender inequality within the family with respect to these issues is more pronounced and enduring than in areas with lower polygyny levels. We briefly discuss implications of these findings for the future of gender relations in Ghana and in similar social contexts.