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Aim: To provide an up-to-date overview on the role of Brucella as a possible biological (B-) agent to be used in biological warfare, biological crimes and biological terrorism (with special respect to agroterrorism) scenarios. Methods: An analysis of current literature and of Internet-based sources was made. Results: Brucella spp. have always been in the focus of military decision. The main reason for military research on Brucella was driven by the finding that the organism can easily be transmitted via aerosols. Confronted with the new challenge of global terrorism in the last decades of the 20th century, experts tried to evaluate the risk that Brucella spp. are used against the civilian population. Based on criteria concerning public health demands brucellosis was rated to have only a lower medical and public impact. Nevertheless, small-scale outbreaks in humans will pose problems in all those countries where first responders are usually not aware of the clinical syndrome. Countries which have eradicated brucellosis from their livestock successfully may face another severe threat: agroterrorism. Brucella spp. might be introduced intentionally into livestock (cattle, small ruminants, pigs). Undeterminable losses for a state's economy may be the result of such an attack. Conclusions: The world has become safer in the last decades due to the intensive efforts of the global community to effectively ban the use of weapons of mass destruction. However, bio- and agroterrorism especially an attack against the agricultural infrastructure is considered to be a permanent danger.

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5 ; International audience ; The production of quinoa in the Bolivian Altiplano: between crisis and innovations. The Bolivian Altiplano has become the biggest exporter of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in the world. In the last forty years, communities have evolved from subsistence agriculture to a commercial production for exportation. The producers have carried out technical innovations, by entering mechanization into their production system, as well as social innovations, both at the activities and migration to ensure their production system. But the success of this region in getting into the globalization should not hide changes and possible blockades that question the durability of the new production system and at the same time land conflicts become common. In a context of a growing market, the producers of quinoa start wondering about the way to restructure and reinvent, by innovative actions, their production system, but also their social organization which is driven by exogenous and uncertain factors such as market or climatic change. This innovative phase is necessary to perpetuate production and ensure incomes for the population. It demands cooperation between different actors which have sometimes divergent interests. This communication offers an overview of the main problems which appeared when the production system changed from a home consumption into an exportation production system. It analyses the interactions between the producers of quinoa and their environment from the point of view of social and technical innovation.

Globalization is a transformation process of social relations in the form of network of activities, interaction and trans-continental and inter-regional concessions and it is a worldwide phenomenon. Globalization also brings up threat for human security, that is a condition that requires the fulfillment of human basic needs in which human dignity must be respected and his participation in the life of community must be realized. This condition has an impact on the change of security concept from State centrism to human security At least seven factors must be fulfilled to realize human security, thats are: economic security, food security, health security, environmental security, personal security, community security and political security. The global awareness motivates the development of the concept, doctrine, norms and institution of Human Rights by making international consensus approved by International Community. This consensus is meant to determine the International standards and quality for the countries in implementing their duties to protect, promote, enforce and fulfill Human Rights. This consensus brings about some duties for the countries bound in it to implement the principles and rules in national domain (pacta sunt servanda). Globalization, indicated by the increasing intensity of inter-country relation and more problems regulated in International Law, results in bigger International Obligation of the countries in the world, among others is the obligation to maintain orderliness and peace in the world and to improve Human Rights

This paper discusses the topic of 'Comparing Laws' in the specific context of the decentralised enforcement of EU competition law and the parallel application of national competition laws. More specifically, it deals with the harmonisation process between the Member States' and the EU competition laws. This is a unique process as at first sight it accommodates regulatory competition between the Member States and the Commission, resulting in the emergence of voluntary harmonisation. However, in fact the decentralised enforcement regime has preserved the Commission's dominance and Europeanised national competition laws to the model of EU law. Still, this process involves active comparative exercises by both the European Commission and the 27 Member States. The paper addresses the question why and how the Commission and the Member States compare competition rules. What makes these comparative exercises worth analysing is, on the one hand, that they are of recent origin and take place against a new decentralised enforcement system which has recently been transformed from a supranational EU policy into one which is subject to similar problems of multi-level governance as other substantive parts of EU law; on the other hand, that the creation of the European Competition Network (ECN) opened the way for spontaneous harmonisation between national and EU competition laws, but at the same time its hierarchical structure preserved certain constraints that limit its functioning as a platform of true regulatory competition.

Систематизация законодательства нужна как эффективное средство ревизии накопившихся массивов нормативных актов, действующей правовой системы. Достижение данной задачи также должно базироваться на принципах регулярности, оперативности, полноты, а также достаточности и достоверности. В настоящий момент темпы правотворческой и, в первую очередь, законодательной деятельности в России как никогда высоки. Создается множество нормативных актов, существенно меняющих характер правового регулирования. Значение систематизации законодательства для правоприменительной деятельности представляется огромным, что, в свою очередь, требует грамотного, научно обоснованного подхода к ее осуществлению. Для эффективного использования всего массива нормативных правовых актов, действующих на территории Российской Федерации, необходимо проведение систематизации с четким соблюдением как ее задач, так и принципов осуществления. ; Legislation ordering is necessary as an effective remedy of audit of the collected files of the statutory acts, operating legal system. Achievement of the given problem also should be based on principles of a regularity, efficiency, completeness, and also sufficiency and reliability. At the moment rates rightful and, first of all, legislative activity in Russia are very high. The set of the statutory acts essentially changing character of legal regulation is created. Value of ordering of the legislation for rightful is represented to activity huge that, in turn, demands competent, scientifically well-founded approach to its realization. For an effective utilization of all file of the standard legal certificates operating in territory of the Russian Federation, carrying out of ordering with accurate observance both its problems, and realization principles is necessary.

Elektroniskā versija nesatur pielikumus ; Anotācija Pētījumā tiek analizēta sociālās audzināšanas teorētiskās nostādenes un prakstiskā pieredze Latvijā neatkarīgās valsts rašanās, demokratizācijas un autoritārisma apstākļos 20.gs. 20.-30.gados. Vēsturisko anoloģiju kontekstā pētītas galvenās problēmas, sakarības un attīstības tendences, kas ietekmējušas valsts audzināšanas koncepcijas izveidi un realizāciju, tās atbilstību humānpedagoģijas pamatprincipiem un demokrātiskas valsts attīstības ideāliem. Atklātas sociālās vides audzinošo ietekmju audzinošā nozīmība un svarīgāko sociālo institūciju (ģimenes, skolas, jaunatnes organizāciju) specifiskie uzdevumi sabiedriskajā un valstiskajā/ pilsoniskajā audzināšanā. Izvērtēta vēsturiskās pieredzes mūsdienu refleksija un atklātas audzināšanas metodes un darba formas individuālo un sociālo vērtību harmonizēšanai mainīgajā sabiedrībā. Atslēgas vārdi: sociālā audzināšana, socializācija, sociālā vide ; Annotation The research work analyses theory and practice of social education during transition and democratization periods in Latvia. Within analogical historical context, the main problems, coherence and development tendencies were researched which have strong impact on the choise and development of educational conception, its relevance to the fundamentals of humanistic pedagogy principles as well as the developmental ideals of a democratic state are outlined. The research reveals the importance of social environment in the educational process, as well the impact and tasks of the major social institutions (family, school and youth organizations). Having assessed the historical experience, the author singles out educational methods, instruments, pedagogical approach in order to harmonize individual and social values in the changing society. Key words: social education, socialization, social environment

Anotācija Pētījumā tiek analizēta sociālās audzināšanas teorētiskās nostādenes un prakstiskā pieredze Latvijā neatkarīgās valsts rašanās, demokratizācijas un autoritārisma apstākļos 20.gs. 20.-30.gados. Vēsturisko anoloģiju kontekstā pētītas galvenās problēmas, sakarības un attīstības tendences, kas ietekmējušas valsts audzināšanas koncepcijas izveidi un realizāciju, tās atbilstību humānpedagoģijas pamatprincipiem un demokrātiskas valsts attīstības ideāliem. Atklātas sociālās vides audzinošo ietekmju audzinošā nozīmība un svarīgāko sociālo institūciju (ģimenes, skolas, jaunatnes organizāciju) specifiskie uzdevumi sabiedriskajā un valstiskajā/ pilsoniskajā audzināšanā. Izvērtēta vēsturiskās pieredzes mūsdienu refleksija un atklātas audzināšanas metodes un darba formas individuālo un sociālo vērtību harmonizēšanai mainīgajā sabiedrībā. Atslēgas vārdi: sociālā audzināšana, socializācija, sociālā vide ; Annotation The research work analyses theory and practice of social education during transition and democratization periods in Latvia. Within analogical historical context, the main problems, coherence and development tendencies were researched which have strong impact on the choise and development of educational conception, its relevance to the fundamentals of humanistic pedagogy principles as well as the developmental ideals of a democratic state are outlined. The research reveals the importance of social environment in the educational process, as well the impact and tasks of the major social institutions (family, school and youth organizations). Having assessed the historical experience, the author singles out educational methods, instruments, pedagogical approach in order to harmonize individual and social values in the changing society. Key words: social education, socialization, social environment

This dissertation is a study of business ethics and business education. It is particularly focused on the Business Administration degree and the business ethics literature, while also considering university students, professors, and business practitioners. The key problem I address is how to create and teach an ethics of Global Age Cosmopolitanism (GAC). I approach this problem through a philosophical analysis focusing on political, economic, and educational principles. It is my hope that such an ethics will cause university professors and students to become engaged citizens who seek to solve the many problems that affect society and to sustain structural justice in global institutions, both economic and political. The GAC ethic presupposes civic universalism, a theory of living well in accordance to the values and customs common to the global society. This includes pluralistic political, economic, and educational ideas that deal specifically with social and economic inequalities. While these issues have been neglected in business ethics to date, my goal is to make the elimination of such inequalities an inherent part of all global business practices. In other words, GAC is not only a mentality that maximizes economic benefits for periphery countries. It is also an approach that serves immigrants and emigrants who are constantly on the move in the search of economic autonomy. Finally, GAC provides theoretical and practical tools for business educators and practitioners who seek to effect social justice on a global scale.

Maģistra darba nosaukums ir "Attieksme pret darbaspēka imigrāciju Latvijā". Kopš Latvija ir ES dalībvalsts, lielāka daļa Latvijas ekonomiski aktīvo iedzīvotāju emigrē uz citām valstīm darba nolūkos, kas, ņemot vērā lielo novecojošo iedzīvotāju īpatsvaru Latvijā, palielina sociālo un ekonomisko slogu, nākotnē apgrūtinās sociālo pabalstu izmaksāšanu un veicinās kopējās labklājības līmeņa samazināšanos valsts ietvaros. Problēmas risināšanai autore izpēta faktorus, kas ietekmē iedzīvotāju attieksmi pret darbaspēka imigrāciju, jo tā ietekmē imigrantu vēlmi atrasties valstī. Darbs iekļauj teorētiskas nodaļas par imigrāciju un to ietekmējošiem faktoriem, attieksmju teoriju analīzi, empīrisko materiālu analīzi par Eiropas un Latvijas iedzīvotāju attieksmi pret darbaspēka imigrāciju, kā arī vadošo imigrācijas ekspertu interviju rezultātus. ; The title of the diploma paper is "Attitude towards Workforce Immigration in Latvia". Since Latvia's accession to the EU, a large part of Latvia's economically active population migrates abroad in search of jobs, which, given the rapid ageing of population, increases the social and economical burden, and will impede the payments of social benefits in future, and reduce the total welfare level in the country. Seeking solutions to those problems, the author of the paper has studied the attitude of Latvia's and European Union's inhabitants towards workforce immigration. The paper contains chapters of theoretical discourse on migration, on the influencing factors, empirical analysis of materials about the attitude towards workforce immigration in Europe and Latvia, the analysis of the answers gained at interviews with immigration experts.

Both scientific and moral communities have identified that current management of the natural environment by humans is unsustainable. How society responds to environmental challenges will likely require a multi-disciplinary approach. Jenkins addresses the contributions that science, religion and ethics can make to resolving complex environmental problems and increasing successful management of ecological systems. While we agree with many of Jenkins' points, he touches upon three common ideas about science, and ecology in particular, that we argue are often misconstrued: Scientific understanding of current environmental challenges is inadequate due to 'uncertainty' in scientific studies; Ecological scientists are equivalent to environmental managers; and scientists should become more like activists and consider social values as drivers. We suggest that these ideas may be unhelpful in interpreting scientific studies and might lead to increasing misrepresentation of science. Furthermore, such perceptions may increase distrust by the general public of scientists who do not adequately separate objective scientific evidence from personal value-judgments. We agree that the scientific method should indeed be ethical, with no room for fraud or deliberate falsification of results, but that the science itself must be objective and non-moral, with scientific evidence unprejudiced by political and social agendas. We recommend that ecologists and managers, as well as ethicists and religious communities, work together in a robust defense of an evidence-based approach to the management and restoration of global ecological systems.

The declaration of Bolivia and Ecuador as Plurinational Unitary States in their new constitutions is a deep split in the national imagination and State-Indians relationship. This historical demand of indigenous movements does not imply the fragmentation of Nation states but in reading their opponents and governments it was associated with national disintegration, limiting the scope of state reforms in the 90s. The movements must coordinate with different sectors that led to power for Evo Morales and Rafael Correa to promote a constitutional reform. However, the new constitutions have left by law to resolve problems which are the core of the multinational state, such as territorial autonomy and representation. ; La declaración de Bolivia y Ecuador como Estados unitarios plurinacionales en sus nuevas constituciones políticas, constituye una ruptura profunda en el imaginario nacional y en la relación Estado-indígenas. Esta reivindicación histórica de los movimientos indígenas no implica la fragmentación de los Estados naciones pero en la lectura de sus adversarios y los gobiernos se asoció a desintegración nacional, limitando el alcance de las reformas estatales en los 90. Los movimientos debieron articularse con distintos sectores que llevaron al poder a Evo Morales y Rafael Correa para impulsar la reforma constitucional. Empero, los nuevos textos constitucionales han dejado para resolver por ley problemas que constituyen el núcleo central del Estado plurinacional, como la autonomía territorial y la representación.

Tertiary education in West Africa presently is fading in value compared with the last two or threedecades when graduates of universities in Nigeria and Ghana were highly rated by world rankedinstitutions in Europe and North America. In many West African tertiary institutions there are chronicand critical challenges impeding quality delivery of education to the citizens. Some of these lead toavoidable wastes in time, financial and human resources. In Nigeria for instance, there are many casesof students' unrest leading to wanton and unwarranted destruction of properties and sometimes humanlives. In addition, lecturers and non-academic employees in tertiary institutions compound the alreadyendangered system by embarking on industrial strikes to press home their demands for better pay,conditions of service, less government interference, etc. Hence, in West Africa presently, huge amountof valuable resources are wasted in educational institutions of higher learning due primarily to humanand systemic problems associated with bad leadership structure. Crippen (2005) argued that the wayforward is a paradigm shifts in how educational leaders see themselves in the leadership process ofhigher institutions of learning (p. 2). Bennis and Goldsmith (1997) also argued that for transformation tooccur, leaders must recognize the paradigm shift through which they view themselves. In this paper, theparadigm shift we propose is leadership in tertiary educational institutions as one meant to first servethe school community rather than leading it. Thus, advocating the servant-leadership model ofleadership as originally propounded by Robert K. Greenleaf (1970/1991).

El gasto público es la principal herramienta con que cuenta el Estado para ejecutar su programa de gobierno y a la vez es el reflejo de las prioridades e intereses de su política económica. La finalidad del gasto en el gobierno del presidente Álvaro Uribe Vélez fue privilegiar su programa de Seguridad Democrática que le permitió enfrentar con algún éxito los problemas de violencia originados por distintos grupos como la guerrilla, narcotráfico, paramilitarismo y delincuencia común. Analizamos cómo el gasto bien orientado estabiliza la economía generando crecimiento económico y reduciendo los niveles de pobreza, pero un gasto mal orientado, distorsiona la economía produciendo muchos desequilibrios y a la postre se logra un efecto contrario como inflación, déficit fiscal y una moneda poco sana. ; Public spending is the main tool available to the State to implement its program of government and yet it reflects the priorities and interests of its economic policy. The purpose of the expenditure in the government of President Alvaro Uribe Velez was favoring his Democratic Security program that allowed him to successfully deal with some problems of violence caused by different groups and the guerrillas, drug traffickers, paramilitaries and common criminals. We analyze how well-targeted spending stabilized the economy generate economic growth and reducing poverty levels, but a misguided spending, distorts the economy producing many imbalances and ultimately achieved the opposite effect as inflation, fiscal deficit and an unhealthy currency.

20 páginas ; Bioethical responsibility to children, beyond the traditional clinical considerations, is a moral imperative and has a definitive impact on the future. Millions of children the world over find themselves in truly grave circumstances. Hunger, malnutrition, disease, illiteracy, violence, exposure to risk, exploitation and abuse are met with judicial weakness and lack of government attention. This study explores the bioethical needs and problems raised by reflection on children from a global and local perspective. ; La responsabilidad bioética con la infancia, más allá de las tradicionales consideraciones clínicas, es un imperativo moral cuyo impacto sobre el futuro es definitivo. Las circunstancias actuales que afrontan millones de niños en el globo son verdaderamente graves: hambre, desnutrición, enfermedad, analfabetismo, violencia, exposición a riesgos, explotación y abuso contrastan con la debilidad jurídica y la desatención de los gobiernos. En el presente trabajo se exploran las necesidades y los problemas bioéticos que suscitan las reflexiones sobre la infancia desde un marco global y local. ; A responsabilidade bioética para as crianças, além das considerações clínicas tradicionais, é um imperativo moral de impacto decisivo sobre o futuro. No mundo, milhões de crianças padecem uma situação muito grave: fome, desnutrição, doenças, analfabetismo, violência, exposição a riscos, exploração e abuso, em contraste com a fraqueza jurídica e a negligência do governo. Este trabalho explora as necessidades e os problemas bioéticos que levam a refl exionar sobre as crianças em contextos locais e globais.

In this study I present the conclusions of reports of the research teams which examined the policy range and analysed the activities regarding the inclusion of the socially deprived in rural areas, i.e. the British, Hungarian and Polish reports. When undertaking to find a reply to the question raised at the beginning of this article, I considered that the empirical basis would be quality material collected within the framework of focused group interviews1.Although the focused group interviews were conducted according to a scenario which was prepared by the research teams, changes were possible in each country (although these changes did not affect the research issue). Apart from the main aim of the discussion, i.e. the diagnosis and analysis of both successes and failures of educational activity enabling social inclusion, these differences concerned the digressions concentrating on poverty and social exclusion in rural areas and problems connected with the implementation of inclusive policy - Hungary; considerations concerning the kind of help which should be provided to individuals and groups struggling with poverty in the countryside - Great Britain; methods evaluating the effectiveness of aid agencies acting in favour of social inclusion - Poland.Representatives of government agencies playing a key role in the introduction of various forms of inclusive policy and representatives of institutions which provide direct help to the marginalised and those exposed to social marginalisation (which use various educational methods) took part in the research.