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"Comparative Public Policy" published on by Oxford University Press.

"Seeks to review the most common and widely used frameworks in the study of policy analysis: Institutions, Groups and networks, Society and the economy, Individual interests and Ideas."--Publisher.

Reviewed & criticized are the dominant approaches to the study of public policy found in the recent literature, & proposed is a general framework within which policy study can be more directly related to the central concerns of politically science. Despite a massive increase in interest in policy, little progress has been made in developing theory to explain policy. Policy study has been dominated by two important, though limited, approaches: those of public administration & "policy analysis." It should be linked more directly to basic political issues such as power, conflict, & ideology. Policy should be regarded not as consensual problem solving, but as competition among clashing alternatives, & for scarce resources. The most important question to ask about it is "who gets what?" rather than questions about "efficiency & effectiveness." Policy study must be comparative, & it must seek ways to relate broad political conditions such as power, ideology, & institutional constraints directly to the policy outcomes, through the mediating influence of bargaining processes among decisionmakers. Policy study has been weakened by the continuing stress on case studies, the premature response to the demand to be relevant & prescriptive, & by the failure to specify the dependent variables: to isolate what we want to know, as political scientists, about policy. Policy study should seek to explain patterns of policy across political units. The patterns can be characterized in three sets of dependent factors: (1) variations in the scope of government -- the range of matters about which governments make decisions; (2) variations in the means, ranging from voluntarism & delegation to coercion & centralization, through which governments seek to implement decisions & secure compliance; & (3) variations in distribution, ie, variations in the distribution of costs & benefits across political relevant groups such as SCs, regions, religious groups, etc. Patterns of policy are thus distinguished from individual decisions, or particular programs. AA.

There are many ethical dimensions of public policy. Public policy as actions to solve the collective problems includes directly or indirectly making ethical judgments. Public policy takes into account reconciliation of conflicting interests of individuals, groups, and organizations which is based on the values agreeing which influences on the objectives, principles, and styles of policy implementation. Ethical judgments about selecting more and less important as well as more positive problem solutions are present on all stages of policy cycle.

The examination of public policy in Poland should refer to the terms, analytical categories as well as theories, which have already been postulated in this research field. The article aims to present an overview of the development of public policy theories in the long run. To begin with, the typological and stages approaches were presented. The theories of public policy were presented as two broader classes based on the differentiation into rational and interpretative paradigms. The application of the first one was examined in greater detail in the area of defining the choices of the ways to address public issues. The interpretative paradigm was presented mainly in connection with the argumentative approach as well as an attempt to combine the rational and interpretative approaches in the context of a rational discussion. The overview ends with the presentation of a few ways of organising the public policy research field through the research questions, the research areas, the theoretical-methodological framework as well as the archetypes of the public policy analysts' activity.

Sociology Reference Guide: Implementing Public Policy -- Contents -- Introduction -- Public Sociology -- Public Education Reform -- Immigration & -- U.S. Policy -- Welfare Reform Initiatives -- Homelessness -- Public Housing Policy -- Suburbanization -- Social Security -- Minimum Wage -- Child Health Policies -- Drug Policy -- Human Trafficking -- Agency Theory & -- Corporate Governance.

"Pharmaceutical Public Policy provides the understanding and framework required for effective organization, financing, and delivery of pharmaceutical products and services. It supplies an overview of the policy process as well as the roles of legislation and regulation in pharmaceutical policy. The book identifies the goals, objectives, and key policy issues of concern to stakeholders involved in the development of products, use of pharmaceuticals in healthcare, and administration of insurance programs by both the private and government sectors. Policy issues examined include the appropriateness of prescribing and patient adherence. Addressing questions of access, quality, and cost, the book considers the operation of the Affordable Care Act and Medicare Part D. It details the responsibilities of Federal providers of pharmaceutical care and private and public payers such as managed care organizations, pharmacy benefit managers, Medicare, and Medicaid. The book covers the policies and practices involved in promoting pharmaceutical products. It also considers pharmacoeconomics as a response to market failure. Finally, the book describes the market, the role of the manufacturer, drug shortages, and the responsibilities of the FDA."--

In contemporary states the aims of public policy are more often met through the implementation of regulatory instruments. It appears vital then to analyse their theoretical background as well as to contextually specify the conditions of their effective implementation. The following paper aims to conduct an analysis of the regulatory instruments such as standards, soft law along with self-regulation. There are three types of regulatory standards pointed out (goal-oriented, resultative, specific). The choice of a given standard often depends on context-specific factors, and additionally it involves an important dilemma, i.e. whether they should be unified for all the subordinate entities or differentiated in terms of the given features of the regulated entities. The author analyses the so-called 'soft law' as a regulatory instrument, which is implemented both in national and international regulatory systems. The term is used within the framework of regulatory policy and holds that the aims of public policy can be met through the application of soft, and sometimes 'informal' tools, that in certain circumstances might turn out to be equally effective as typical hard regulatory tools that are subject to sanction. The article additionally aims to address the issue of self-regulation that encompasses a set of rules that economic entities have created in a voluntary way (informally) and reciprocally claim as legally binding. These can also entail formal rules (e.g. the codes of conduct) that are fully executed in courts. In the summary section it is claimed that the choice of regulatory instruments is the one that should be dependent on the level of maturity of the institutional structures functioning within an economy as well as the capacity of entities to adequately react to informative market signals.

There are many ethical dimensions of public policy. Public policy as actions to solve the collective problems includes directly or indirectly making ethical judgments. Public policy takes into account reconciliation of conflicting interests of individuals, groups, and organizations which is based on the values agreeing which influences on the objectives, principles, and styles of policy implementation. Ethical judgments about selecting more and less important as well as more positive problem solutions are present on all stages of policy cycle.

Public participation is central to a wide range of current public policies - not only in the UK, but elsewhere in the developed and the developing world. There are substantial aspirations for what enhanced participation can achieve. This book offers a critical examination of both the discourse and practice of participation in order to understand the significance of this explosion in participatory forums, and the extent to which such practices represent a fundamental change in governance. Based on 17 case studies across a range of policy areas in two English cities, the authors address key issues such as: the way in which notions of the public are constructed; the motivation of participants; how the interests and identities of officials and citizens are negotiated within forums; and the ways in which institutions enable and constrain the development of participation initiatives. Much of the literature on public participation is highly normative. This book draws from detailed empirical work, theories of governance, of deliberative democracy and social movements to offer a nuanced account of the dynamics of participation and to suggest why experiences of this can be frustrating as well as transformative. This book will be essential reading for students of public and social policy and offers important insights for those directly engaged in developing participation initiatives across the public sector.